EEE1001 Basic Electronics and Electrical Engineering

Digital Assignment- 02
SURAJ JAMI
18BEC0281
https://youtu.be/3rpApiZ0ASw
(FINAL LATEX REPORT)
INTRODUCTION TO REVERSE ENGINEERING-
Reverse engineering, sometimes called back engineering, is a process in which
software, machines, aircraft, architectural structures and other products are
deconstructed to extract design information from them. Often, reverse
engineering involves deconstructing individual components of larger products.
The reverse engineering process enables you to determine how a part was
designed so that you can recreate it. Companies often use this approach when
purchasing a replacement part from an original equipment manufacturer
(OEM) is not an option.

The reverse engineering process is named as such because it involves working

backward through the original design process. However, you often have
limited knowledge about the engineering methods that went into creating the
product. Therefore, the challenge is to gain a working knowledge of the
original design by disassembling the product piece-by-piece or layer-by-layer.

Companies often use reverse engineering on old electronic components, such

as discontinued printed circuit boards (PCBs) and connecting cards. Frequently,
the products in question will come from manufacturers that have since gone
out of business. If the manufacturer is still in business, they might no longer
offer the part. The firms often reverse engineer old electronics for the sake of
continuity.

If an old piece of computer equipment had functions that have since been lost
amid the subsequent changes in technology, reverse engineering allows
manufacturers to rediscover these formulas and bring them up to date.
Reverse engineering also enables you to develop components that bridge the
 new and the old, allowing users of older equipment to connect their devices to
modern computing equipment.

Cordless Telephone Panasonic KX-TG3411SX

A cordless telephone or portable telephone is a telephone in which

the handset is portable but able to be used like landline phone communication,
only it operates by radio frequency transmission and not a physical insulated
wire, or telephone line. The base station is connected to the telephone
network through a telephone line as a corded telephone is, and also serves as
a charger to charge the handset's batteries. The range is limited, usually to the
same building or some short distance from the base station.

A cordless telephone is basically a combination telephone and radio

transmitter/receiver

A cordless phone has two major parts: base and handset.

• The base is attached to the phone jack through a standard phone wire
connection, and as far as the phone system is concerned it looks just like a
normal phone. The base receives the incoming call (as an electrical signal)
through the phone line, converts it to an FM radio signal and then broadcasts
that signal.
• The handset receives the radio signal from the base, converts it to an electrical
signal and sends that signal to the speaker, where it is converted into the
sound the person hears. When the person talks, the handset broadcasts the
voice through a second FM radio signal back to the base. The base receives the
voice signal, converts it to an electrical signal and sends that signal through the
phone line to the other party.
The base and handset operate on a frequency pair that allows to talk and listen
at the same time, called duplex frequency.

A Brief History
Cordless phones first appeared around 1980. The earliest cordless phones
operated at a frequency of 27 MHz. They had the following problems:

• limited range
• poor sound quality - noisy and ridden with static because walls and appliances
interfered with the signals
• poor security - people could easily intercept signals from another cordless
phone because of the limited number of channels
In 1986, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) granted the frequency
range of 47-49 MHz for cordless phones, which improved their interference
problem and reduced the power needed to run them. However, the phones
still had a limited range and poor sound quality.

Because the 43-50 MHz cordless phone frequency was becoming increasingly
crowded, the FCC granted the frequency range of 900 MHz in 1990. This higher
frequency allowed cordless phones to be clearer, broadcast a longer distance
and choose from more channels.

In 1994, digital cordless phones in the 900 MHz frequency range were
introduced. Digital signals allowed the phones to be more secure and
decreased eavesdropping -- it was pretty easy to eavesdrop on analog cordless
phone conversations. In 1995, digital spread spectrum (DSS) was introduced
for cordless phones. This technology enabled the digital information to spread
in pieces over several frequencies between the receiver and the base, thereby
making it almost impossible to eavesdrop on the cordless conversations.

In 1998, the FCC opened up the 2.4 GHz range for cordless phone use. This
frequency has increased the distance over which a cordless phone can operate,
and brought it out of the frequency range of most radio scanners, thereby
further increasing security.

Cordless phones have a base and a handset

Base –

BLOCK DIAGRAM base unit main-

BLOCK DIAGRAM base unit RF part-

Circuit Operation of Base Unit-

Power Supply Circuit-

Phone Line Interface Circuit-

Circuit Board (Base Unit_Main)

-Component View
-Bottom view
Base consists of 3 parts-

Phone line interface - Receives and sends telephone signals through the phone
line

Radio - Amplifies signals to and from phone-line interface, user controls and
speaker phone (if present) and broadcasts and receives radio signals to and
from the handset

Power - Supplies low voltage power to the circuits and recharges the battery of
the handset

Phone Line Interface

Phone line interface components do two things. First, they send the ringer
signal to the bell (if it's on the base) or to the radio components for broadcast
to the handset. This lets you know that you have an incoming call. Second, they
receive and send small changes in the phone line's electrical current to and
from the radio components of the base. When the person talks, it causes small
changes in the electrical current of the phone line, and these changes get sent
to the caller.

Radio Components
The radio components receive the electrical signals from the phone line
interface and user controls (keypads, buttons). The radio components convert
the signals to radio waves and broadcast them via the antenna. Radio
components use quartz crystals to set the radio frequencies for sending and
receiving. There are two quartz crystals, one for sending signals and one for
receiving signals. Remember that the base and handset operate on a frequency
pair that allows to talk and listen at the same time (duplex). The radio
components include an audio amplifier that increases the strength of the
incoming electrical signals.

Power Components
A DC power cube transformer supplies the low voltage required by the
electrical components on the circuit board. The power components on the
circuit board work with the power cube to supply electrical current to re-
charge the battery of the handset.

In addition to the above components, some bases also have audio amplifiers to
drive speakers for speaker phone features, keypads for dialing, liquid crystal
displays (LCDs) for caller ID, light-emitting diodes (LEDs) for power/charging
indicators, and solid state memory for answering machine or call-back
features.
HANDSET-

Block Diagram (Handset)-

Block Diagram (Handset_RF Part)-

Circuit Board (Handset_Main)-

-Component View
-Bottom View
 The main components inside the handset-

• speaker - converts electrical signals into the sound that you hear
• microphone - picks up your voice and changes it to electrical signals
• keypad - input for dialing
• buzzer or ringer - lets the person know that he has an incoming call
• radio components - amplify electrical signals to and from microphone and
speakers and send and receive FM radio frequencies
• LCD or LED displays - indicator lights
• re-chargeable battery - supplies electrical power to handset
Speaker
The speaker receives the electrical signals from the audio amplifier in the radio
components and converts them into sound. When you remove the cover from
the speaker, you see a large round permanent magnet with a hole in the
middle and a deep groove surrounding the hole. Within this deep groove is a
coil of fine copper wire that is attached to a thin plastic membrane. The plastic
membrane covers the magnet and coil.

To hear sounds, the following events happen:

1. Electrical signals come from the radio components.

2. The electrical signals travel in the coil of copper wire.
3. The electrical signals induce magnetic currents in the coil of wire, thereby
making it an electromagnet.
4. The electromagnetic coil moves in and out of the groove within the permanent
magnet.
5. The coil moves the attached plastic membrane in and out at the same
frequencies as the changes in electric currents.
6. The movements of the membrane move air at the same frequencies, thereby
creating sound waves that you can hear.
Microphone
The microphone changes the sound waves from your voice into electrical
signals that are sent to the audio amplifier of the radio components. A
microphone is essentially a speaker that works in reverse. When sound waves
from your voice move the membrane, they make tiny electric currents either
by moving a coil of wire within a magnet or by compressing the membrane
against carbon dust (see How do microphones work? for details).

Keypad
The keypad allows you to dial a number. It transfers the pressure from your
fingertip on the appropriate key into an electrical signal that it sends to the
radio components. Below the rubber keypad is a circuit board with black
conductive material under each button (shown above). The keypad works like
a remote control. When you press a button, it makes a contact with the black
material and changes its electrical conductance. The conductance sends an
electrical signal to the radio components indicating that you have selected that
number.

Buzzer or Ringer
When the radio components of the handset receive the ringer signal from the
base, they send electrical signals to the buzzer. The buzzer changes those
electrical signals into sound much like the speaker does. You hear the buzzer
sound and know that someone is calling you. In some phones, the speaker is
used to make the ringer sound and there is no need for a separate ringer.

Radio Components
The radio components of the handset are like those of the base -- they convert
electrical signals from the microphone into FM radio signals and broadcast
them at the same frequency as the receiving crystal of the base unit. The radio
components also receive radio signals at the same frequency as the
broadcasting crystal from the base, convert them to electrical signals and send
them to the speaker and/or buzzer (ringer).

Remember that the base and handset operate on a duplex frequency pair that
allows you to talk and listen at the same time.

LCD or LED Displays

Most handsets have one or more light-emitting diodes (LED) that indicate
various things, such as when the phone has an open line or when the battery is
low.
Some handsets have an LCD that can display numbers for caller ID features,
similar to a cell phone. The LCD may be reflective or backlit so that you can see
it when the room light is low.

Battery
The handset's battery supplies the power for all of the electrical components in
the handset. All cordless phone handsets have a rechargeable battery (nickel-
cadmium, nickel-metal hydride or lithium). When the battery runs low, an
indicator light on the handset usually lights up or flashes. In some phones, a
"beeping" sound may also indicate a low battery. You then recharge the
battery on the base of the cordless phone.

The GE cordless phone that we dissected was from 1993. Modern cordless
phones have the same functions and much of the same hardware. However,
many of the electronic circuits that were once achieved with transistors,
resistors and capacitors have been replaced with integrated circuits. This
advancement allows the handset to be either smaller with the same functions
or the same size with more functions.

In summary, a cordless phone is basically a combination of a telephone and an

FM radio transmitter/receiver. Because it is a radio transmitter, it broadcasts
signals over the open airways rather than specifically between the base and
handset.

Because of this open broadcast, It is possible for other people to listen to your
phone conversation by using a radio scanner. So an important issue and
feature to look for in a cordless phone is security -- DSS offers the best
protection against eavesdropping.

Analog vs. Digital Analog technology is common in cordless telephones,

especially in inexpensive models. Analog signals tend to be more noisy, or
prone to interference with respect to sound quality. In addition, analog signals
are easily picked up and interpreted by radio scanners.

In contrast, digital technology, like that found in a CD, allows the phone signals
to sound clearer. Furthermore, digital signals are more secure. In 1995, digital
spread spectrum (DSS) was introduced for cordless phones. DSS spread the
digital information in pieces over several frequencies between the receiver and
 the base, thereby making it almost impossible to eavesdrop on cordless phone
conversations.

Channels Each frequency band (43-50 MHz, 900 MHz, 2.4 GHz or 5.8 GHz) can
be subdivided into different increments or channels. For example, on some
models, when you're talking on your 900 MHz phone, the base searches for a
pair of frequencies (channels) within that range, that is not already in use, in
order to talk to the handset. So, if the base is capable of searching more
increments, it can more easily find a frequency pair that is clear from
interference, providing better sound quality. The number of cordless phone
channels can vary as follows:

• 10 to 25 channels - 43-50 MHz phones, some inexpensive 900 MHz phones

• 20 to 60 channels - most 900 MHz phones
• 50 to 100 channels - high-end 900 MHz and 2.4/5.8 GHz phones

A cordless DSS telephone provides:

• Longest range - Due to higher transmitter power (1 watt) allowed by the FCC,
you can expect seven to eight times the range of an earlier .001-watt cordless
43-49 MHz telephone, and about three or four times the range of an analog or
digital 900-MHz cordless telephone. The 900-MHz phones all have a better
range due to the wavelengths being shorter -- shorter waves are easier to
bounce off objects. However, only the DSS versions of the 900-MHz cordless
telephones can use the full 1 watt of transmitting power. The normal digital
and analog versions of the 900-MHz phones have a lower power limitation.
• Best sound quality - Since the spread spectrum signal is uniformly spread over
a wide range of frequencies for transmission, the signal avoids interference
and noise from other signals. Older 43-49 MHz cordless phones had only 25
crowded channels and were very susceptible to interference. And 900-MHz
analog phones still suffer from the interference problems of any analog
cordless telephone, and can be heard on inexpensive radio scanners or your
neighbor's same-brand cordless telephone. A spread spectrum phone is much
less susceptible to signal fading. This makes the reception of a spread spectrum
 cordless phone much less sensitive to the location and orientation of the
handset than that of a conventional lower-power analog cordless telephone.
• Highest security - Due to digital transmissions and constantly changing
frequency channels in use, only the matching receiver has a copy of the pre-
assigned spreading code. Millions of scrambling codes are available and are
selected automatically when the headset is lifted from the cradle. Common
radio scanners cannot hear a DSS cordless telephone conversation.
CONCLUSION-

This Reverse Engineering helped me to convert my theoretical skills to practical

skills by helping me in understand each and every component .

Studying the circuits in a paper and watching the circuits by dismantling the
objects was a whole new experience that took my understanding skills to the
next level.

The ease of identification of components inside a small circuit board .

Understanding the working of cordless telephone that we use everyday .

SUMMARY-

Learning Outcomes-

DC/AC Circuits – In telecommunication DC current to power

the telephone electronics, AC current to ring the telephone bell or electronic
ringer, full duplex balanced voice path. This is a closed loop, balanced system
not referenced to earth ground. The POTS phone line, with all phones on-hook,
should measure around 48 volts DC.

Digital Logic Design-The Digital Logic Gate is the basic building block from
which all digital electronic circuits and microprocessor based systems are
constructed from. Basic digital logic gates perform logical operations
of AND, OR and NOT on binary numbers.

In cordless telephone, there is an IC which performs all the operations .

For example- when the person is typing numbers , it is converted to binary

numbers by the IC for the telephone to recognize the numbers and dial them.
Semiconductors-Without semiconductors, no electronic device can be
manufactured.

Diodes, Transistor and the circuits are made with the help of semiconductors.

Semiconductors powers the electronic circuit of the telephone system.