EEEN3009J: Digital Communications

Tutorial 1
Dr Avishek Nag
([email protected])
 = Pe,2 · (1 − Pe,1 ) + (1 − Pe,2 ) · Pe,1
= Pe,1 + Pe,2 − 2 · Pe,1 · Pe,2
Problem 1
he resulting BSC we obtain Pe = Pe,1 + Pe,2 − 2 · Pe,1 · Pe,2 . At consideration of two example channels w
= 0.01 andTwoPe,2 = 0.02
Binary it becomes
Symmetric Channelsobvious that
are serially the resulting
concatenated BSCbelow
as shown PeP=
withwith 0.01 + 0.02 − 2 · 0.01 · 0.02
e,1 = 0.01 and Pe,2 = 0.02. Find
outathe
96 ≈ 0.3 has transition probabilities
considerably greater of the combined
error channel.
probability.

Channel 1 Channel 2
1-Pe,1 1-Pe,2
X0 Z0 Y0
Pe,1 Pe,2

Pe,1 Pe,2
X1 1-Pe,1 1-Pe,2
Z1 Y1

Fig. 4: Seriell concatenation of two BSC

lution of exercise 1.5 Transmission of a coded data over BSCs

 Pf (m > 2) = 1 − 1 · 0.993 1 − 31 · 0.993 0 · 0.011 − 465 · 0.992 9 · 0.012 ≈ 0.0036 .

Solution to Problem
Solution of exercise 1.4 1 of two BSC
Serial concatenation

Because the channel is further on symmetric, the consideration of one error case is sufficient for the determination
of the error probability. The probability of the transmitting symbol X0 being mapped on the output symbol Y1 can
be calculated to:

P (Y1 | X0 ) = P (Y1 | Z0 ) · P (Z0 | X0 ) + P (Y1 | Z1 ) · P (Z1 | X0 )

= Pe,2 · (1 − Pe,1 ) + (1 − Pe,2 ) · Pe,1
= Pe,1 + Pe,2 − 2 · Pe,1 · Pe,2

For the resulting BSC we obtain Pe = Pe,1 + Pe,2 − 2 · Pe,1 · Pe,2 . At consideration of two example channels with
Pe,1 = 0.01 and Pe,2 = 0.02 it becomes obvious that the resulting BSC with Pe = 0.01 + 0.02 − 2 · 0.01 · 0.02 =
0.0296 ≈ 0.3 has a considerably greater error probability.

Channel 1 Channel 2
1-Pe,1 1-Pe,2
X0 Z0 Y0
Pe,1 Pe,2

Pe,1 Pe,2
X 1-Pe,1 1-Pe,2
 with u = T − τ . Therefore, the output of the matched filter sampled at t = T equals the
output of a correlator over the interval [0, T ], with s(t) as the reference signal.
Problem 2
74. The received signal in a binary communication system that employs antipodal signals is
r(t) = s(t) + n(t),
where s(t) is shown in the figure below and n(t) is AWGN with power spectral density N0 /2
W/Hz.
s(t)

t
0 1 2 3

(a) Sketch carefully the impulse response of the filter matched to s(t)
(b) Sketch carefully the output of the matched filter when the input is s(t)
(c) Dtermine the variance of the noise at the output of the matched filter at t = 3
(d) Determine the probability of error as a function of A and N0

Solution:
(a) The impulse response of the filter matched to s(t) is
 (b) Sketch carefully the output of the matched filter when the input is s(t)
(c) Dtermine the variance of the noise at the output of the matched filter at t = 3
(d) Determine the probability of error as a function of A and N0

Solution to Problem 2
Solution:
(a) The impulse response of the filter matched to s(t) is
h(t) = s(T − t) = s(3 − t) = s(t)
where we have used the fact that s(t) is even with respect to the t = T
2 = 3
2 axis.
(b) The output of the matched filter is
! t
y(t) = s(t) " s(t) = s(τ )s(t − τ )dτ
0


 0 t<0

 A2 t 0≤t<1



 A2 (2 − t) 1 ≤ t < 2



2A2 (t − 2) 2 ≤ t < 3
=

 2A2 (4 − t) 3 ≤ t < 4



 A2 (t − 4) 4 ≤ t < 5



 A2 (6 − t) 5 ≤ t < 6

0 6≤t

68
Solution to Problem 2
A scetch of y(t) is depicted in the next figure

2A2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
##$
# $
A2 . . . . . . # $
!" $ !"
! " # ! "
! "# $$! "
1 2 3 4 5 6

(c) At the output of the matched filter and for t = T = 3 the noise is
! T
nT = n(τ )h(T − τ )dτ
0
! T ! T
= n(τ )s(T − (T − τ ))dτ = n(τ )s(τ )dτ
0 0

The variance of the noise is

"! T ! T #
σn2 T = E n(τ )n(v)s(τ )s(v)dτ dv
0 0
! T ! T
= s(τ )s(v)E[n(τ )n(v)]dτ dv
 ! T ! T
= n(τ )s(T − (T − τ ))dτ = n(τ )s(τ )dτ
0 0

The variance of the noise is

Solution to Problem 2 σn2 T = E
"! T ! T
n(τ )n(v)s(τ )s(v)dτ dv
#

0 0
! T ! T
= s(τ )s(v)E[n(τ )n(v)]dτ dv
0 0
! T ! T
N0
= s(τ )s(v)δ(τ − v)dτ dv
2 0 0
!
N0 T 2
= s (τ )dτ = N0 A2
2 0

(d) For antipodal equiprobable signals the probability of error is

$%& ' (
S
P (e) = Q
N o
)S*
where N o is the output SNR from the matched filter. Since
& '
S y 2 (T ) 4A4
= =
N o E[n2T ] N0 A2

we obtain % 
4A2 
P (e) = Q 
N0
 s(t) is the input sampled at t = T is y(T ) = Y = Eb · Eψ = Eb , and has energy Eb .
Also, when the input is AWGN, the output is zero mean with variance N0 /2·Eψ = N0 /2.

Problem 3
Therefore,
SNR =
2Eb
N0
84. A binary communication system employs the signals

s0 = 0, 0 ≤ t ≤ T ;
s1 = A, 0 ≤ t ≤ T,

for transmission of the information. This is called on-off signaling. The demodulator cross-
correlates the received signal r(t) with s1 (t) and sampled the output of the correlator at
t = T.

(a) Determine the optimum detector for an AWGN channel and the optimum threshol,
assuming the the signals are equally probable
(b) Find the probability of error as a function of the SNR. How does on-off signaling compare
with antipodal signaling?

Solution:

(a) The received signal may be expressed as

"
n(t) if s0 (t) was transmitted
r(t) =
A + n(t) if s1 (t) was transmitted

Assuming that s(t) has unit energy, then the sampled outputs of the correlators are
 assuming the the signals are equally probable
(b) Find the probability of error as a function of the SNR. How does on-off signaling compare
with antipodal signaling?

Solution to Problem 3
Solution:

(a) The received signal may be expressed as

"
n(t) if s0 (t) was transmitted
r(t) =
A + n(t) if s1 (t) was transmitted

Assuming that s(t) has unit energy, then the sampled outputs of the correlators are

r = sm + n, m = 0, 1
√
where s0 = 0, s1 = A T and the noise term n is a zero-mean Gaussian random variable
with variance
# $ T $ T %
1 1
σn2 = E √ n(t)dt √ n(τ )dτ
T 0 T 0
$ T$ T
1
= E [n(t)n(τ )] dtdτ
T 0 0
$ $
N0 T T N0
= δ(t − τ )dtdτ =
2T 0 0 2

80
Solution to Problem 3
The probability density function for the sampled output is
1 −Nr2
f (r|s0 ) = √ e 0
πN0
√ 2
1 − (r−A T)
f (r|s1 ) = √ e N0
πN0
Since the signals are equally probable, the optimal detector decides in favor of s0 if
PM(r, s0 ) = f (r|s0 ) > f (r|s1 ) = PM(r, s1 )
otherwise it decides in favor of s1 . The decision rule may be expressed as

√ √ √ s0
PM(r, s0 ) (r−A T )2 −r 2
−
(2r−A T )A T
>
=e N0
=e N0
< 1
PM(r, s1 )
s1

or equivalently
s1
1 √
r >
< 2A T
s0
√
The optimum threshold is 12 A T .
 s1
1 √
r >
< 2A T
s0

Solution to Problem 3 √
The optimum threshold is 12 A T .
(b) The average probability of error is
1 1
P (e) = P (e|s0 ) + P (e|s1 )
2 2
! ∞ ! 1 A√ T
1 1 2
= f (r|s 0 )dr + f (r|s1 )dr
2 1 A√T 2 −∞
2
! ∞ ! 1 A√ T √ 2
1 1 −Nr 2
1 2 1 − (r−A T)
= √ e 0 dr + √ e N 0 dr
2 1 A√T πN0 2 −∞ πN 0
2
! ! 1 2 √
1 ∞ 1 − x2 1 − 2 N0 A T 1 − x2
= √ e 2 dx + √ e 2 dx
2 1 2 A√T 2π 2 −∞ 2π
2 N0
" # $ %√ &
1 2 √
= Q A T = Q SNR
2 N0
where
1 2
2A T
SNR =
N0
Thus, the on-off signaling requires a factor of two more energy to achieve the same
probability of error as the antipodal signaling.