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THE COMPARISONS AND CONTRASTS BETWEEN ENGLISH AND MALAY

LANGUAGES

Article  in  English Review Journal of English Education · October 2016

DOI: 10.25134/erjee.v4i2.335

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ENGLISH REVIEW: Journal of English Education ISSN 2301-7554
Vol. 4, Issue 2, June 2016 https://journal.uniku.ac.id/index.php/ERJEE

THE COMPARISONS AND CONTRASTS

BETWEEN ENGLISH AND MALAY LANGUAGES
Mohd Nazri Latiff Azmi
Lidwina Teo Pik Ching
Norbahyah Binti Jamaludin
Muhammad Nur Haziq Bin Ramli
Muhammad Habibbullah Bin Razali
Muhammad Ammar Yasser Bin Amram
Kauselya A/P Jayakumar
Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Malaysia
Email: [email protected]

APA Citation: Azmi, M. N. L., Ching, L. T. P., Norbahyah, Haziq, M. N., Habibullah, M., Yasser,
M. A., & Jayakumar, K. (2016). The comparison and contrasts between
English and Malay languages. English Review, 4(2), 209-218

Received: 22-02-2016 Accepted: 29-03-2016 Published: 01-06-2016

Abstract: English and Malay languages are categorized as popular languages in the world.
However, both languages underwent different history and composition. This study
investigates the languages in terms of history, phonology, loanwords, grammar,
morphology and semantics. The purposes of studying the comparisons and contrasts of
both languages are not only to analyze the uniqueness of the languages but also to identify
the process of understanding the languages especially the view of second language learners.
It is found that two languages come from different background; somehow they share
similar characteristics such as the vowels sounds, loanwords and semantics. However, the
learners face difficulty in learning both languages especially in pronunciations and spelling.
Keywords: English language, Malay language, history of language

INTRODUCTION language. Acquiring a language implies

Language is a complex way of acquiring all those structures. This paper
communication that is used by human aims to compare and contrast two
beings to communicate with each other; different languages that are English and
there are tons of different languages that Malay.
are used by people today and more yet Both of the languages can be
to be discovered. There are scientific divided into three periods. For English
studies of languages called as linguistics language, history can be explained
as scientists learn about the comparison through three phases which are Old
and contrast of pronunciation and English (450-1100 AD), Middle English
grammatical structure of a language. As (1100-1500 AD) and Modern English
languages gradually develop and (1500 AD). On the other hand, for Malay
expand, they started to have their Language, Old Malay (682-1500 C.E),
structure that every language has its Modern Malay (c.1500-1957) and
unique structures and different from one Contemporary Malay (1957) were three
another. Beginning with the sound significant periods in whole Malay
system to meaning also known as history.
semantics, they form the foundation of a

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Mohd Nazri Latiff Azmi, et all.
The Comparisons and Contrasts Between English and Malay Languages

The beginnings of these languages Scandinavian language brought

slightly differ from one another. For Old influence in English Language. Around
English, three Germanic tribes (Saxon, 878 AD, Danes and Norsemen called
Angles, & Jutes) came to the British Isles Vikings invaded the country and English
from various parts of northwest got many Norse words including sky,
Germany at 5th century AD. These tribes egg, cake, skin, window, husband, call,
were warlike and pushed out most of the die, etc. Furthermore, in Middle English,
original, Celtic-speaking inhabitants the French language contributes its
from England to Scotland, Wales and influence. By about 1200, England and
Cornwall. One group migrated to France had split, English changed a lot
Brittany Cost of France where their because it was mostly being spoken
descendant still speaks the Celtic instead of being written for about 300
Language of Breton today. Through the years. The period of Old English was
years, the Saxon, Angles, Jutes mixed almost over after William the Conqueror,
their difference Germanic dialects. This The Duke of Normandy and his nobles
group of dialects forms what linguists who spoke French and Middle English
refer as Old English whereas old Malay was being formed. Examples of Old
begins with records of poems and English word used such as Crown,
thoughts on writing material made from Castle, Parliament, Banquet, art, poet,
plants described as the sharp cursive romance, servant (Newmark, 1988).
Rencong, an ancient script believed to be According to Nik (1989), in the
native to South-East Asia (Nor history of Malay language, a few
Hashimah, 2004). languages influence in it. At the
Both of the languages do have beginning of old Malay, many Pallava
influences from other languages in some words from Vatteluttu, India bring
aspects. In the history of English changes in Malay language. This is due
language, the Latin language played a to Indians set feet on Malay Archipelago.
role. Roman came to Britain and brought Other than that, Sanskrit brings
Latin to Britain which was part of the influenced in Malay vocabulary.
Roman Empire for over 400 years. Many Examples of words used such as Agama,
word passes on from this era and those Akasara, Angkasa, Anugerah, Bahasa, Bakti,
corned by Roman Merchants and soldier. Bangsa, Barat, Biara, Bidadari. Portuguese
Examples of word used such as Win language also brought changes in the
(Wine), Candel (Candle), Belt (belt) and Malay language. In the year 1511, the
Weal (wall). The arrival of St. Augustine Portuguese conquered Malacca and
in 597AD and the introduction of Latin Alphabets in place of Jawi writing
Christianity into Saxon England brought called Rumi. Although the conquest is
many words into English Language. short lived, the impact of Portuguese
There were mostly concerned with Language is large. Words used in
naming of church, dignitaries, and Portuguese Language are Almari, Baldi,
ceremonies. Church, Bishop, baptism Bangku, Biola.
came indirectly from Latin. Other than
that, Celtic language brought changes. METHOD
This Celtic language was seen in names This comparative study involves
of rivers. For instance, Kent, York, only document analysis in which
Dover, Cumberland, Thames, Avon, established and well-accepted texts
Trent etc. In addition, Norse language or pertaining to the contexts, processes and

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procedures were scrutinized and ‘laut’ (sea) and /oi/ in ‘boikot’ (boycott).
analyzed. A thorough study of the These examples show that the three
important elements of both languages Malay diphthongs are the same as three
we checked and corrected by several of English diphthongs that are /aɪ /,
experienced linguists of both languages /aʊ / and /ɔɪ / respectively.
and given a serious concern. There are seven important places
of articulation in English according to
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Kristin Denham and Anne Lobeck, that
The phonology of English and are bilabial, labiodental, dental, alveolar,
Malay languages is different in the palatal, velar and glottal but Malay
quantity of vocals and diphthongs, place phonology has labio-velar and no
and manner of articulation. In English labiodentals and dental sounds. For
sound system, there are 12 vocals, 24 manner of articulation, both Malay and
consonants and 8 diphthongs whereas English phonologies have six manners
there are 6 vocals, 27 consonants (19 with voiced and voiceless pronunciation
native consonants and 8 consonants that respectively. In English, they are stop,
appear only in borrowed words) and 3 fricative, affricate, nasal, approximant
diphthongs in Malay sound system. and glide. In Malay, they are plosive or
(Tien-Ping Tan, Bali Ranaivo-Malançon). affricate, fricative, nasal, trill,
The vocals that are similar in approximant and lateral. Two tables
English and Malay languages include [a], below show the consonant chart of both
[e], [i], [o], [u] and schwa. For example, English and Malay Languages.
[a] sound appears in ‘up’ and ‘awal’ Based on the Table 1 and 2, it can
(early) respectively; [e] sound shows in be said that [w] sound in ‘one’ is the
‘bed’ and ‘enak’ (tasty) accordingly; [i] example of glide in English but in ‘wajar’
sound appears in ‘igloo’ and ‘ikan’ (fish) (reasonable) is the example of
respectively; [o] sound presents in approximant in Malay etc. It is
‘opposite’ as well as ‘oleh’ (by) undeniable that the sound [b] is similar
accordingly; [u] sound appears in in both English and Malay that are
‘unicorn’ and ‘ubat’ (medicine) ‘barber’ and ‘batik’ (one type of cloth) as
respectively; schwa sound appears in examples respectively (Murni, 2013).
‘awhile’ and ‘emak’ (mother) As we know, Malay language or
accordingly. On the other hand, /æ/ in Bahasa Melayu is the national language in
‘cat’, /ɒ / in ‘hot’, /i:/ in ‘see’ etc. are the Malaysia, while English is the second
instances for the vocals that are included language and also the international
in English phonology and different from language. Both of them are two
Malay phonology. important languages in Malaysia that
Moreover, there are eight began from British colonization. As we
diphthongs in English phonology and can see, Malay language tends to borrow
three in Malay. In English phonology, a lot of English words rather than vice
they are /aɪ / in ‘five’, /aʊ / in ‘now’, versa. English seems to be the dominant
/eɪ / in ‘say’, /oʊ / in ‘go’, /ɔɪ / in language in this case because some
‘boy’, English loanwords in Malay are more
/eə/ in ‘air’, /ɪə / in ‘near’ and /ʊə/ in than that of Malay loanwords in English.
‘pure’. Meanwhile, in Malay phonology,
they are /ai/ in ‘kain’ (cloth), /au/ in

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The Comparisons and Contrasts Between English and Malay Languages

Table 1. International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) Chart

Table 2. Malay Consonant Chart

According to Deterding (2013), a category is the loanword that remains its

loanword is a word adopted from a spelling for both languages and brings
foreign language with little or no the same meaning. For example, ‘atom’
modification. It also can be referred as a in Malay language is spelled the same as
word borrowed from a donor language ‘atom’ in English. The other examples
and incorporated into a recipient are drama, bonus and hotel.
language without translation. It is Next, the English loanword has
distinguished from a ‘calque’ or loan changes in its spelling but the
translation whereby a meaning from pronunciation remains the same in
another language is translated into Malay. For example, ‘carbon’ in English
existing words or roots of the host is translated into ‘karbon’ in Malay that is
language. This type of translation different in the first alphabet. Other
remains the pronunciation of the word in instances are block (blok), script (skrip),
the original language when the word is graphic (grafik) and activity (activiti).
being translated into another language. Besides that, there are few words
English loanwords in Malay can be in Malay that are being translated and
divided into a few categories. The first became valid words in English recently.

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For example, the word ‘lepak’ which describe actions that are factual or
refers to hang out with friends, loiter habitual things that occur in the present
about and do absolutely nothing. The but not necessarily happening right now.
other word is ‘amok’ which comes from For example, ‘My train leaves tomorrow
Malay word ‘amuk’, refers to behave morning’. The verb ‘leaves’ is a present
uncontrollably and disruptively. Other tense although this situation shows an
words in Malay that is being officially event that is going to happen. Usually in
used in English are durian, nasi lemak, English, the usage of the suffix ‘-ing’ is
silat, gong and sarong. widely applied in present tenses. For
In conclusion, it can be said that instance, ‘I am walking’ for singular noun
both of the languages have a correlation. and ‘We are walking’ for plural noun
We can see that they influence each other (Imran, 2000).
from the loanwords. There are numerous In Malay Language, the original
vocabularies in Malay that resemble in verb is not disturbed as we do not
English. This shows that English had change the verb instead we use another
influenced the Malay language in term to show the situation happen in the
vocabulary aspect. past, present or future. For example, the
According to Baker (2011), in sentence ‘Saya sedang berjalan’ is for
grammar, there are similarities and singular subject and another sentence
contrasts between English and Malay ‘Kami sedang berjalan’ is for plural subject.
languages such as field of tenses, plural The word ‘sedang’ shows the action is
and singular nouns. Among the field of going on at that time and the meanings
tenses, there are past, present and future of the Malay examples corresponded to
tenses. The past tense is a grammatical that of English examples.
tense to show or indicate an event or Future tense indicates an action
situation in past time. Past tense in a that is going to happen in the future.
sentence shows a grammatical tense to This situation applies to a situation that
indicate the situation had occurred in the is going to happen later, next day, next
past. Usually, the verb to show past week or even next month.
tense is to be added a suffix -ed. For According to englishpage.com, future
example, the word ‘walked’. The verb tense has two different forms that are
walk is added -ed to become ‘walked’. ‘will’ and ‘going to’. For example, ‘I will
However, not all the verbs can be added help him later’ and ‘You are going to meet
the suffix -ed such as the verb ‘put’. For Jane tonight’.
example, I put the book on my table last In Malay language, the term ‘akan’
night. is often used to indicate a future
In Malay Language, we do not situation. For example, ‘Saya akan
have specific suffixes to indicate the membantu dia nanti’ that means ‘I will help
situation happened in the past. For him later’.
instance, if we want to say ‘Ammar scored Besides, the forms of singular and
a goal’, we would say ‘Ammar telah plural nouns in English are also different
menjaringkan gol’. The term ‘telah’ from that in Malay. In English, most
indicate that the event happened in the singular nouns form the plural by
past. According to the website adding ‘–s’ and the examples are boats,
grammar.ccc.commnet.edu, the present cats and houses. However, it differs from
tense refers to an action is present, now, Malay language as we do not add ‘-s’ to
about the speaker or writer. It is used to show that it is plural. We only use term

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The Comparisons and Contrasts Between English and Malay Languages

‘banyak’ to show the plural meaning of means death in English tends to have
the nouns. For instance, phrase ‘seekor different meaning depending on its
kucing’ refers to one cat whereas ‘banyak affixes. By adding suffix ‘-kan’ to the
kucing’ refers to many cats. On the other word causing it to transform into the
hand, there is also a singular noun word ‘matikan’ that means switch off in
ending in s, x, z, ch, sh need to be added English. For example, a sentence using
‘-es’ and to make it plural in English such the word ‘matikan’ in Malay might sound
as buses, wishes and boxes. like this ‘Aidan, tolong matikan generator
Moreover, there is also a singular itu’ that is translated into English and
noun ending in a consonant y and then it might sound like this ‘Aidan, could u
makes the plural by dropping the ‘y’ and please turn off that generator’. This has
adding ‘-ies’ to make it plural. The completely brought different meaning
instances penny (pennies), spy (spies) and cannot be used to describe the death
and baby (babies). of something but used purposely to
Morphology is an area in describe shut down or switch off things
linguistics studies that investigates the such as switches or engines. When you
structures, forms and categorizations of break a word apart and remove the
words of a language. Discussions on prefixes and suffixes, you are left with
both Malay and English morphology will the root. It's easier to determine the
specifically touch on affixes, preposition, meaning of an unknown word if you
adverbs and superlatives. However, for know the root. For example, we might
today we are going to discuss in-depth come across the word ‘happy' that means
more about affixes. feeling or giving pleasure (Hatim, 1997).
Like other dominant languages, However, most of us find it easier to
Malay has pre-fixes, suffixes and infixes recognize the word ‘happy’ than the
while in English, prefixes and suffixes prefix itself which is ‘un-’. By adding the
are more prominent. The difference prefixes, the word will be totally
between Malay and English affixes is opposite from the root word that is not
that English affixes can indicate or feeling pleasure. This shows that affix
produce an element that has been added plays an important role in English
either to the beginning or the ending of a language. There are many prefixes in
word. English, yet only 20 accounts for 97% of
For example, the root word ‘car’ is the words that contain prefixes. Learning
considered as the one and only car, we these 20 prefixes and their meanings can
can change the meaning of the word by make a big difference in your ability to
adding ‘s’ at the back of the word, recognize words and their meanings that
becoming ‘cars’ that refers to more than can also help you to write a better essay
one car. This is known as suffixation and with excellent grammatical structure.
it is quite challenging as compared to the Meanwhile, Bahasa melayu also has
others because it can change a word into prefixes but the usage of the prefixed is
a different part of tense or speech. different from that in English. For
However, unlike English affixes, Malay example, when you look into Malay
language tend to have different meaning dictionary especially Kamus Dewan
depending on the usage of the affixes Bahasa Dan Pustaka, you might find
itself. Both suffix and prefix can change words like ‘memandu’ that refers to
the meaning of a root word. For driving and might be thinking that it is a
example, for the root word ‘mati’ which root word. The root word is ‘pandu’ that

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means drive and ‘me-’ is the prefix of the Saussure, every linguistic sign consists of
word. This shows that the prefix in two elements, which are the signified
Malay is not similar as that in English and signifier. Ogden and Richards show
because mostly the meanings of the root the relationship between words,
word and the word with prefix in concepts, and objects referenced through
English are opposite. a semantic triangle.
Not only that, prefixes in Malay There are few similarities between
can be used on most of the word and are Malay language and English language
productive, unlike the prefixes in from the aspect of semantic. The
English. For example, the prefix ‘pe-’ in similarities can be seen from the
Malay can be put on almost all words as meanings of denotative and connotative
it later will ring the same meaning such and also from the lexical relations.
as ‘pemakai’ which means a user in Denotation means an object or
English. Which somehow make it easier concept referred by a term or a set of
to be remembered and used compared to objects of which a predicate is true while
English affixes that are different. You connotation is the abstract meaning or
may use the prefix ‘un-’ for ‘unhappy’ intension of a term, which forms a
but not for the word ‘engage’ which will principle determining that objects or
use prefix ‘dis-’ making it as ‘disengage’ concepts it applies to such as the word
instead. Even though they belong to the heart. The denotation of the word refers
same negative prefix, they have different it as the real heart that is triangular in
pronunciation, spelling and frequency shape, pumps oxygenated blood to all
compared to the Malay affixes that are body parts to help us stay alive while the
the same on those three aspects connotation is a symbol of love and
depending on the words. affection. The connotation meaning
However, do take note that the makes us have a mindset like we always
tables above show the most common see the shape of a heart with red in color
used affixes in Malay language as the symbol of love. The denotative
especially during writing and oral and connotative meaning in Malay
communication. There are still tons of language and English are the same
other affixes that are used in Malay as it respectively.
is updated from time to time by the Lexical relations show how
linguistics scholar back in the Dewan meaning of a word relates to each other.
Bahasa dan Pustaka. Both of the languages Lexical items contain information about
affixes have the same goal that it to category, form and meaning. The
complete the sentence by putting semantics relate to these categories then
different prefix or suffix for its meaning relate to each lexical item in the lexicon.
to suit the sentence itself. However, there Some relations between lexical items
is a slightly noticeable difference include synonym, antonym, and
between both languages affixes which is hyponym (Butt, 2000).
the spelling, pronunciation and Synonym is a word or phrase that
frequency. means exactly or nearly the same as
Semantic is the field of study that another word or phrase in the same
examines the meaning of language. It is language. In Malay language, the word
defined as the study of the meaning of ‘bijak’ and ‘cerdik’ have the same
words, phrases, and sentences in a meaning. Thus, it is a synonym. In
language. According to Ferdinand de English language, the words that share

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The Comparisons and Contrasts Between English and Malay Languages

the similar meanings are ‘wise’ and According to Marlyna (2005),

‘clever’. The meanings are still the same relational antonyms or converse
even in other language. Therefore, the antonyms are pairs of opposite words
synonym of Malay language and English where one cannot exist without the
language are the same. other. This antonym is recognized as
Antonym is a word opposite in ‘antonimi sebalikkan’ in Malay language.
meaning to another. A word may have This antonym is a pair of words with the
more than one antonym. There are three opposite meanings, where opposite
categories of antonyms identified by the makes sense only in the context of
nature of the relationship between the relationship between the meanings of the
opposed meaning which are gradable two words. There is no lexical opposite
antonym, complementary antonym and for teacher, but teacher and pupil are
relational antonym. opposite with the context of their
Gradable antonyms are typically relationship. Another example is when
pairs of adjectives that can be qualified there is a husband, there must be a wife.
by adverbs such as very, quite, extremely Therefore, husband and wife are
etc. In Malay language, this antonym is relational antonym. Other examples are
called ‘antonimi taksiran’. For example, night-day, policeman-criminal and
we can say ‘the tickets were expensive’ parent-child. In Malay language, they are
or ‘the tickets were cheap’. ‘malam-siang’, ‘polis-penjenayah’ and
Since expensive and cheap are ‘ibubapa-anak’ accordingly. Thus, we can
gradable antonyms, so we can qualify conclude that the antonym of Malay
how expensive or cheap they were. This language and English language are
can be proven in a few sentences such as similar and the same.
‘the tickets were more expensive than the Hyponym is a word of more
previous one’ and ‘the tickets were very specific meaning than a general or
cheap’ in English as well as ‘tiket ini lebih superordinate term applicable to it. For
mahal daripada yang dahulu’ and ‘tiket ini example, the word ‘European’, its
sangat murah’ in Malay. hyponym is British, Angle, Jutes, etc.
Complementary antonyms are In Malay language, the word ‘Asia’
pairs of words that are opposite in has the hyponym of Malaysia, Pakistan,
meaning and cannot be graded. They are Japan and others. Hence, we can simplify
mutually exclusive, that is, only one of that the hyponym between these two
them can exist at one time. This antonym languages is the same (Asmah, 1983).
is called ‘antonimi penggenap’ in Malay In conclusion, it is shown that there
language. For example, there might be a are similarities and differences between
newborn child in a family and the baby Malay and English languages from some
will only be either girl or boy. The child aspects. They are history, phonology,
cannot be both girl and boy as the influences in vocabulary (loanwords),
gender of the child is the complementary grammar, morphology and semantics.
antonym. Further examples of Although these two languages come
complementary antonyms are dead- from different background, somehow
alive, young-old, and empty-full that they share similar characteristics such as
same goes for the examples in Malay, the vowels sounds, loanwords and
‘mati-hidup’, ‘muda-tua’ and ‘kosong- semantics. This proves that human has
penuh’ respectively. the same mindset that is to use sounds
and voices to communicate in the ancient

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