Colloid and Polymer Science (2020) 298:1543–1550

https://doi.org/10.1007/s00396-020-04735-z

ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTION

Synthesis and properties of renewable citronellol based

biodegradable anionic surfactant
Avinash Bhadani 1 & Jung Hokyun 1 & Ananda Kafle 2 & Taku Ogura 1 & Yuji Yoneyama 3 & Satoru Hashimoto 1 &
Kenichi Sakai 1,2 & Hideki Sakai 1,2 & Masahiko Abe 1

Received: 26 May 2020 / Revised: 29 July 2020 / Accepted: 19 August 2020 / Published online: 1 September 2020
# Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020

Abstract
New ester functionalized branched anionic surfactant—sodium citronellyl sulfoacetate (SCSA) is developed from naturally
occurring acyclic monoterpene citronellol. This new surfactant is investigated for its self-aggregation, detergent, and biodegra-
dation properties. Surface properties of the SCSA are determined by surface tension and conductivity method. Hydrodynamic
radius of the micelles formed by the new surfactant is determined by dynamic light scattering technique. Detergency and foaming
properties of the new surfactant are determined by Tergotometer and Ross-Miles method respectively. Further, the biodegrada-
tion property of the SCSA was determined by the BOD method. The experimental evaluation result establishes SCSA to be a
good sustainable alternative to petrochemical derived surfactants. The new surfactant demonstrated good surface activity along
with excellent detergent and biodegradation properties.

Keywords Renewable surfactant . Surface properties . Detergency . Biodegradation

Introduction can readily replace wide range of petrochemical derived an-

ionic surfactants currently being used in several industrial and
The present era necessitates development of important indus- consumer formulations [3].
trial chemicals including surfactants by sustainable and green The raw material for manufacturing conventional surfac-
approach with minimum production of chemical waste [1]. tants is often derived from inexpensive petrochemical hydro-
Anionic surfactants which predominantly find application as carbons [4]. Renewable building blocks, which are used for
laundry detergents and in numerous cleaning and hygiene manufacturing new generation of sustainable surfactants, are
products such as soaps, mouthwash, tooth paste, face wash, often expensive compared with petrochemical feedstock.
and dish washer are one of the most widely used chemical However in recent years surfactant molecules derived from
product in the world [2]. With the increasing demand of these renewable building blocks are increasingly becoming popular
surfactants in various application areas, there is urgent need to because of their desirable properties such as better biocompat-
develop new generation of sustainable anionic surfactants ibility and biodegradability [5]. Renewable structural moieties
using renewable raw materials via green approach, which in association with certain functional groups can enhance the
biodegradation properties of the surfactant [6]. Often surfac-
tants containing ester functionality are easily able to undergo
* Avinash Bhadani biodegradation compared with synthetic surfactants due to
[email protected] presence of esterase enzymes in the environment [7]. In recent
* Masahiko Abe years many new type of sustainable surfactants have been
[email protected] developed using renewable raw materials [8–10]. Also, sever-
1
al commercial surfactant manufacturers have successfully in-
Research Institute for Science and Technology, Tokyo University of
Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
troduced new types of sustainable surfactants such as the fol-
2
lowing: microalgae derived betaine surfactant Dehyton® AO
Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Tokyo University of
Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
45 by BASF and Solazyme Inc.; oilseed based surfactant un-
3
der brand name ECOSURF™ by Dow Chemical Co.;
Department of Clothing Textile Laboratory, Bunka Gakuen
University, 3-22-1 Yoyogi, Shibuya 151-8523, Japan
ethoxylated (PEG-5) rapeseed sterols by BASF; alkyl glyceryl
1544 Colloid Polym Sci (2020) 298:1543–1550

sulfonates (AGS) by Procter and Gamble Co.; sophorolipids dry the contents in the rotary flask. The rotary flask is allowed
based bio-surfactant by Evonik industries [11]. to cool and the dried solid content is washed twice with 80 ml
In the present study, we have developed new-branched of hexane and dried in rotary evaporator. The paste is dried in
anionic surfactants SCSA starting from renewable citronellol rotary evaporator and then dissolved in 150 ml of warm ethyl
via green and sustainable approach. This new surfactant acetate at 45 °C and then filtered. The solid separated in filter
demonstrates good surface activity and biodegradation paper is further washed with another 50 ml of warm ethyl
properties. SCSA exhibits quick forming and defoaming acetate. The collected filtrate (ethyl acetate) is removed in
activity in water along with excellent detergency at low rotary evaporator under reduced pressure to get pure citronel-
surfactant concentration. lol based anionic surfactant—SCSA (98.5 ± 0.5% purity) in
77% isolated yield (Scheme 1).

Materials and methods Citronellyl chloroacetate Colorless liquid, yield 72%;

500 MHz 1H NMR (CDCl3) δ ppm: 0.92–0.93 (3H,-CH-
Materials CH3), 1.19 (1H,-CH-CH3), 1.35 (1H, -OCOCH2-CHaHb-),
1.48 (1H,-OCOCH2-CHaHb-), 1.56 (1H,-CH2-CHaHb-), 1.60
Chloroacetic acid and citronellol were purchased from TCI, (3H,=C-CH3), 1.68 (3H,=C-CH3), 1.71 (1H,-CH2-CHaHb-),
Tokyo, Japan. Sodium sulfite was purchased from Wako 1.98 (2H,=CH-CH2), 4.06 (2H, -OCO-CH2Cl-), 4.18–4.25
chemical, Japan. Millipore water was used in all experiments. (2H, -COO-CH2-), 5.08 (1H, =CH-C-). 75 MHz 13C NMR
ACS reagent grade SDS of ≥ 99.0% purity was purchased (CDCl3) δ ppm: 17.78, 19.48, 25.46, 25.84, 29.45, 35.35,
from Sigma-Aldrich and used for studies. Mass spectra of 37.02, 64.92, 124.55, 131.55, 167.49.
surfactants were recorded on a JEOL JMS-T100CS (JEOL
Japan) using ESI as ion source. 1H-NMR and 13C NMR spec- Sodium citronellyl sulfoacetate (SCSA) White hygroscopic
tra were recorded on JEOL-ECP500 (JEOL JAPAN). solid, yield 77%; 500 MHz 1H NMR (D2O) δ ppm: 0.99 (3H,
-CH-CH3), 1.25 (1H, -CH-CH3), 1.42 (1H, -OCOCH2-
Synthesis of SCSA CHaHb-), 1.43 (1H, -OCOCH2-CHaHb-), 1.55 (1H,-CH2-
CHaHb-), 1.65 (3H, =C-CH3), 1.71 (3H, =C-CH3-), 1.78
Citronellol (31.25 g, 200 mmoles) is reacted with chloroacetic (1H,-CH2-CHaHb-), 2.08 (2H, =CH-CH2), 3.99 (2H, -OCO-
acid (20.78 g, 220 mmoles) for 15 h under solvent free con- CH2-SO3Na-), 4.29 (2H, -COO-CH2-), 5.18 (1H, =CH-C-).
dition at 85 °C. The reaction mixture allowed to cool and 75 MHz 13C NMR (D2O 500 μl + CD3OD 100 μl) δ ppm:
transferred to separating funnel and washed with 100 ml of 18.29, 19.93, 26.34, 26.38, 30.43, 36.00, 38.09, 56.59, 65.64,
deionized water and then with 100 ml of methanol-water (4:1 125.90, 131.84, 167.94. ESI-MS negative ions m/z: calculated
methanol:water). The oily layer after separation is dried in 277.1 for (M−−Na+) or M−, found 277.1.
rotary evaporator at 85 °C at 10 mbar-reduced pressure to
remove traces of water-methanol present in oil. This oil con- Method
taining citronellyl chloroacetate is purified by distillation at
135–145 °C under vacuum to get pure fraction of citronellyl Conductivity measurements Conductivity was measured on
chloroacetate as colorless liquid in 72% isolated yield. auto temperature electrical conductivity meter CM-25R
Citronellyl chloroacetate (9.28 g, 40 mmoles) is dissolved in (DKK-TOA Corporation) equipped with a conductivity cell
10 ml of ethanol and stirred at room temperature. Aqueous having a cell constant of 1. The solutions were thermostated at
solution of sodium sulfite is prepared by dissolving sodium 25 °C in thermostated glass vessel controlled by temperature
sulfite (6.04 g, 48 mmoles) in 40 ml deionized water. This controller. For the determination of critical micelle concentra-
aqueous solution of sodium sulfite is slowly added to the tion (cmc) adequate quantity of a concentrated surfactant so-
round bottom flask containing citronellyl chloroacetate in eth- lution was added to water in order to change the surfactant
anol mixture over a period of 10 min at room temperature. The concentration from concentrations well below the cmc to up to
temperature of the reaction is then raised to 95 °C after the at least 2–3 times the cmc value [12].
addition of aqueous solution of sodium sulfite and the reaction
is further stirred for 4 h. The reaction mixture is allowed to Surface tension measurements The surface tension at water
cool and then 150 ml of ethanol is added into it and the solu- −air interface was investigated using KRÜSS K100 tensiom-
tion is filtered to remove some inorganic salt. The ethanol- eter (KRÜSS, Germany) by Wilhelmy plate at 25 °C. The
water solvent is then removed using rotary evaporator at tensiometer was calibrated using Millipore water.
55 °C and 300-mbar pressure. The temperature of the rotary Experimental runs chosen are based on time required for the
water bath after removal of water-ethanol solvent is raised to surfactant solution to attain equilibrium and hence set of ten
80 °C and pressure further reduced to 10 mbar to completely consecutive readings with standard deviation less than 0.1
Colloid Polym Sci (2020) 298:1543–1550 1545

Scheme 1 Synthetic
methodology for synthesis of
sodium citronellyl sulfoacetate
(SCSA) surfactant

mN/m−1 was taken into account. The surface parameters, i.e., Detergency measurements Detergency measurements were
the effectiveness of surface tension reduction (γmin) and done using the Tergotometer method (JIS K-3371) on stan-
cmc were calculated from the slope of decrease in sur- dard test fabric, which consist of artificially stained 100%
face tension with increasing concentration of surfactant cotton fabric prepared by the Japan Association of Cleaning
solution [13]. Science [19]. The standard fabric of dimension 5 mm × 5 mm
contains 28.3% oleic acid, 15.6% triolein, 12.2% cholesterol
Dynamic light scattering and zeta-potential measurements oleate, 2.5% liquid paraffin, 2.5% squalene, 1.6% cholesterol,
The size of micelles formed by 5 wt.% SCSA surfactant aque- 1.6% gelatin, 29.8% red soil, and carbon black 0.5% [20]. The
ous solution was measured by DLS measuring particle ana- washing bath ratio was set at 1:30, and the washing experi-
lyzer (Litesizer 500, Anton Paar) at 25.0 °C. The surfactant ment was performed with washing for 10 min, rinsing for
solution was passed through PVDA membrane filter with a 3 min, and spin dry for 1 min. The washing power was tested
pore size of 0.22 μm. The samples were equilibrated for at different surfactant concentration of 300 ppm, 600 ppm,
60 min before measurement and an average of 3 measurement and 900 ppm. The detergency was measured using a spectral
runs were considered for getting the size of micelle [14]. The colorimeter SE6000, measuring the surface reflectance of the
same instrument was used to measure the ζ-potential of the artificially stained cloth before and after cleaning, and results
micellar solution. A total of 350 μL of the sample was filled in were the obtained from Kubelka-Munk equation [20, 21].
an Omega cuvette made from polycarbonate and provided
with two gold electrodes. The measurements were carried Biodegradation The biodegradability of the SCSA and SDS sur-
out in the voltage range 0.1–200 V, automatically set by the factant are investigated by the BOD method using activated
instrument [15]. sludge. Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) of the surfactant so-
lution was determined on BOD System 6 (VELP Scientifica, Italy)
Foaming properties The foaming properties were measured fitted with BOD sensor system screwed directly on each bottle.
by the Ross-Miles method (JIS K 3362-90/ ASTM D 1173– The BOD values were recorded after 24-h interval for 4 weeks.
53) at 25 °C [16]. Surfactant concentration of 1 ppm, 10 ppm, The biodegradability was estimated using the following equation:
100 ppm, 300 ppm and 900 ppm was chosen for the experi-
Biodegradability ð%Þ ¼ ½ðBOD−blankÞ=TOD  100
ments. Foam volume were recorded at 0 s, 30 s, 60 s, 180 s,
300 s, and 600 s. Foaming ability was determined by the foam in which blank represents the oxygen consumption in
volume produced immediately after dropping [17]. Foam sta- the blank dispersion, and TOD represents the theoretical
bility was determined by comparing the foam formed at dif- oxygen demand [22].
ferent time interval [18].

Fig. 1 a Surface tension vs log C 80

plot of SCSA in water at 25 °C. b 70 SCSA 3000 SCSA

Specific conductivity vs
-1)
Surface Tension J (mNm

concentration plot of SCSA in 60 2500

water at 25 °C
50
N(PS/cm)

2000

40
1500
30
1000
20
CMC = 18.03 mM
10 500 CMC = 17.4 mM
(a) (b)
0 0
-3 -2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 0 10 20 30 40 50
Log C Concentration (mM)
1546 Colloid Polym Sci (2020) 298:1543–1550

Table 1 Surface properties of citronellol based surfactant SCSA and the plot of surface tension versus log of concentration
commercially available anionic surfactant SDS at 25 °C
for SCSA. The break point in the graph corresponds to
Surfactant cmca (mM) cmcb (mM) γcmc (mN m−1) the cmc value of the surfactant.
As evident from the surface tension plot the clear break is
SCSA 18.03 17.40 32.6 not visible for the SCSA surfactant. In contrast, a typical sur-
a
Surface tension method
factant molecule consisting of linear C12, C14 or C16 hydro-
b carbon tail and a charged headgroup often demonstrate as
Conductivity method
sharp distinguishable break is the surface tension plot. It must
be noted that the molecular structure of SCSA is very different
Results and discussion compared with typical conventional surfactant molecule. The
SCSA molecule consists of a nonlinear branched tail contain-
Synthesis and characterization SCSA was synthesized in a ing a double bond, and a sulfoacetate headgroup consisting of
two-step synthetic process. In the first step citronellol was ester- five electron rich donor oxygen atoms. Previous literature re-
ified with chloroacetic acid under solvent free condition to get port suggests that the sulfoacetate headgroup containing sur-
citronellyl chloroacetate, which was then reacted in second step factants with different hydrophobic tail (i.e., octyl
with sodium sulfite via sulfitation process to get citronellol based sulfoacetate, dodecyl sulfoacetate, and cetyl sulfoacetate)
anionic surfactant—SCSA. The chemical structure of the surfac- demonstrate similar trend of continued decrease in the γ
tant molecule was confirmed via NMR and mass spectroscopy. values above their respective cmc [26]. This observed trend
The characteristic signal for the methylene protons of the in the current studies is in accordance with the literature report.
sulfoacetate group (-OCO-CH2-SO3Na-) was observed as a However scientific explanation for such behavior for surfac-
singlet at δ 3.99 ppm. The chemical shift for the methylene tants with sulfoacetate headgroup is missing in literature. One
protons of citronellyl tail adjacent to ester functionality (- of the possible explanations for such behavior may be attrib-
COO-CH2-) was observed at δ 4.29 ppm. The signal for the uted to five electron rich donor oxygen atoms present in
methine proton connected to unsaturated double bond (=CH- sulfoacetate headgroup. Such hydrophilic headgroup arranged
C-) of citronellyl tail appeared at δ 5.18 ppm representing single in the form of micelles above its cmc value may demonstrate
protons. Characteristic 13C NMR signal for the carbonyl carbon strong ability to form hydrogen bonding with water molecules
of ester functionality (-OCO-CH 2 -) was observed at δ compared with conventional surfactants. Hence the micellar
167.94 ppm. The signal for the carbon of the sulfoacetate group hydrogen bonding may influence surface tension trends in the
(-CH2-SO3Na-) was observed at δ 56.59 ppm. The mass spec- case of surfactant with sulfoacetate headgroup [27]. SCSA is
troscopy (ESI-) further helped to establish the structure of the able to form micelles at 18.03 mM concentration and was able
surfactants. The parent ion peak (m/z) for the surfactant to reduce the surface tension (γcmc) of water to 32.6 mN.m−1.
(M−−Na+) or M− was observed at 277.1. The cmc value of the SCSA was also investigated by conduc-
tivity method. Figure 1b shows conductivity vs concentration
Surface tension measurements Citronellol based surfactant plot of SCSA at 25 °C. The calculated CMC values deter-
SCSA is able to significantly reduce the surface tension of mined by two different techniques are shown in Table 1.
water. Unlike typical monomeric surfactant molecule, the The surface properties of new-branched ester based anionic
SCSA behaves differently as the observed surface tension surfactant SCSA is compared with commercially available
values continue to slightly decrease even above its cmc value. anionic surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). SCSA dem-
Such behavior is often observed for pluronic surfactants [23] onstrates higher cmc value compared with commercially
and other nonionic surfactants [24, 25]. Figure 1a shows available anionic surfactant SDS [28]. However, the

Fig. 2 a Hydrodynamic radius of 20 2

(a) (b)
Relative frequency (%)

SCSA micelles at 25 °C. b Zeta-

potential distribution of SCSA 15
Intensity (%)

1.5
micelles at 25 °C. Surfactant so-
lution of 5 wt.% was used in both
the studies 10 1

5 0.5

0 0
0.1 1 10 100 1000 -400 -200 0 200 400
Hydrodynamic radius (nm) Zeta Potential (mV)
Colloid Polym Sci (2020) 298:1543–1550 1547

60
SDS Foaming properties The Ross-Miles method was used to test
Initial foam height (mm)
50 SCSA foaming properties of SCSA. The foaming ability of SCSA
40
was compared with standard SDS surfactant. SCSA demon-
strated exceptional ability to instantly produce foam in aque-
30 ous system compared with SDS. Figure 3 shows instant or
20 initial form produced by SCSA and SDS recorded after
dropping surfactant solution in the experimental set up at var-
10
ious surfactant concentrations [32].
0 As the concentration of surfactant increases the foaming at
1 10 100 300 900 t = 0 also increases for both SDS and SCSA. However the
Concentration (ppm) foam height rapidly decreases with time for SCSA compared
Fig. 3 Instant form production by SCSA and SDS recorded after with SDS. Figure 4 shows foam height reduction with time at
dropping surfactant solution at t = 0 at different surfactant concentration different surfactant concentration recorded at 25 °C. The ini-
tial form production by SCSA surfactant at t = 0 is better than
commercially available SDS. Previous studies have
new surfactant demonstrates better ability to reduce sur- established that the branched surfactant with anionic
face tension of aqueous solution at cmc value (γcmc) headgroup (SO4−) demonstrate better initial foam height com-
compared with SDS [29]. pared with linear anionic surfactants, however the stability of
foam produced by branched surfactants over a period of time
Micelle size and zeta-potential Hydrodynamic radius of the is lower compared with linear surfactant [33]. The foaming
micelles formed by SCSA surfactant in aqueous solution is properties of the surfactant depend on effectiveness of the
determined by dynamic light scattering technique. Figure 2a surfactant to adsorb at the air/water interface and the surfac-
shows micelles size distribution of 5 wt.% SCSA surfactant tants with longer hydrocarbon tail have better form stability
formed in aqueous solution at 25 °C. A single peak is ob- [34]. The branching of hydrophobic hydrocarbon tail signifi-
served for the micellar solution hence the new SCSA surfac- cantly influences the foam stability due to its air-water inter-
tant is able to self-aggregate into smaller nano-sized micelles facial packing. Surfactants containing hydrophobic tail with
in aqueous solution with hydrodynamic radius of 2.44 ± branches have weaker intermolecular cohesive forces than
0.10 nm. The SCSA surfactant is able to self-aggregate into linear hydrocarbon surfactant and hence the former generally
relatively smaller sized micelles compared with SDS in aque- exhibit lower foam stability compared with the latter [33].
ous solution [30]. Excessive foaming for long duration of time is generally
The ζ-potential is often used as an index of the mag- associated with reduction in operating efficiencies and this
nitude of electrostatic interaction between colloidal par- requires using antifoaming agents in formulations [35]. If
ticles and is thus a measure of the colloidal stability of foams leak through machine, it can turn a concrete floor into
the solution. Figure 2b shows zeta-potential distribution a slippery surface, which can cause operational and safety
of 5 wt.% SCSA in aqueous solution at 25 °C. Micelles problem. Since SCSA shows quick defoaming ability it can
with a ζ-potential less than − 15 mV or more than be used for some specific application areas as detergent.
15 mV are expected to be stable from electrostatic con- The foam stability or residual foam ratio R5%, is an impor-
siderations [31]. In our studies, we found the mean ζ- tant parameter in determining foaming behavior. It is the quo-
potential value of negatively charged anionic SCSA mi- tient of the foam height after 5 min to the initial foam and can
celles to be − 37.58 ± 2.00 mV. be calculated based on the change of the foam heights from

40 50 60
(a) SDS (b) SDS
(c) SDS
Foaming height (mm)

SCSA 50
40
Foaming height (mm)

SCSA SCSA
Foaming height (mm)

30
40
30
20 30
20
20
10
10
10

0 0 0
0 30 60 180 300 600 0 30 60 180 300 600 0 30 60 180 300 600
Time (seconds) Time (seconds) ime (seconds)

Fig. 4 Foam height reduction with time at different surfactant concentration a 100 ppm, b 300 ppm, and c 900 ppm
1548 Colloid Polym Sci (2020) 298:1543–1550

100
soon after dropping the sample solution (t = 0) to 5 min after SDS
dropping (t = 5) [36]. Therefore if initial foam height is ho at SCSA
t = 0 s and residual foam height is h5, after 5 min. The residual 80
foam ratio R5% can be calculated as follows:

Detergency %
60
R5 % ¼ ðh5 =ho Þ  100
40
Table 2 shows foam stability or R5% for both SDS and
SCSA surfactant. SCSA shows lower foam stability compared
with the standard SDS surfactant, which may be attributed to 20
branching chains of SCSA. Thus, SCSA may be considered
good surfactant molecule for wide range of applications where 0
300 ppm 600 ppm 900 ppm
low foaming is required [37].
Surfactant Concentration
Fig. 5 Detergency of SDS and SCSA investigated at different
Detergency Detergent property of the SCSA was investigated
concentration at 25 °C
by Tergotometer and compared with standard SDS. The de-
tergency of SCSA is comparable with standard SDS at
biodegradability in 16-day time frame. The reference SDS
300 ppm surfactant concentration. At higher surfactant con-
completely biodegraded in 16 days under similar experimental
centration of 600 ppm and 900 ppm, the SDS demonstrated
setup (data not shown in Fig. 5). SCSA molecule which is
better detergent activity compared with SCSA (Fig. 5).
developed from naturally occurring citronellol having bio-
The detergency of SCSA does not significantly change
compatible ester bond is expected to show relatively better
with change in its concentration from 300 ppm to 900 ppm.
biodegradation properties, when compared with SDS mole-
However since most of the commercially available detergents
cule. However, it must be noted that one of the initial products
in the market have active surfactant concentration of 300 ppm,
of the biodegradation of SCSA surfactant is citronellol, which
therefore the new ester functionalized citronellol based SCSA
is formed as a result of breaking up of ester linkage. Literature
surfactant can be considered good as SDS for practical
reports suggest that citronellol demonstrate strong antimicro-
application.
bial activity towards wide range of microorganism [37, 38].
The antimicrobial nature of citronellol tends to provide some
Biodegradation Biodegradability of the SCSA was investigat-
resistance against very rapid degradation of SCSA surfactant.
ed by BOD method. Figure 6 shows the rate of biodegradation
This is because the microbes present in the activated sludge,
for the SCSA as measured by the closed-bottle test. The SCSA
which are responsible for the degradation of organic mole-
is biodegradable in nature as it able to undergo more than 90%
cules under BOD experiment setup, experience some
biodegradation in 28-day time frame. The hydrolysis of the
ester bond of SCSA molecule along with rapid degradation of
the hydrolysis product such as citronellol contributes towards 100
excellent biodegradation property of SCSA. Since the SCSA SCSA
reached the threshold value of 60% before 28 days, it is clas-
sified as readily biodegradable surfactant [22, 36]. The results 80
Biodegradability %

of the biodegradation studies establish the renewable SCSA to

be environment friendly product, which can be degraded eas-
ily in environment after its use. 60
Although both SCSA and SDS are biodegradable in nature,
however the BOD experiments demonstrated interesting
trend. The SCSA surfactant showed approximately 80% 40

Table 2 Calculated residual foam ratio of SDS and SCSA at 25 °C 20

Surfactant concentration R5% R5%
SDS SCSA
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
100 ppm 13.05 9.38
300 ppm 30.00 11.63 Time (Days)
900 ppm 31.58 10.71 Fig. 6 Biodegradation of SCSA investigated by BOD method with
activated sludge
Colloid Polym Sci (2020) 298:1543–1550 1549

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