10/21/2020 System of Units: MKS, CGS and SI - Karnataka PCS Free Notes

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System of Units: MKS, CGS and SI

Measurement of any physical quantity involves comparison with a certain basic,

arbitrarily chosen, internationally accepted reference standard called unit. The result of
a measurement of a physical quantity is expressed by a number (or numerical measure)
accompanied by a unit.

A unit of measurement is a definite magnitude of a quantity, defined and adopted by

convention or by law, that is used as a standard for measurement of the same quantity.
Any other value of that quantity can be expressed as a simple multiple of the unit of
measurement. For example, length is a physical quantity.
Four different systems of units are commonly used in science and engineering. The
difference among them arises from the difference in the units used to represent the
three fundamental quantities, namely length (l), mass (m) and time (t).
The base units for length, mass and time in these systems were as follows :
• In CGS system they were centimetre, gram and second respectively.
• In FPS system they were foot, pound and second respectively.
• In MKS system they were metre, kilogram and second respectively
SI Units

SI Base Units

Base quantity Name Symbol

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length meter m

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10/21/2020 System of Units: MKS, CGS and SI - Karnataka PCS Free Notes

Base quantity Name Symbol

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mass kilogram kg

time second s

electric current ampere A

thermodynamic temperature kelvin K

amount of substance mole mol

luminous intensity candela cd

SI Derived Units:-

area square meter m2

volume cubic meter m3

speed, velocity meter per second m/s

acceleration meter per second squared m/s2

wave number reciprocal meter m-1

mass density kilogram per cubic meter kg/m3

specific volume cubic meter per kilogram m3/kg

current density ampere per square meter A/m2

magnetic field strength ampere per meter A/m

amount-of-substance concentration mole per cubic meter mol/m3

luminance candela per square meter cd/m2

MKS System

MKS unit of measurement is meter-kilogram-second. SI unit was derived from MKS

system. In MKS system length is in meter (m), area is in square meter (m2 ), volume is in
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cubic meter (m3 ), time in second (s), mass is in kilogram (kg), weight (force) is in
kilogram-meter per second square (kg-m/s2 ), density is in kilogram per centimeter
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10/21/2020 System of Units: MKS, CGS and SI - Karnataka PCS Free Notes

square (kg/cm2 ), acceleration is in kilogram-meter per second square (kgm/s2 ),

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force(pressure) is in kilogram-force per square centimeter (kgf/cm2 ).

CGS System

The CGS system was introduced formally by the British Association for the
Advancement of Science in 1874. It found almost immediate favor with working
scientists, and it was the system most commonly used in scientific work for many years.
Meanwhile, the further development of the metric system was based on meter and
kilogram standards created and distributed in 1889 by the International Bureau of
Weights and Measures (BIPM). During the 20th century, metric units based on the
meter and kilogram–the MKS units–were used more and more in commercial
transactions, engineering, and other practical areas.

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