CasingSeat

2003.16.1.0
Training Manual

Part No. 161780 Rev. C February 2008

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Landmark CasingSeat Training Manual

Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 1
What is CasingSeat? .................................................................................................... 1
Course Objectives ........................................................................................................ 1
Training Course and Manual Overview ....................................................................... 1
Licensing ...................................................................................................................... 2

Theory and Methodology ........................................................................................... 3

Design Methodology........................................................................................................... 3
Preliminary Design (CasingSeat) ................................................................................. 3
Detailed Design (StressCheck) .................................................................................... 3
Required Information.......................................................................................................... 5
Formation Properties .................................................................................................... 5
Directional Data ........................................................................................................... 5
Minimum Diameter Requirements .............................................................................. 6
Production Data ........................................................................................................... 6
Other ............................................................................................................................ 6
Preliminary Design ............................................................................................................. 7
Mud Program ............................................................................................................... 7
Shoe Depths and Number of Strings ............................................................................ 8
Design Constraints and Other Factors ......................................................................... 8
Differential Sticking Limit ..................................................................................... 9
Calculation of Gas Kick Influx in CasingSeat ............................................................. 11
Hole and Pipe Diameters ............................................................................................. 14
Top of Cement Depths ................................................................................................. 17
Directional Plan ........................................................................................................... 18
Kick Tolerance Analysis .............................................................................................. 18
Algorithm ............................................................................................................... 19

Getting Started ................................................................................................................. 23

CasingSeat Workflow ......................................................................................................... 24
Logging into the Database .................................................................................................. 26
Starting CasingSeat ...................................................................................................... 26
Creating an Instant Design ........................................................................................... 27
Main Window Layout ............................................................................................ 28
Title Bar ................................................................................................................. 29
Menu Bar ............................................................................................................... 29
Work Area .............................................................................................................. 30
Files and Templates ............................................................................................................ 31
What Types of Files Does CasingSeat Use? ................................................................ 31
What is a Template File? ............................................................................................. 31
Opening an Existing Template File ....................................................................... 32
Opening a Template from Database ...................................................................... 32
Saving Templates ................................................................................................... 32

February 2008 Contents i

StressCheck Training Manual Landmark

Helpful Features.................................................................................................................. 34
Online Help .................................................................................................................. 34
Setting Options ............................................................................................................ 35
Configuring Units ........................................................................................................ 35
Using the Unit System Dialog ............................................................................... 35
Using The Convert Unit Dialog ............................................................................. 37

EDM and the Well Explorer ....................................................................................... 39

Overview............................................................................................................................. 40
Describing the Data Structure............................................................................................. 41
Well Explorer Components ......................................................................................... 43
Working with the Well Explorer ........................................................................................ 44
Drag and Drop Rules ................................................................................................... 44
Instant Design .............................................................................................................. 45
Import ........................................................................................................................... 45
Export ........................................................................................................................... 45
Attachments ................................................................................................................. 46
Well Explorer Node Properties .................................................................................... 47
General Tab ............................................................................................................ 47
Audit Tabs .............................................................................................................. 48
Datums ................................................................................................................................ 49
Project Properties ......................................................................................................... 49
System Datum ........................................................................................................ 49
Elevation ................................................................................................................ 49
Well Properties ............................................................................................................ 49
Depth Reference Datum(s) .................................................................................... 49
Design Properties ......................................................................................................... 52
General Tab (Design Properties Dialog) ............................................................... 52
Depth Reference Information ................................................................................ 54
Workflow - How to Set Up Datums for a Design ........................................................ 54
Changing the Datum .................................................................................................... 55
How this works ...................................................................................................... 55
Concurrency and Multi-User Support................................................................................. 57
SAM in the Application Status Bar ............................................................................. 57
SAM in the Well Explorer ........................................................................................... 57
Reload Notification ...................................................................................................... 58
Reload .................................................................................................................... 59
Ignore ..................................................................................................................... 59
Cancel .................................................................................................................... 60
Working With Catalogs ...................................................................................................... 61

ii Contents February 2008

Landmark CasingSeat Training Manual

Using CasingSeat ........................................................................................................... 63

Entering Well Data ............................................................................................................. 64
Using the Well Menu ................................................................................................... 64
Entering General Well Information ............................................................................. 65
Using the Wizard Toolbar ............................................................................................ 65
Defining the Well Trajectory ....................................................................................... 66
Entering Wellpath Data ......................................................................................... 66
Defining Hole and Casing Sizes .................................................................................. 68
Defining Hole and Casing Sizes with the Casing and Hole Size Selector Graphical
Interface ................................................................................................................. 68
Defining the Allowable Hole Sizes using the Spreadsheet .................................... 69
Defining the Allowable Casing ODs using the Spreadsheet ................................. 70
Specifying the Design Parameters ............................................................................... 72
Specifying Additional Setting Depths ......................................................................... 73
Setting the Operating Constraints ................................................................................ 74
Specifying Kick Related Constraints ........................................................................... 75
Viewing the Available Well Configurations ............................................................... 76
Defining the Geology.......................................................................................................... 77
Defining the Lithology ................................................................................................. 77
Rules for Defining Lithology ................................................................................. 78
Specifying Pore Pressures ............................................................................................ 79
Rules for Specifying Pore Pressure ....................................................................... 79
Specifying Fracture Gradients ..................................................................................... 80
Rules for Specifying Fracture Gradients ............................................................... 80
Specifying the Geothermal Gradient ........................................................................... 81
Defining Drilling Parameters.............................................................................................. 82

Additional Features ....................................................................................................... 83

Creating Reports ................................................................................................................. 83
Displaying Report Contents ......................................................................................... 84
Creating Tabs ...................................................................................................................... 85
Inventories .......................................................................................................................... 86
Bit/Hole Sizes Inventory .............................................................................................. 86
Casing ODs Inventory ................................................................................................. 88

February 2008 Contents iii

StressCheck Training Manual Landmark

Analyzing Results .......................................................................................................... 91

Reviewing Input Data ......................................................................................................... 91
Reviewing Input Data .................................................................................................. 91
Reviewing the Section View ........................................................................................ 92
Calculating Results ............................................................................................................. 94
Performing a Calculation ............................................................................................. 94
Using the Calculate Dialog .................................................................................... 95
Selecting Results................................................................................................................. 96
Viewing Results .................................................................................................................. 98
Well Schematic ............................................................................................................ 99
Accessing Other Solutions and Understanding the Solution Label ............................. 101
Using the Design Plot .................................................................................................. 103
Reviewing the Casing Scheme .................................................................................... 104
Final Well Configurations ........................................................................................... 106
Side-by-side Comparison of Multiple Solutions ......................................................... 108
Set Active Well Configuration .................................................................................... 110
Viewing the Active Well Schematic and Active Casing Scheme ......................... 111

iv Contents February 2008

 Chapter 1
Introduction
What is CasingSeat?
CasingSeat is a casing seat selection tool that provides rigorous shoe
selection calculation routines to optimize shoe locations, based on pore
pressure and fracture gradients, and user defined design constraints.

CasingSeat delivers preliminary Well design tools that support:

‰ Selection of casings and hole sizes

‰ Setting depths for the casings

‰ Determination of the highest allowable cement tops

‰ Creation and maintenance of mud schedules

CasingSeat is fully integrated with StressCheck to provide a convenient

path to detailed design and stress analysis of the Well completion.

Course Objectives
During this course you will become familiar with:

‰ Entering all required data to perform a CasingSeat analysis

‰ Interpreting available results

Training Course and Manual Overview

The purpose of this manual is to provide a reference for entering data
and performing an analysis during the class, and as a refresher during
future review. This manual contains technical information concerning
the methodology and calculations used to develop CasingSeat. For
additional technical information, contact your instructor, and/or review
the online help.

Landmark CasingSeat Training Manual 1

Chapter 1: Introduction

Licensing
FLEXlm is a licensing method common to all Landmark products. It
provides a single licensing system that integrates across PC and network
environments. FLEXlm Licensing files and FLEXlm Bitlocks are
supported for Landmark Drilling and Well Services applications. Please
refer to the Engineer’s Desktop 2003.16.1.0 Drilling Summary Level
Release Notes for more information.

2 CasingSeat Training Manual Landmark

 Chapter 2
Theory and Methodology

Design Methodology

The design process can be divided into two distinct phases:

z Preliminary Design (CasingSeat)

z Detailed Design (StressCheck)

Preliminary Design (CasingSeat)

The largest opportunities for saving money are present while
performing this task. This design phase includes:

• Data gathering and interpretation

• Determination of shoe depths and number of strings

• Selection of hole and casing sizes

• Mud weight design

• Directional design

The quality of the gathered data will have a large impact on the
appropriate choice of casing sizes and shoe depths and whether the
casing design objective is successfully met.

Detailed Design (StressCheck)

This design phase includes:

• Selection of pipe weights and grades for each casing string.

• Connection selection.

Landmark CasingSeat Training Manual 3

Chapter 2: Theory and Methodology

The selection process consists of comparing pipe ratings with design

loads and applying minimum acceptable safety standards (i.e.,
design factors).

A cost effective design meets all the design criteria using the least
expensive available pipe. Hand designs are possible, but are
cumbersome and inefficient.

4 CasingSeat Training Manual Landmark

 Chapter 2: Theory and Methodology

Required Information

The following checklist includes data required to perform both the

preliminary and detailed design. Items marked with an asterisk (*) are
required for CasingSeat, directly or indirectly.

Formation Properties
z Pore pressure*

z Formation tensile strength (fracture pressure)*

z Formation compressive strength (borehole failure)*

z Temperature profile*

z Location of squeezing salt and shale zones

z Permeability, Porosity, and ROP*

z Chemical stability/sensitive shales (mud type and exposure time)

z Lost circulation zones*

z Shallow gas*

z Location of fresh water sands*

z Presence of H2S and/or CO2

Directional Data
z Surface location

z Geologic target(s)

z Well interference data

Landmark CasingSeat Training Manual 5

Chapter 2: Theory and Methodology

Minimum Diameter Requirements

z Minimum hole size required to meet drilling objectives*

z Logging tool OD*

z Tubing size(s)*

z Packer and related equipment requirements*

z Subsurface safety valve OD (offshore Well)*

z Completion requirements*

Production Data
z Packer fluid density

z Produced fluid composition

z Worst case loads which may occur during completion, production

and workover operations

Other
z Available inventory*

z Regulatory requirements*

z Rig equipment limitations*

6 CasingSeat Training Manual Landmark

 Chapter 2: Theory and Methodology

Preliminary Design

Mud Program
The most important mud program parameter used in casing design is the
mud weight.

The complete mud program is determined from:

z Pore pressure

z Formation strength (fracture and borehole stability)

z Casing shoe depths

z Lithology

z Hole cleaning and cuttings transport capability

z Potential formation damage, stability problems and drilling rate

z Formation evaluation requirements

z Environmental and regulatory requirements

Landmark CasingSeat Training Manual 7

Chapter 2: Theory and Methodology

Shoe Depths and Number of Strings

Determined historically by the mud weight and the fracture gradient.
0

2000

Mud Weight
Fracture Gradient
16"
4000

Design Fracture Gradient

6000
Depth, ft

11.75"
8000

9.625"
10000 D
C 7.625"
Pore Pressure B
12000

A
14000
8.00 9.00 10.00 11.00 12.00 13.00 14.00 15.00 16.00 17.00 18.00 19.00

EMW, ppg

The hole from above point B has to be cased, because otherwise the mud
weight required when reaching point A would fracture the formation.

Design Constraints and Other Factors

A number of factors can affect the shoe depth selection:

z Regulatory requirements.

z Kick tolerance. A specified gas influx volume is used to calculate

the maximum length of the open-hole section such that the kick
volume can be circulated up to surface without fracturing the
formation. The bottom-up algorithm will set a casing-shoe at the
top of the calculated open-hole section length, to prevent the
formation from fracturing. The casing-shoe will be set at the bottom
of the calculated length during the top-down calculations, to
prevent the specified gas volume from entering the Well at a
pressure that is too high.

8 CasingSeat Training Manual Landmark

 Chapter 2: Theory and Methodology

z Hole stability. This can be a function of mud weight, deviation, and

stress at the Wellbore wall, or can be chemical in nature. Often,
hole stability problems exhibit time-dependent behavior (making
shoe selection a function of penetration rate). The plastic flowing
behavior of salt zones also needs to be considered.

z Differential sticking. The probability of becoming differentially

stuck increases with increasing differential pressure between the
Wellbore and formation, increasing permeability of the formation,
and increasing fluid loss of the drilling fluid (i.e., thicker mud
cake).

z Zonal isolation. Shallow fresh water sands need to be isolated to

prevent contamination. Lost circulation zones need to be isolated
before a formation of higher pressure is penetrated.

z Directional drilling concerns. A casing string is often run after an

angle-building section has been drilled. This avoids keyseating
problems in the curved portion of the Wellbore due to the increased
normal force between the wall and the drill pipe.

z Uncertainty in predicted formation properties. Exploration Wells

often require additional strings to compensate for the uncertainty in
the pore pressure and fracture gradient predictions.

Differential Sticking Limit

To best illustrate how this constraint works, depth, pore, and fracture
pressure data has been imported into an Excel spreadsheet, along with
the Differential Sticking Limit. The Upper Constraints Curve values are
obtained for each depth by comparing the difference between the
fracture gradient and the pore pressure with the Differential Sticking
Limit. At the depth for which this difference was greater than 1800, the
normally used fracture gradient was replaced by the pore pressure plus
the Differential Sticking Limit:

If FG – PP > Differential Sticking Limit

Upper Constraints Pressure = Pore Pressure + Differential Sticking
Limit

A spreadsheet was used to better understand how this works. The

depths/lines for which the condition above is valid are shown in bold
characters:

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Chapter 2: Theory and Methodology

The effect of Differential Sticking Limit on the upper design curve

TVD Pore Pressure Frac Gradient Pfrac-Ppore Diff Stick limit Upper Constraints Curve
feet ppg psi ppg psi psi psi psi ppg
1 8.60 0 11.00 1 0 1800 1 11.00
1300 8.70 588 12.25 828 240 1800 828 12.25
2200 8.80 1007 13.00 1487 480 1800 1487 13.00
3000 8.80 1373 13.50 2106 733 1800 2106 13.50
3300 8.80 1510 13.80 2368 858 1800 2368 13.80
4500 8.80 2059 14.40 3370 1310 1800 3370 14.40
5000 8.80 2288 14.61 3798 1510 1800 3798 14.61
5500 8.80 2517 14.81 4237 1720 1800 4237 14.81
5600 8.80 2563 14.85 4326 1763 1800 4326 14.85
5700 8.80 2608 14.90 4415 1807 1800 4408 14.87
6000 8.80 2746 15.02 4686 1941 1800 4546 14.57
6500 8.80 2974 15.23 5146 2172 1800 4774 14.13
7000 8.80 3203 15.43 5617 2414 1800 5003 13.75
7500 8.80 3432 15.64 6099 2667 1800 5232 13.42
8000 8.80 3661 15.85 6592 2931 1800 5461 13.13
8500 8.80 3890 16.05 7095 3205 1800 5690 12.87
9000 8.80 4118 16.26 7609 3491 1800 5918 12.65
9100 8.80 4164 16.30 7713 3549 1800 5964 12.60
10000 9.10 4732 16.65 8658 3926 1800 6532 12.56
10500 10.00 5460 16.90 9227 3767 1800 7260 13.30
10800 11.00 6178 17.10 9603 3426 1800 7978 14.21
11000 11.40 6521 17.20 9838 3318 1800 8321 14.55
11500 14.00 8372 17.50 10465 2093 1800 10172 17.01
12000 15.50 9672 18.00 11232 1560 1800 11232 18.00
12500 15.80 10270 18.25 11863 1593 1800 11863 18.25
13000 16.00 10816 18.35 12405 1589 1800 12405 18.35
15000 16.40 12792 18.60 14508 1716 1800 14508 18.60

Pore pressure, fracture gradient, and the upper constraints curve, all in
EMW, are plotted as a function of depth (feet) in the following graph.
Notice the Upper Constraints curve shift to the left across the interval
highlighted in the previous table:

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 Chapter 2: Theory and Methodology

Design Plot in Excel

1000

2000 Pore Pressure ppg

3000 Frac Gradient ppg
Upper Constraints Curve
4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

9000

10000

11000

12000

13000

14000

15000

16000
8.00 9.00 10.00 11.00 12.00 13.00 14.00 15.00 16.00 17.00 18.00 19.00 20.00
EMW, ppg

Calculation of Gas Kick Influx in CasingSeat

The gas kick is initiated as a gas charged zone is drilled. At time zero,
this zone has zero thickness, and as time progresses, the zone thickness
increases with the specified rate of penetration until a maximum zone
thickness is reached. Gas influx rate is determined from the following
transient gas flow equation1:

Tsc hk [m( p resv ) − m( p well )] kt

qg = where t D =
50,300 p sc T [1.151 log 10 (t D ) + S ] 1688φμcrw2

where:

qg = gas influx in Mscf/day

Tsc = standard condition temperature in Rankine degrees

h = formation thickness in feet

k = permeability in milliDarcys

m = pseudopressure (integral of [2p/μZ] dp) in psi2/centipoise

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Chapter 2: Theory and Methodology

μ = gas viscosity in centipoise

Z = gas compressibility factor

presv = reservoir pressure in psi

pwell = Wellbore pressure in psi

psc = pressure at standard conditions in psi

T = reservoir temperature in Rankine degrees

tD = dimensionless time

S = dimensionless skin factor

t = flow time in hours

c = gas compressibility in psi-1

φ = porosity

rw = Wellbore radius in feet

The gas compressibility factor, compressibility, and viscosity are given

by general correlations of pressure and temperature for methane. The
gas influx is converted to barrels/day at the local pressure and
temperature for the influx calculations. Total gas bubble volume is
determined by integrating the gas influx rate numerically using a
Newton-Cotes 5-point formula over short time intervals.

The initial Wellbore pressure is assumed to be the formation pore

pressure less the specified swab pressure (1). As the gas bubble fills the
annulus, the Wellbore pressure is reduced by the gas density over this
vertical interval. Thus, gas influx (2) increases as the thickness h
increases, increases as m(pwell) decreases, and decreases as tD
increases. Thickness h increases with ROP until a specified maximum
thickness (3) is reached, then h is constant from that point on.

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 Chapter 2: Theory and Methodology

1
2
5

6
7
3

As drilling ahead continues, pit gain (4) and differential flow (5) values
are monitored. When either kick detection criterion is satisfied, drilling
ahead continues for the crew reaction time interval (6). At this point,
drilling is stopped, but flow continues for the valve closure time (7).
During this time the exposed reservoir face has a fixed thickness (3)
equal to the formation thickness at the end of drilling.

Reference: Lee, J. W., Well Testing, SPE Textbook Series, Richardson,

Texas, 1982, p76.

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Chapter 2: Theory and Methodology

Hole and Pipe Diameters

Hole and casing diameters are based on the following requirements:

z Production - production equipment requirements including tubing,

subsurface safety valve, submersible pump and gas lift mandrel
size, completion requirements (e.g., gravel packing), and weighing
the benefits of increased tubing performance of larger tubing
against the higher cost of larger casing over the life of the Well.

z Evaluation - logging interpretation requirements and tool

diameters.

z Drilling - minimum bit diameter for adequate directional control

and drilling performance, available downhole equipment, rig
specifications, and available BOP equipment.

The above requirements normally impact the final hole or casing

diameter. Because of this, casing sizes should be determined from the
inside outward.

Large cost savings are possible by becoming more aggressive during

this portion of the preliminary design phase. This has been the principal
motivation in the increased popularity of slimhole drilling.

14 CasingSeat Training Manual Landmark

 Chapter 2: Theory and Methodology

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Chapter 2: Theory and Methodology

The previous chart displayed in the Casing and Hole Size Selector
mirrors the content of these two spreadsheets. The “Allowable Hole
Sizes” spreadsheet allows you to specify the hole sizes that can be
drilled out of each acceptable casing, while the “Allowable Casing
OD’s” spreadsheet allows you to specify what casing you will accept to
run in each of the aforementioned holes.

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 Chapter 2: Theory and Methodology

After calculations, CasingSeat shows the remaining options in a

schematic called Final Well Configurations.

Top of Cement Depths

Top of cement (TOC) depths for each casing string should be selected
in the preliminary design phase, because this selection will influence
axial load distributions and external pressure profiles used during the
detailed design phase. TOC depths are typically based on the following
considerations:

z Zonal isolation

z Regulatory requirements

z Prior shoe depths

z Formation strength

z Buckling

z Annular pressure buildup in sub-sea Wells

Buckling calculations are not performed until the detailed design phase.
Hence, the TOC depth may be adjusted as a result of the buckling
analysis to help reduce buckling in some cases.

After determining the casing-shoe depth, CasingSeat will calculate the

TOC depth such that the formation will not fracture. A 16.0 ppg cement
slurry is assumed for this calculation.

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Chapter 2: Theory and Methodology

Directional Plan
For casing design purposes, establishing a directional plan consists of
determining the wellpath from the surface to the geological targets. The
directional plan will influence all aspects of casing design, including
mud weight selection for hole stability, shoe seat selection, casing axial
load profiles, casing wear, bending stresses, and buckling. The plan is
based on the following factors:

z Geological targets

z Surface location

z Interference from other Wellbores

z Torque and drag considerations

z Casing wear considerations

z BHA and bit performance in the local geological setting

To account for the variance from the planned build, drop, and turn rates
which occur due to the bottom hole assemblies used and operational
practices employed, higher doglegs are often superimposed over the
Wellbore. This increases the calculated bending stress in the detailed
design phase.

CasingSeat uses survey data only for MD–TVD conversions, to get

proper hydrostatic pressures, and for gas kick calculations.

Kick Tolerance Analysis

In CasingSeat, the kick tolerance is determined by assuming the gas as
a single, continuous bubble of methane. The allowable gas-kick volume
can be specified (Design Parameters > Kick Tolerance > Influx
Volume) or calculated (Design Parameters > Kick Tolerance >
Calculated Gas-Influx Volume).

Wellbore pressures are investigated for the gas bubble positions across
the full range between the last casing setting depth and the influx depth.
Either the casing setting depth or the hole TD is automatically assumed
by the code, depending upon the type of analysis mode: bottom-up or
top-down.

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 Chapter 2: Theory and Methodology

By varying the length of the open hole section, a minimum gas volume
required to fracture the formation at the assumed casing setting depth is
calculated and compared against the allowable gas-kick volume.

Gas bubble volume is depth dependent, calculated as a function of local

pressures, temperatures, volume and compressibility. Bubble top and
base are determined from Wellbore volumes calculated from the
Wellbore diameter, BHA and drillpipe geometry, and the Wellbore
inclination.

Algorithm
The following algorithm describes in detail the kick tolerance
calculations in CasingSeat. In this example, it is assumed that there are
no other operating constraints other than the kick tolerance for which a
fixed kick influx volume is assumed. All depths used in the calculation
are expressed in TVD.

The step-by-step calculations in CasingSeat for the Bottom-Up Design

are as follows:

1. An iterative calculation starts with an initial guess for the casing

setting depth, which is the mid point between the first casing setting
depth (Well > Design Parameters > General > First Casing
Setting Depth) and Well TD.

2. CasingSeat will then calculate a gas bubble height starting with the
bubble at Well TD and circulating it out to the assumed casing
setting depth using the Driller's Method. The bubble height is
limited by the fracture gradient at the depth of the initial guess.
Assumption: Since no other operating constraints are considered
for this case, the mud density gradient is considered equal to the
maximum pore pressure gradient in the open hole. If the pore
pressure is increased by selecting other operating constraints, then
the new pore pressure gradient will be used instead. The following
calculations are done in order to calculate the gas height:

Pressure at bit depth (initially Well TD):

Pbit = 0.052( ρ ppBit + ρ kick int ensity )( Dbit )

Pressure of mud column in the open hole:

Pdiff = 0.052( ρ mud )( Dbit − DCS )

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Chapter 2: Theory and Methodology

The Wellbore pressure at the assumed casing setting depth is:

PCS = Pbit − Pdiff + H kick ( ρ mud − ρ kick )

The formation fracture pressure at the same depth is:

PFracCS = 0.052( ρ fracCS )( DCS )

Equating the Wellbore pressure with the formation fracture pressure

at the same depth, the height of the gas bubble is obtained:

ΔP
H kick =
( ρ kick − ρ mud )

Where,
ΔP = Pbit − PFracCS − Pdiff

ρ ppBit = Pore pressure gradient at the bit depth

ρ kick int ensity = In CasingSeat, this is considered as a safety margin for

shifting (reducing) the fracture gradient to the left
(Well > Design Parameters > Kick Tolerance > Kick
Intensity).

Dbit = Bit depth

DCS = Assumed casing setting depth

ρ mud = Mud density

ρ kick = Gas kick density, calculated at specific temperature

and pressure conditions, assuming methane gas.

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 Chapter 2: Theory and Methodology

3. Assuming a gas kick density at the bottom of the bubble, while the
bubble is at bit depth, the height of the bubble is calculated (step 2
above). This height is then used to calculate the average gas density
(at the mid point of the bubble) as a function of PVT-z. This new
density is used to recalculate the bubble height, and this iterative
process continues until a convergence for the average gas density is
attained.

4. The above calculations (step 2 and 3) are done repetitively for

various gas bubble locations, as the bubble is considered to migrate
up the open hole. For each location, the gas volume required to
fracture the formation is calculated knowing the Wellbore
geometry.

5. Steps 2 through 4 are repeated for all additional depths of interest

(defined in the Lithology, Pore Pressure, Fracture Gradient
spreadsheets) in order to find the minimum gas volume required to
fracture the formation at each one of these depths.

6. A minimum of the all gas kick volumes obtained in steps 4 and 5 is

obtained and then it is compared with the allowable gas-kick
volume. If this calculated minimum volume is less than the
allowable gas-kick volume, a new casing setting depth will be
assumed at half the distance between the initial assumption and the
bit depth. All of the above calculations are then repeated for the
new assumption of casing setting depth (steps 1 through 5).

7. If this calculated minimum volume is greater than the allowable

gas-kick volume, the new assumption of casing setting depth will
go the opposite direction, at half the distance between the first
casing setting depth (user defined in Design Parameters dialog) and
the initial assumption. This calculation is performed until a
convergence is obtained with an allowable tolerance of 5 feet and
the last valid result will thus be saved.

8. Once the shoe depth is fixed, the same calculations are repeated to
get the next casing shoe depth assuming this depth as the bit depth
etc. till you reach the first casing setting depth.

9. This completes one casing scheme solution, assuming that kick

tolerance is the only operating constraint. The entire process is
repeated by starting with a different hole-size and getting various
solutions of casing schemes till the maximum casing OD (Well >
Design Parameters > General > First Casing OD) is reached.

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Chapter 2: Theory and Methodology

Similar calculations are performed for the Top-Down Design, except

here the variable being the bit depth and not the casing setting depth.

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 Chapter 3
Getting Started
At the completion of this section, you will be able to:

‰ Become familiar with the basic casing design workflow used in

CasingSeat, as shown in “CasingSeat Workflow” on page 24.

‰ Log into EDM while starting CasingSeat

‰ Use the Instant Design feature and create a new Prototype Design
in CasingSeat

‰ Navigate the CasingSeat main screen and identify the major

components of the application

The purpose of this section is to provide users with a quick tour of the
application in order to learn the main components of the interface.

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Chapter 3: Getting Started

CasingSeat Workflow

A typical workflow used in CasingSeat is shown below. The intent of

this workflow is to demonstrate how to use CasingSeat and does not
include all of the software’s functionality.

Enter general information: Well name and vertical section definition

See ‘Entering General Well Information” on page 65

Enter wellpath data

See ‘Defining the Well Trajectory” on page 66

Enter hole sizes allowed below casing OD for drill-through ops

See ‘Defining the Allowable Hole Sizes using the Spreadsheet” on page 69

Enter the casing ODs allowed for the hole size

See ‘Defining the Allowable Casing ODs using the Spreadsheet” on page 70

Enter general parameters used for calculating the casing design

See ‘Specifying the Design Parameters” on page 72

Define the lithology

See “Defining the Lithology” on page 77

Define the pore pressure

See ‘Specifying Pore Pressures” on page 79

Define the fracture pressure

See ‘Specifying Fracture Gradients” on page 80

Define the temperature profile

See ‘Specifying the Geothermal Gradient” on page 81

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 Chapter 3: Getting Started

Specify the drillpipe OD, BHA OD, and BHA length

See ‘Setting the Operating Constraints” on page 74

Calculate results
See ‘Calculating Results” on page 94

Select the case type to view results

See ‘Selecting Results” on page 96

View results of the analyzed case

See ‘Viewing Results” on page 98

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Chapter 3: Getting Started

Logging into the Database

Landmark drilling applications that use the Engineer’s Data Model

(EDM) require login. The login dialog is used to select the database and
to provide a User ID and password.

Starting CasingSeat
You can start CasingSeat in two ways:

z Use the Start Menu. Select StressCheck using Landmark EDM >
CasingSeat.

z Double-click any desktop shortcut you have configured.

The following login screen appears when you launch CasingSeat:

Select the database you want to

use from the drop-down list.

User will
default to
the last
user name
entered.

After you log into CasingSeat, the main window displays as seen below.
Navigate to and select the E3S0P1 Design beneath the Kanaga Project’s
E3 Well in the Echo Site. At this time, few menu options are available
and most of the toolbar buttons are not available for use.

You can select an item from the menu using the mouse or the keyboard
quick keys. To use the quick keys to select an item, press and hold the
ALT key while pressing the underlined character in the menu item. For
example, to open the File menu, press ALT F.

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 Chapter 3: Getting Started

You must open an existing Design or create a new Design to expand the
menu bar options or to activate additional toolbar buttons.

Title Bar

Menu Bar

Toolbars

Filter
Recent Bar

Well
Explorer

Associated
Data Viewer

Well
Configuration
Diagram

Reference
Datum
Diagram

Creating an Instant Design

In order to get familiar with the application’s main screen and all the
menus, a Design must be open. The Instant Design feature is a quick
way to create a Design with minimal effort.

Select File>New>Instant Design. Keep the default settings and click

OK.

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Chapter 3: Getting Started

Main Window Layout

The CasingSeat main window is shown below. The main window is
used to display data entry dialogs and spreadsheets. It is also used to
display results. There are several distinct areas within the main window
as shown in the figure below. Most of these options don’t become
available until a Design is opened.

Plot Toolbar Views Toolbar Wizard Toolbar Results Toolbar

Tabs Work area (currently displaying the

Well Schematic

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 Chapter 3: Getting Started

Title Bar
The title bar is located at the top of the main window. The title bar
displays the name of the active Design, and the name of the active
spreadsheet, table, plot or schematic (if the active window is
maximized).

Menu Bar
The menu bar displays a number of additional options after you open or
create a Design. Prior to opening or creating a Design, the only options
available are File, View, Tools and Help.

File Menu
The File menu contains commands that allow you to create and open
Companies, Projects, Sites, Well, Wellbores, and Designs. You can also
open and save templates, import Transfer file (*.xml), and CasingSeat
flat files (*.pdi), send the active Design (as a PDI file) using the system’s
default email client, and import and export data using DEX.

Edit Menu
The Edit menu has commands used to undo changes, cut, copy and paste
information, insert and delete rows in spreadsheets, view the selected
Well Explorer node’s properties, find Well data, and manipulate OLE
objects.

Well Menu
The Well menu has commands used to enter general Well and wellpath
data, specify allowable hole sizes, allowable casing outside diameter,
Well configurations, design parameters, drilling parameters, and to
manage bit/hole size and casing outside diameter inventories.

Geology Menu
The Geology menu has commands used to specify formation lithology
properties, pore pressure, fracture pressure, and define the geothermal
gradient as a function of depth.

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Chapter 3: Getting Started

View Menu
The View menu is used to toggle on/off display of the Well Explorer,
calculate the results using data defined through the Geology and Well
menus, and to display the results in plots, schematics, and tables.

Tools Menu
The Tools menu is used to customize CasingSeat. Use this menu to
access the Toolbars dialog and select the toolbars you wish to view,
configure tabs, specify plot options, configure reports, and access the
unit system.

Window Menu
Use the Window menu to arrange and select windows.

Help Menu
The Help menu has commands to access the online Help system, view
the release notes, and obtain information about CasingSeat.

Work Area
The work area displays the active view, such as a plot or Well
Schematic. To split the work area into two panes, select either the
vertical or horizontal splitter controls as seen below. To split the view
into four panes, select Window > Split or use both of the splitter
controls.

Click on and drag the splitter

controls to divide horizontal
and vertical windows to the
desired location

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 Chapter 3: Getting Started

Files and Templates

In this section you will learn what files CasingSeat uses to manipulate
Well data and transfer information to other users of the application.
Also, the concept of CasingSeat templates is discussed.

What Types of Files Does CasingSeat Use?

File Extension What the File Type is Used For:

*.DXD Data exchange (DEX) import/export files.

*.PDI Well files created using CasingSeat (prior versions)

*.PDT Template files created using CasingSeat.

*.TXT Wellpath and Read me text files.

*.XML Transfer files for data import/export

What is a Template File?

Default data can be entered and saved in the template file. Template files
can be used and reused as defaults for future casing schemes. A template
file will typically contain no specific Well data or data that is dependent
on depth. These files are used to describe generic practices and
parameters for general cases. For example, templates can be used to set
up default inventories of Bit Sizes, Casing ODs, Allowable Casing ODs,
and Allowable Hole Sizes spreadsheets.

Templates are applied only once, when initially creating or opening a

Design, and cannot be reapplied. A Company may provide templates to
users in order to set policy for certain materials, inventories, casing
schemes, etc.

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Chapter 3: Getting Started

Opening an Existing Template File

Select File > Template > Open from File to open an existing template
file. The template is loaded into memory and is not imported into the
database until it is saved.

A list of existing
template files display

Opening a Template from Database

Select File > Template > Open from Database to open an existing
template stored in the database. Opening a template from the database
to edit and save it as a system template may not be allowed by your
Company. Company policy may prohibit the use of the Save as System
Template command.

Saving Templates
All templates saved by CasingSeat are stored in the database, as
described below. To save user defined and system templates to a file,
right-click on the template type root folder in the Well Explorer and
select Export from the drop-down menu.

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 Chapter 3: Getting Started

Saving User Templates

After you have opened and perhaps changed a template file, you can
save the file as a User Template using a new name. In this manner, you
can create different templates to meet various requirements. Select File
> Template > Save As to save the template to the database.

Specify a name
for the template.

Saving System Templates

After you have opened and changed a template file, you can save the file
as a System Template using a new name. In this manner, you can create
different templates to meet various requirements. Select File >
Template > Save As System Template to save the template.

System Templates are available to all users. Your Company may

prohibit the use of, and disable the Save as System Template command.

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Chapter 3: Getting Started

Helpful Features

This section includes information about CasingSeat features that are not
discussed in the general workflow, but helpful during everyday use of
the application.

Online Help
The context sensitive Help system can be accessed in several ways:

z Press F1 to view Help on the active spreadsheet, plot, table or

dialog box.

z Select Contents from the Help menu.

z Click on the Help button when available on an open dialog box.

z Click on the context sensitive Help button and then click on the
portion of the window for which you desire Help (such as a toolbar
button or menu item). This feature is not available if a dialog is
open.

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 Chapter 3: Getting Started

Setting Options
To open the Options dialog, select Tools>Options. This dialog is useful
to set general plot view, printing, spreadsheet and table layout, and
depth display (MD or TVD) in the application.

Control the appearance of printed

documents

Control the appearance of

the graphical views
Select MD or TVD
to determine how
depths are
displayed in plots,
spreadsheets and
Control the appearance tables
of spreadsheets and
tables

Options are not stored as part of the active Design and affect all Designs
analyzed with CasingSeat until the options are changed. For additional
information, see CasingSeat Help.

Configuring Units
In this section you will learn how to use the unit system dialog, and set
up unit conversions.

Using the Unit System Dialog

To access the Unit System dialog, select Tools>Unit System.
CasingSeat ships with the following default unit sets: API, SI, API - US
Survey Feet, and Mixed API.

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Chapter 3: Getting Started

The API, SI, API US Survey Feet, and

Mixed API unit systems are included
with the CasingSeat installation.

Select the unit

system you want to
use in the analysis
from the drop-down
list.

Click Import to
import a unit
system.

Click New to
create a unit
system.

Click Delete to
delete a unit
system.

Use the Unit System dialog to add, remove, edit, and switch unit
systems. You can also import and export custom unit systems. The unit
system for the Design you’re working on is stored at the Well level. All
unit systems are stored in the database.

Note: Be Careful When You Delete.

Be careful when you delete. Other users may want to use the unit system you are
planning to delete!

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 Chapter 3: Getting Started

The status bar at the bottom of the screen displays the name of the unit
system currently in use. Unit system is set at the Well level, and affects
all Wellbores, Designs, and cases below it.

Unit system displayed in

the Status bar

Using The Convert Unit Dialog

To perform unit conversions, select Tools > Convert Unit to enter or
view data in any equivalent unit without changing the unit system
presently in use. Only the value in the cell/field selected is effected.
When you close this dialog, any new numerical value chosen is written
to the field, but the value is displayed in the unit system already in use.
If you want a new unit system used, you must select Tools > Unit
Systems, which will change the unit system for all fields.

In order to use the Convert Unit dialog, a spreadsheet cell or a dialog

field that is editable must be selected, and it must have a value
associated with a physical parameter. For default values, the program
displays the value appropriate for the units selected.

For more information about the unit systems and conversions, see
CasingSeat Help.

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Chapter 3: Getting Started

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 Chapter 4
EDM and the Well Explorer
Located by default on the left side of the application window, the Well
Explorer functions much like the Microsoft Windows Explorer.
Specifically, it is organized as a hierarchical data tree, and you can
browse the EDM database at seven descending levels, though this varies
between applications. This section will familiarize you with the basic
Well Explorer functionality available in CasingSeat.

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Chapter 4: EDM and the Well Explorer

Overview

In this chapter, you will become familiar with Landmark’s common

features—the Engineer’s Data Model (EDM) database, and how the
data structure is exposed via the Well Explorer. Currently CasingSeat,
COMPASS, OpenWells, StressCheck, Well Cost, WELLCAT, and
WELLPLAN use the common database and data structure.

In this section of the course, you will:

‰ Learn about the EDM data structure, common data, data locking,
and how to import and export data

‰ Become familiar with the Well Explorer components and how to

access data levels

‰ Understand how datums are handled by the database

‰ Learn about SAM and concurrent use of data in EDM

‰ Learn how to access Catalogs from CasingSeat

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 Chapter 4: EDM and the Well Explorer

Describing the Data Structure

Shown below, the EDM database hierarchical data structure supports

the different levels of data required by drilling suite applications.

Database

Company Hierarchical database structure of the

Project EDM database.
Site

Well

Wellbore

Design

Case

Cases

The Case level applies only to WELLPLAN and is not discussed in this manual.

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Chapter 4: EDM and the Well Explorer

The EDM database structure is exposed through a common Well

Explorer, which is shared by drilling applications such as CasingSeat
(see figure below).

Database level
Company level
Project level
Site level

Well level

Wellbore level

Design level

Rig Contractors level

Templates

Catalogs

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 Chapter 4: EDM and the Well Explorer

Well Explorer Components

Besides the Well Explorer “tree” shown above, other components of the
Well Explorer (shown below) include the Filter, Recent Bar, Associated
Data Viewer, and the Well Configuration and Reference Datum
diagrams.
Filter
shows currently selected filter (notice
“funnel” indicating a filter is applied to
this node)

Recent Bar
shows the last selected data items; use
to quickly open recently used items.

Hierarchical “Tree”
the selected node shows the currently
open Design

Associated Data Viewer

Components “associated with” the
selected data item (the Design, in this
example). Double-clicking on Pore
Pressure, Frac Gradient, or Wellpath
opens the respective editor on
demand.

Well Configuration Diagram

shows the current Well configuration
for the selected Design, including
sidetracks for complex Wellbores.

Reference Datum Diagram

shows the current reference datum
information for the selected Design

For more information about the specific Well Explorer components, and
associated features, see CasingSeat Help.

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Working with the Well Explorer

In this section you will learn some basic operations performed with the
Well Explorer. For a detailed list of all features available in the Well
Explorer, see CasingSeat Help.

Drag and Drop Rules

“Drag and drop” in the Well Explorer functions somewhat like the
Microsoft Windows Explorer. You can use drag and drop to copy
Companies, Projects, Sites, Wells, Wellbores, Designs, as well as
associated data items and attached documents.

All drag and drop operations copy the data; data is never cut or moved.

z To copy - Drag and drop the item to copy it from one location and
paste it into another. The item and all associated data will be copied
and pasted.

You can drag and drop associated items (Wellpaths, Pore Pressures,
Fracture Gradients, Geothermal Gradients, Hole Sections, Assemblies,
etc.) into open Designs from the Associated Data Viewer at the base of
the Well Explorer. The application will automatically update itself with
the copied data.

For more information, including the rules associated with Drag and
Drop functionality, see CasingSeat Help.

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Instant Design
To access the Instant Design dialog, select File>New>Instant Design,
or right-click on the Database level and select Instant Design from the
drop-down menu. This dialog allows you to quickly and easily create the
hierarchy required to start a Design, from the Company to the Design.
Instant Design allows you to enter minimal information rather than
creating individual nodes each level of the hierarchy.

Select the Company, Project, and Site

from the drop-down list of existing
Companies, Projects, or Sites. You can
also enter a new name for the data level.

Enter the name of the Well, Wellbore,

and Design.

Specify datum information.

Import
To access the Import dialog, select File>Import>Transfer File (or
PDI File), or right-click on the Database level and select Import from
the drop-down menu. The Import command allows you to import data
into the database that was exported using the Export command. The
import file contains the entire hierarchy of the Well (Company, Project,
and Site, and any child data, such as Wellbore, and Design).

When you select Import, the Import Well dialog opens, prompting for
the XML or PDI filename to import. Enter the filename, or browse for
the file, and then click Open. The Well hierarchical data is then
imported into the EDM database.

Export
The Export command allows you to export the selected node’s data in
XML format. Includes any child information associated with the node.
A dialog will open, allowing you to supply a directory and filename for
the XML file.

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Attachments
You can associate a file such as a document, picture (Word, Excel, text
file, JPG, etc.) or folder. Attached files can be of any type with a
recognized extension. Folder attachments will open any accessible
directory and display the contents of the folder.

Use the Browse button to

navigate to the location of the
file. If you know the path, you
can enter it without using the
Browse button.
Enter text that
provides
detailed
descriptive
information
about this
attachment.

Check the Save attachment as a link/shortcut only box if you want to save the attachment as a
link only. If you check this box, only the link to the disk file is stored in the database. Any edits you
make are saved to the original disk file. You can edit the document directly from the Well Explorer,
or you can edit the disk file from its disk location; the changes are reflected in both places. In the
Associated Data Viewer, the icon representing a Linked document is shown as a paperclip with a
small arrow in the lower left corner.

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Well Explorer Node Properties

Right-click on any Well Explorer data node and select Properties from
the drop-down menu to view or edit the selected node’s properties in a
dialog box, such as the Company Properties dialog shown below.

A brief description of data locking features is provided below. Details of

the differences between the properties dialogs for each node, such as the
specific tabs and content, is discussed in CasingSeat Help.

General Tab
On the General tab of the Company Properties dialog, the Company
Locked checkbox and Locked Data and Company Level password
buttons are discussed below. All Well Explorer node Properties dialogs,
with the exception of the Database level, contain the “[Node Type] is
Locked” checkbox.

Company is Locked Checkbox

Check this box to prevent editing of the Company data. If this box is
checked and either a Company Level or Locked Data password has
been specified, you will be prompted for the password before you can
uncheck this box.

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Passwords
• Locked Data—Click to specify a password to “lock” all data
associated with the Company, including all Projects, Sites, Wells,
Wellbores, and Designs.

• Company Level—Click to specify a password to “lock” only the

Company data. The Company level password is only active if the
“Company is locked” box is activated.

Audit Tabs
In dialogs that contain the Audit Tab, information such as when the
Company was created, last modified (and by whom) is displayed.

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Datums

Datum terms are defined below, and are grouped by the Properties
dialog in which they are found.

Project Properties
The Project Properties dialog contains a General tab where you can
specify System Datum and Elevation.

System Datum
The System Datum represents absolute zero. It is the surface depth
datum from which all Well depths are measured, and all Well depths are
stored in the database relative to this datum. Usually the System Datum
is Mean Sea Level, Mean Ground Level, or Lowest Astronomical Tide,
but it can also be the wellhead, rig floor, RKB, etc.

Elevation
The Elevation represents the elevation above Mean Sea Level. (If Mean
Sea Level is selected as the System datum, Elevation is grayed out.)

Well Properties
The Well Properties Depth Reference tab is used to specify and define
Wellbore datums.

Depth Reference Datum(s)

The Depth Reference Datum represents zero MD. It is sometimes
known as the local datum, and is measured as an elevation from the
System Datum. You can define one or more Depth Reference Datums
for a Well in the Depth Reference Tab (Well Properties Dialog). For

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each Depth Reference Datum, you must specify the elevation above or
below the System Datum.

Elevations above, Depths below: [System Datum]

This read-only label indicates what the current System Datum is, and
states that all elevations are measured ABOVE the System datum, and
all depths are measured BELOW the System datum. (The System datum
is specified on the General Tab (Project Properties).)

A drop-down list box below the label contains all defined Depth
Reference datums. Select the Depth Reference datum you want to use to
view and calculate data. If you do not specify a Depth Reference datum
here, a “Default Datum” with zero elevation above System datum will
be used.

Information about each datum includes:

z Datum - Type, edit or view the name of the datum.

z Default - When checked on, indicates that this is the default datum.
All Designs created below this Well will inherit the default datum.

z Elevation - Type, edit or view the elevation above the System

Datum (this must be a positive number). Note that if you have a
Design associated with this datum, you cannot edit this field. If no
Design is associated with this datum, you can edit the elevation.

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z Rig Name - Type, edit, or view the name of the rig.

z Date - Type the date the datum was created. The program uses the
date field to determine which is the newest datum, and then uses
that datum as the default for new Wellbores.

Configuration
z For a Land Well - If the Well is a land Well, type the value for the
Ground Elevation above the System Datum (must be a positive
number). Leave Offshore unchecked.

z For an Offshore Well - If the Well is an offshore Well:

• Check the Offshore checkbox to indicate it is an offshore Well.

• Type the Water Depth (MSL to mudline). This is the column of

water.

• Type the Wellhead Elevation (positive above the System

Datum).

z For an Offshore Well that is Subsea - If the Well is an offshore

Well subsea:

• Check the Offshore checkbox.

• Check the Subsea checkbox (Offshore must be checked before

this option becomes available).

• Type the Water Depth (MSL to mudline). This is the column of

water.

• Type the Wellhead Depth. (positive below the System Datum

specified on the General Tab (Project Properties)).

Summary
In the Summary area, a graphic depicts the selected configuration
(onshore, offshore, or offshore subsea), and displays current values. The
following values are calculated and/or displayed:

z Datum - This is the default datum selected in the Well

Properties/Depth Reference dialog.

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z Datum Elevation - This is the elevation of the default datum above

the System Datum.

Air Gap - Air Gap is the distance from ground level/sea level to the rig
floor, and is used in some calculations for hydrostatic head. Air Gap is
always positive. The application calculates Air Gap as follows:

z (Air Gap, offshore Wells) = Datum Elevation – Elevation (of the

System Datum relative to Mean Sea Level).

z (Air Gap, land Wells) = Datum Elevation – Ground Level (relative

to the System Datum).

Elevation is set in the Project Properties/General dialog. Ground Level

is set in the Well Properties/ Depth Reference dialog. Datum Elevation
is the elevation for the Depth Reference Datum. Datum Elevation is
always positive. If you change the datum selection, the Air Gap updates
automatically.

Note that if you change the datum and it causes a negative air gap to be
calculated, a warning message will appear, informing you that you
cannot select this datum.

[System Datum] - Display the current System Datum.

Mudline Depth (MSL) - (Offshore only) Display the distance from

MSL to the sea bed, which is

Water Depth – Elevation (System Datum offset from MSL, which is set
in the Project Properties dialog).

Mudline TVD - (Offshore only) Display the distance from the Depth
Reference Datum to the sea bed (datum Elevation + Water Depth).

Design Properties
The Design Properties dialog is used to specify the Well name, UWI,
and other descriptive properties of the Design. You can also set tight
group security, activate the unit system for the Design, and specify and
define Depth Reference datums.

General Tab (Design Properties Dialog)

Use to specify a unique Design name that identifies the Design, and to
provide additional information related to the Design. This tab is also

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used to lock the Design and/or associated data to protect against

undesired changes to the data associated with the Design. A Design
name is required. Additional information on this dialog is used for
informational and reporting purposes and is not required.

The following fields are present:

Details

• Design—Type the name that will be used to identify the Design.

The name must be unique.

If the “Design is locked” box is checked...

you will not be able to edit any of the fields.

• Version—Type the version of the Design.

• Phase—Select the phase of the Design from the drop-down list box
(Prototype, Planned or Actual). The list of phases that appear in
the combo box is filtered; you can only have one Design marked as
“Planned” and one marked as “Actual”. The Planned or Actual
option is removed from the drop-down list box if another Design

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for the same Wellbore already has it set. You can have as many
Prototype (the default) Designs as desired.

• Effective Date—Select the date from the drop-down list box. A

calendar dialog will open. Use the arrow buttons on the calendar
dialog to move to the desired month, then click on the day. The
date you selected will populate the field.

Click arrows
to change to
desired
month.

Click on the
desired day

Depth Reference Information

From the drop-down list of defined Depth Reference datums, select the
datum you want to reference for this Design. Once you select a datum,
the Datum Elevation, Air Gap, current System Datum, Mudline Depth,
and Mudline TVD are all recalculated and display the updated values
adjacent to the rig elevation drawing on the Design Properties box,

Workflow - How to Set Up Datums for a Design

1. Project Properties > General dialog - Select the System Datum
you want to use.

2. Project Properties > General dialog - In the Elevation field, enter

the value the System Datum is above Mean Sea Level. If your
System Datum is below Mean Sea Level, this number will be
negative. If your System Datum is Mean Sea Level, Elevation is
grayed out.

3. Well Properties > Depth Reference dialog - If the Well is

offshore:

a) Check Offshore, and enter the Water Depth below the System
Datum.

b) If the Well is subsea, check Subsea and enter the Wellhead Depth
below the System Datum.

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4. Well Properties dialog, Depth Reference tab - If the Well is a land

Well, make sure Offshore is unchecked, and enter the Ground Level
elevation above the System Datum.

5. Well Properties dialog, Depth Reference tab - Define the Depth

Reference Datum (s) you want to use, such as RKB or Rig floor.
Type the elevation above the System Datum in the Elevation field,
and specify the effective Date for the datum.

6. Import or create a Design for this Well.

7. In the Design Properties dialog, General tab, select the Depth

Reference Datum you want to use for this Design from the drop-
down list of datums you defined in Step 5.

Changing the Datum

When you create a Design and save it for the first time, the EDM
database keeps track of the Depth Reference Datum that was set at the
time. This “original” Depth Reference Datum is not displayed; however,
if you or someone else changes the Depth Reference Datum in the Well
Properties dialog, and you then attempt to open that Design, a warning
message will appear. You are warned that you are trying to change to a
datum that is different from the datum in which you originally saved the
data, and any calculations will be invalid unless you change your inputs
(details provided below). You are given the choice to open the Design
in the original datum, or to convert to the new datum. If you choose to
convert your data, the data will be adjusted. However, the change is
NOT saved to the database until you save the Design, at which time the
new datum becomes the “original” datum.

How this works

If datum is same as original datum

If you open a Design where the Depth Reference Datum (set at the
Design level) is the same as the datum the data was originally saved in,
the Design will open normally.

If datum is different than the original datum

If you open a Design where the Depth Reference Datum (set at the
Design level) is different from the original datum, the following occurs:

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z The application checks to see if the Well is a slant hole. If positive

inclination exists in wellpaths whose depths would become
negative after the datum shift, the program cannot make the
adjustments; a message pops up to inform you of this. Click Open
to open the Design in the original datum; if you click Cancel, the
Design will not open at all.

z For Wells other than slant holes, the program will issue this
message: “The currently selected Design datum is different to the
datum with which the Design was created. The application will then
attempt to adjust the data, but some data might be shifted or
removed. If you open the Design, we strongly suggest that you
review your input data; any changes will not be saved to the
database until you explicitly save your data. Please select “Open” to
review the Design using the datum with which it was created.”

If you want to open the Design with the original elevation, select
Open. If you want to convert the data to the new elevation, select
Adjust. Open is the default.
• If you enter “Open”: Data is loaded to the original Design datum,
but the Depth Reference Datum set in the Design will NOT
change to match the original datum.

• If you enter “Adjust”: Well Explorer loads the data to the new
Wellbore datum and attempts to adjust the data; however, some
data may be shifted or removed. The program will resolve the
deltas in the first depths of column data (strings, wellpaths,
columns, etc.) to adjust for the new gap and read zero depth on
the first line.

After Opening a Design

Once you open the Design you should review your input data; remember that the
changes will not be saved to the database until you explicitly save your data.

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Concurrency and Multi-User Support

EDM supports full concurrency for multiple applications using the same
data set. The SAM (Simultaneous Activity Monitor) server moderates
the activity. This messaging server notifies a user of all data items
currently open by other applications and users sharing the same
database.

SAM in the Application Status Bar

The SAM icon appears in the application Status Bar as follows:

Message Description
A green SAM icon in the status bar indicates that the
Messenger Service is active. If a tooltip is available, the
message “SAM-Connected” displays.

A green SAM icon with a red X on it indicates that the

Messenger Service is not currently active. If a tooltip is
available, the message “SAM-Disconnected” displays.

A red SAM icon in the status bar indicates the SAM service
is enabled but has lost connectivity. Hover over the icon to
display the tooltip “SAM - No longer responding”

No icon When no icon appears in the application status bar, this

indicates that the Simultaneous Activity Monitor has not
been configured for the application.

SAM in the Well Explorer

If a data item is open, one of the following icons will appear on the
node icon.

Icon Description
A red SAM icon indicates that one or more users on other PCs have
this item open, and the current user is restricted to read-only access.

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Icon Description
A blue SAM icon indicates that one or more users on the current
database have this item open, but the current user still has full read-
write access. A user must be careful when making changes to the
data, though this method enables data to automatically flow
between applications. Intentional updates to other live applications
should be anticipated before saving changes.

The first user to open a data item becomes the data item's owner. When
another user opens the data item through an EDM application, they can
see that the data item is currently being accessed by the first user, the
owner. Hover the mouse over the item to display a data listing tooltip as
seen below.

RW - indicates that the current user has read-write access

RO - indicates that the current user has read-only access

Reload Notification
A reload notification dialog appears when the owner of the active data
item saves changes to the database. SAM then notifies any other EDM
applications of the changes. The change notification dialog is then
offered to the user to reload or ignore the data owner's changes, or
cancel the dialog box. The dialog that appears displays the user name
for the owner and the application in which the changes were made. This

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enables the user to identify the source of the change that has been
posted.

Reload
The Reload option results in the owner's changes being uploaded into
the current application.

Ignore
The Ignore option gives the user the ability to ignore the owner's
changes and continue working with their current data item.

The user may choose to ignore the updates if they own the data item in
another application.

In this instance they may choose to save later and overwrite changed
data in the other application as a result.

The user with read-only access to the data item may choose to ignore
the owner's changes in order to continue looking at the previous state of
the data. They may also perform a “Save As” operation in order to save
the current data before reloading the changes. WELLPLAN does not
support Save As functionality for read-only access.

Use the Do not ask the question again checkbox to avoid receiving
any other reload notifications. This checkbox option is not remembered
between sessions. If the user restarts an application, they must activate
the checkbox the first time it appears in order to stop the appearance of
the reload notifications.

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Cancel
The Cancel option gives the user the opportunity to cancel the dialog. If
this option is selected the Do not ask the question again checkbox is
ignored.

Complete details on SAM settings can be found in EDM Administration

Utility Help.

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Working With Catalogs

Catalogs are used as a selection list to design a casing, tubing, liner or

drillstring. Catalogs are editable and can be customized using Start >
Programs > Landmark Engineer’s Desktop 2003.16 > Tools >
Catalog Editor or right-click on the catalog node and select Open
from the drop-down menu. For more information, see Catalog Editor
Help.

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 Chapter 5
Using CasingSeat
At the completion of this section, you will be able to:

‰ Enter general and detailed Well information

‰ View Well configurations

‰ Define the Geology (lithology, pore/frac pressure, geothermal

gradient)

‰ Define Drilling parameters

The purpose of this section is to provide users with an understanding of

what information is entered into CasingSeat in order to perform a
detailed analysis.

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Entering Well Data

In this section you will enter Well data such as general Well
information, and the following detailed Well information:

z Trajectory survey points

z Allowable Hole sizes

z Allowable Casing ODs

z Design parameters

z Casing setting depths

z Operating and Kick related constraints

Using the Well Menu

Well information is entered via the Well menu, which is used to input
most of the analysis data.

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Entering General Well Information

Select the Well > General > Options tab to specify the Well depth and
the vertical section definition.

Using the Wizard Toolbar

The Wizard toolbar provides easy access to common data-selection and
form-selection commands.

To navigate the
Wizard, use the Next
and Previous buttons
to move through the
dialogs and
spreadsheets
displayed in the drop-
down list.

This drop-down list box has dialogs, spreadsheets, and plots listed that
can be used to guide you through the data-entry phase of your analysis.
Although you can use the menus and the visual cue of the grayed
commands to determine what commands to select, the Wizard
automatically provides the correct sequence and requires minimal steps
from you to specify data successfully.

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You can immediately jump to any one of the forms listed by opening the
list box and then clicking the appropriate name. However, to ensure that
you do not accidentally overlook important data, use the Previous Form
and Next Form buttons to navigate through the list, particularly for new
CasingSeat users.

If you do not see the Wizard toolbar, go to the Tools > Toolbars dialog
and mark the Wizard check box.

Defining the Well Trajectory

Entering Wellpath Data

Use the Well > Wellpath Editor spreadsheet to define a Wellbore
trajectory description for planar and three-dimensional directional
Wells.

The three preferred methods (MD-INC-AZ, INC-AZ-TVD,

and INC-AZ-DLS) can be used in any combination at
different depths.

Inclinations up to 89.99º accepted

CasingSeat allows inclinations up to 89.99 degrees.

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CasingSeat uses minimum curvature interpolation for all point-of-

interest mapping of MD and TVD, except where the MD-TVD data
input format has been used.

There are three (3) preferred methods used to specify a Well profile.
These methods are used in the example above. These can be used in any
combination at different depths:

• Measured Depth, Inclination, and Azimuth (MD-INC-AZ)

• Inclination, Azimuth and True Vertical Depth (INC-AZ-TVD)

• Inclination, Azimuth and Dogleg Severity (INC-AZ-DLS)

Usage of wellpath methods

Note that you MUST use type 1 (MD-INC-AZ) as the starting type, and not types
2 or 3.

In addition there is a fourth data entry method which cannot be mixed

with the previous three:

• Measured Depth and True Vertical depth pairs. Any attempt to

mix this type with the other types will produce a pop-up warning
message.

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Defining Hole and Casing Sizes

In CasingSeat, you can define Hole and Casing sizes with a graphical
tool, or by manual input to a spreadsheet.

Defining Hole and Casing Sizes with the Casing and Hole Size Selector
Graphical Interface
The Casing and Hole Size Selector allows you to quickly specify the
hole sizes and casing ODs that are available for a Design.

To display a graphical representation of the allowable hole sizes and

casing OD sizes, do one of the following:

z Select Well > Casing and Hole Size Selector

z Click the Casing and Hole Size Selector button ( ) on the

Views toolbar

The Casing and Hole Size Selector displays alternating colored rows of
hole and casing symbols. Holes are represented as circles, and casings
as squares, each differentiated with a specified size determined by the
selected Unit System.

Holes are associated to casings by a one-directional line with an arrow

between symbols.

As nodes are added to the Casing and Hole Size Selector, the Allowable
Hole Sizes and Allowable Casing ODs spreadsheets are updated.

For more details on how to use the Casing and Hole Size Selector, see
CasingSeat Help.

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Defining the Allowable Hole Sizes using the Spreadsheet

Select Well > Allowable Hole Sizes to specify the hole sizes allowed
below the casing OD for drill-through operations. The inventory
spreadsheet determines which casings and holes go together. Initially
the spreadsheet contains the casing ODs included in the Well >
Inventories > Casing ODs inventory.

The holes sizes defined determine the bit sizes that can be used for
drilling through that casing. Hole sizes are taken in combination with
allowable casing sizes to determine viable Well configurations (i.e.,
total number of hole/casing combinations from surface to TD).

Each of the cells

under the Allowable
Hole Sizes Below
Casing columns
contain a drop-down
list with all the bit
sizes from the Well
> Inventories >
Bit/Hole Sizes
inventory.

You can use the scroll bar to reach any item from the
list.

Hole sizes larger than the casing OD are allowed and represent under-
reaming operations.

The Casing OD column lists all casing diameters in the inventory, which
are all defined in the Well > Inventories > Casing ODs spreadsheet. All
hole sizes in the inventory are defined in the Well > Inventories >
Bit/Hole Sizes spreadsheet.

Any casing listed can have a maximum of six bit sizes used for drillout.
A row must have at least one bit size entry in order to be considered in

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a Well configuration. Limiting the number of casing strings and their

hole combinations is the constraint limiting the number of casing
scheme solutions available.

Rows can be deleted using the Edit > Delete Row command. When all
rows for that OD are removed, the row is grayed (but not deleted) in the
Casing ODs spreadsheet.

Defining the Allowable Casing ODs using the Spreadsheet

Select Well > Allowable Casing ODs to specify the casing ODs
allowed for the hole size. Casing ODs are taken in combination with
allowable bit/hole sizes to determine viable Well configurations (i.e.,
total number of hole/casing combinations from surface to TD). Initially
the spreadsheet contains the casing ODs included in the Well >
Inventories > Bit/Hole Sizes inventory.

Select only those casing sizes defined in the Casing OD column...

Each drop-down list from the Allowable Casing Size in Hole columns contains the
casing ODs available in the inventory. You have to make sure that you select only
those casing sizes defined in the Casing OD column on the Well > Allowable Hole
Sizes spreadsheet. If you select a casing OD that has not been defined in the Well
> Allowable Hole Sizes spreadsheet, CasingSeat will not run.

The Hole Size column lists all hole sizes in the inventory, which are all
defined in the Well > Bit Hole Sizes spreadsheet. All casing ODs in the
inventory are defined in the Well > Casing ODs spreadsheet.

Each of the cells under the

‘Allowable Casing Sizes in
Hole’ columns contain a drop-
down list with all the hole sizes
from the Well > Inventories
> Casing ODs inventory. Be
sure you select only those
casing sizes defined in the
Well > Allowable Hole Sizes
spreadsheet. If you don’t,
CasingSeat will not run.

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Any hole size listed can have a maximum of six casing strings (ODs) run
for that size. A row must have at least one OD entry in order to be
considered in a Well configuration. Each casing specified must have an
OD less than the hole size for that row. Limiting the number of casing
ODs and their hole size combinations is the constraint limiting the
number of casing scheme solutions available.

Rows can be deleted using the Edit > Delete Row command. When all
rows for that hole size are removed, the row is grayed (but not deleted)
in the Well > Inventories > Bit/Hole Sizes spreadsheet.

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Specifying the Design Parameters

Select the Well > Design Parameters > General tab to specify the
following general parameters that are to be used for calculating the
casing design:

z Method used to establish casing-setting depths

z Specific requirements for acceptable casing scheme solutions

z Criteria used to rank casing scheme solutions in the results based on

imputed costs

There are two ways a design

can be performed: Bottom-Up Specify whether the
or Top-Down. CasingSeat can completion is going
use these options individually to be cased or open
or both simultaneously. hole.

Select the maximum

acceptable OD for
the first casing. This
is casing you plan to
Enter the setting depth of the install the BOP on,
first casing string. thus allowing for
kick control.

Select the minimum allowable

OD of the last casing string (if
cased completion). Usually this
is the production string.

Usually CasingSeat generates several solutions for the same problem.

These solutions are listed in an order determined by the two ranking
criteria. The actual value entered in these fields is relative—it’s the
proportion between them that is significant.

The Analysis Modes group box is used to select the method for
calculating the casing scheme. Marking both check boxes allows both
methods to be used.

The Ranking Criteria group box is used to specify the criteria used for
ranking casing schemes in the Casing Scheme Selection drop-down list
box. When you mark a check box, you must also specify the
corresponding dollar value. Negative values can be specified to rank

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casing schemes in inverse order. When the casing cost is calculated, the
cost of K-55 steel is used and a wall thickness of 1/2” for all casing
strings is assumed. Both check boxes can be marked to determine the
combined cost of the steel for the casing and the cost of the hole volume
excavated when the hole is drilled. When both check boxes are
unmarked, the ranking criteria is defined based on larger-to-smaller
casing OD hole size dimensions.

Specifying Additional Setting Depths

Select the Well > Design Parameters > Setting Depths tab to specify
the vertical depths where forced-setting of casing is required. You can
specify:

z For bottom-up design, a deeper setting depth for an interval in the

Well.

z For top-down design, a shallower setting depth for an interval in the

Well.

CasingSeat automatically sets casing at the setting depths. For example,

the program uses the setting depths you specify when:

z Calculations for bottom-up design result in a shallower depth than

the depth specified.

z Calculations for top-down design result in a deeper depth than the

depth specified

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Setting the Operating Constraints

Select the Well > Design Parameters > Operating Constraints tab to
select requirements you want included when determining solutions for
casing setting depths. Solutions are derived from Geology > Lithology
spreadsheet values.

Riser Margin will be grayed out and not accessible unless:

z The Offshore check box in the Well Properties > General tab must
be marked.

z The Subsea Well check box in the Well Properties > General tab
must be marked.

The Overbalance Margin constraint can create a new

Lower Constraint Curve for the design process by
shifting the pore pressure curve to the right. The shift
amount will correspond to the values specified in the
Overbalance Margin column in the Geology >
Lithology spreadsheet.

This Differential Sticking Limit option can shift the

Upper Constraints Curve (fracture gradient) to the left.
The values for the new curve are obtained for each
depth by comparing the difference between the
fracture gradient and the pore pressure with the
Differential Sticking Limit defined in the Geology >
Lithology spreadsheet. If this difference is greater
than the specified limit, the new value is calculated by
adding the differential sticking limit to the pore
pressure. If it’s less, the fracture gradient value will be
used instead.

This Stability Minimum Mud Weight option can shift

the Lower Constraints Curve to the right if the values
specified in the Stability Min. MW column from the
Geology > Lithology spreadsheet are greater than
the corresponding sum of the pore pressure and the
overbalance limit.

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Specifying Kick Related Constraints

Select the Well > Design Parameters > Kick Tolerance tab to specify
the intensity of the kick volume of gas influx, and to calculate the gas
influx volume for a swab kick (initial kick intensity = 0).
The Kick Intensity option will create an
Upper Constraints Curve by subtracting
the specified amount, 0.5 ppg in this
example, from the fracture gradient. The
new curve will represent a left shift of the
fracture gradient line.

This Influx Volume constraint will ensure

that a kick of the specified magnitude can
be circulated out without exceeding the
Upper Constraints Curve, to fracture the
formation. When this option is selected,
the Well > Drilling Parameters
spreadsheet becomes accessible and it
will automatically be included in the
wizard.

Check the Calculated Gas Influx

Volume box to have CasingSeat
calculate the gas influx based on the
parameters entered in the group box.

The values are used to calculate the pressures from the gas kick, and then
they are compared to the fracture gradients for the formation defined in
the Lithology spreadsheet. The comparison results are used to design a
casing scheme that can tolerate the gas kick.

You can specify Kick Intensity and/or Influx Volume, and then mark the
Calculated Gas-Influx check box to have CasingSeat calculate the
influx. When both are specified, CasingSeat calculates and designs the
casing using a worst-case scenario.

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Viewing the Available Well Configurations

Click the button to access this chart or select Well > Available
Well Configurations command. The chart is a graphical representation
illustrating the data-entry combinations from the Well > Allowable
Hole Sizes and Well > Allowable Casing ODs spreadsheets, and data
entry from the Well > Design Parameters > General tab. Data must be
entered in both spreadsheets and the General tab in order for an
illustration to be present. The chart displays all combinations selected in
the Allowable Hole Sizes and Allowable Casing ODs spreadsheets and
is limited by the selections made in the Design Parameters dialog.

The total viable or Available Well Configurations (hole and casing

sizes) are determined from the total number of hole/casing combinations
from surface to TD. The total Available Well Configurations illustrated
have the initial hole size and final hole/casing size truncated based on
the defined First Casing OD (max) and Last Casing OD (min.) [or Last
Hole Size (min.)] field values of the Well > Design Parameters >
General tab.

The constraint limiting the number of casing scheme solutions available

is to limit the number of casing ODs and their hole combinations in the
Well > Allowable Hole Sizes and Well > Allowable Casing ODs
spreadsheets, and to limit the starting casing size and ending hole/casing
size in the Well > Design Parameters > General tab.

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Defining the Geology

In this section you will:

z Define the lithology

z Specify pore pressure, fracture gradients, and geothermal gradient

Defining the Lithology

Select the Geology > Lithology spreadsheet to:

z Name each formation layer (for example, Bunter or Smackover).

z Specify the type and depth of each layer.

z Define the value of the operating constraints selected from the

Design Parameters dialog.

z Specify properties for each layer.

Specify the minimum mud
weight that will prevent the
formation from caving in
Competent Layer refers to inside the Wellbore.
the possibility of setting shoe Each of these columns is
Permeability, Porosity, and ROP
in that layer. If No is selected, editable only if the
columns are enabled only when
CasingSeat will not set a corresponding option is
the Calculated Gas-Influx Volume
casing shoe in that layer. selected in the Design
design constraint is selected in the
Parameters > Operating
Design Parameters > Kick
Constraints tab.
Tolerance tab.

The Overbalance Margin represents the

trip margin above the pore pressure.
This limit is the maximum pressure differential
This compensates for the EMW
between the Wellbore and the formation. If this
reduction when the pipe moves upward
limit is exceeded, the drill string will probably get
while tripping.
stuck.

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Rules for Defining Lithology

z As a minimum, depth (Layer Top TVD) is required for each row,
and you must have at least one row.

z If you attempt to enter a depth in the first row that is different from
the depth where the earth begins, you will be warned that the first
layer of the Top Depth MUST be equal to the depth where the earth
begins. (Refer to the Design Properties in the Well Explorer (Air
gap if onshore, or air gap + water depth if offshore).

Entering Yes for Competent Layer allows a casing to be set within that
layer, if a calculation is required. Entering No forbids setting a casing
within that layer (from the top of the layer to the next layer’s top), and
CasingSeat searches for the first available competent layer above or
below the layer. The algorithm specified (Bottom-Up or Top-Down) in
the Well > Design Parameters > General tab determines the direction
searched for the first (or closest) competent layer.

Overbalance Margin, Diff Sticking Limit, and Stability Min MW define

upper and lower constraints for pore pressure and fracture gradient
profiles. For example, Overbalance Margin and Stability Min MW are
used to shift the pore pressure gradient positively (to the right) in the
design plot results, and is labeled on the plot as “Design Constraints
Lower”. Conversely, Diff Sticking Limit is used to plot the upper
constraint curve as the highest extension of pore pressure tolerated, and
is labeled “Design Constraints Upper”. These columns are only enabled
on the Lithology spreadsheet when their respective check boxes in the
Well > Design Parameters > General tab are marked.

Values are required for pore and fracture formation pressures for each
row. These values define your base constraints.

Permeability, Porosity, and ROP model an influx kick and are used to
determine the kick (volume) quantity generated while drilling through
the layer. These columns are only enabled when their respective check
boxes in the Well > Design Parameters > Kick Tolerance tab are
marked.

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Specifying Pore Pressures

Select the Geology > Pore Pressure spreadsheet to specify formation
pressures or equivalent mud weight at specified depths. You can:

z Specify properties and formation pressures for each vertical depth

layer.

Specify the vertical depth

to the top of the layer.

If a layer has a constant EMW/pore

pressure value, a transition zone at the
top and another one at the bottom of
that layer need to be defined. This
allows the definition of two consecutive
data points with the same EMW.

Rules for Specifying Pore Pressure

z Vertical Depth and Pore Pressure/EMW are required for each row,
and you must have a minimum of two rows.

z If you attempt to enter a depth in the first row that is different from
the depth where the earth begins, you will be warned that the first
layer of the Top Depth MUST be equal to the depth where the earth
begins. (Refer to the Design Properties in the Well Explorer (Air
gap if onshore, or air gap + water depth if offshore).

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Specifying Fracture Gradients

Use the Geology > Fracture Gradient spreadsheet to specify fracture
pressures or equivalent mud weights at specified depths. You can

z Specify properties and fracture pressures for each vertical depth

layer.

Specify the vertical depth to the top of

the layer.

Rules for Specifying Fracture Gradients

z Vertical Depth and Fracture Pressure/EMW are required for each
row, and you must have a minimum of two rows.

z If you attempt to enter a depth in the first row that is different from
the depth where the earth begins, you will be warned that the first
layer of the Top Depth MUST be equal to the depth where the earth
begins. (Refer to the Design Properties in the Well Explorer (Air
gap if onshore, or air gap + water depth if offshore).

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Specifying the Geothermal Gradient

Select the Geology > Geothermal Gradient tab to specify basic three-
point formation temperature data (surface, mudline and Well TD).The
Mudline field does not display when the Offshore check box is not
marked on the Well Properties > General tab.

A more detailed temperature profile can be

entered via the Additional tab.

The temperature at the

Well TD can be specified
directly or entered as a
gradient. When one field
is changed, the other
updates automatically.

The results from your entries are displayed in the View > Input Data
Tables > Geothermal Gradient data table.

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Defining Drilling Parameters

Select the Well > Drilling Parameters spreadsheet to specify the

drillpipe OD, BHA OD, and BHA length. These parameters must be
defined for each hole size you want considered in the casing scheme
analysis. CasingSeat also uses these values to provide geometric
information for kick influx model calculations (Well > Design
Parameters > Kick Tolerance tab).

The Drilling Parameters

spreadsheet is enabled only
after selecting Influx Volume or
Calculated Gas-Influx Volume
kick operating constraints
available on the Well > Design
Parameters > Kick Tolerance
tab.

The editable field, the white area, is

limited by the specification from the
Well > Design Parameters >
General tab. The maximum OD of
the first casing defines the upper
limit: 20”. The lower limit is defined
by the minimum OD of the last
casing: 7”. Furthermore, in the Well
> Allowable Casing ODs
spreadsheet, the largest hole in
which a 20” casing can be run was
defined at 26 inches while the
smallest hole for running the 7” This column has exactly the same
production casing was defined to be content as the Hole Sizes column in the
8 ½ inches. For this example, type in Well > Allowable Casing ODs
the data shown above. spreadsheet.

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Additional Features

Creating Reports

Select the Tools > Reports > Titles tab to select, add, delete, and
rename custom reports.

Use the Titles tab to view a list of

available reports.

Click the New button to

create a new report.

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Displaying Report Contents

Select the Tools > Reports > Contents tab to add, remove, and
rearrange the data on the currently selected report.

Name of selected
report is displayed Use the Contents tab to view or
in the title bar. edit the contents of the selected
report.

This tab displays the

content of the currently Click the Add button
selected report. Items can to add items to the
be added or removed. To report.
remove an item, you have
to select it first, then click
the Remove button.

Reports can be constructed from tables, plots, schematics, dialog

summaries, and individual reports.

The title of the selected report displays above the tab. Use the Tools >
Reports > Titles tab to select a report.

For more details on adding and printing report content, and configuring
print options, see CasingSeat Help.

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Creating Tabs

Select the Tools > Tabs to open a dialog and add, delete, rename, and
rearrange window tabs.

Click Up or Down to change the order of the tabs.

Click New to create a new tab.

Click Rename to rename the tab. Outside the Tabs

dialog you can access the Rename Tab dialog by
double clicking on the tab name, located at the bottom
of the main CasingSeat window.

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Inventories

The Well>Inventories submenu contains spreadsheets used to add,

modify, and delete hole size and casing OD inventories used in other
spreadsheets.

Bit/Hole Sizes Inventory

Select Well > Inventories > Bit/Hole Sizes to add, remove, and modify
hole sizes available in the bit/hole sizes inventory spreadsheet. Hole
sizes are the diameter created by the drill bit.

All entries in use, or in other words all bit sizes already selected in at
least one field in the Well > Allowable Hole Sizes or the Well >
Allowable Casing ODs spreadsheets, appear highlighted.

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Initially, all hole sizes in the Bit/Hole Sizes spreadsheet are from the
template you selected when you created the Design. All hole sizes
presently available in this spreadsheet appear in the drop-down list
boxes for:

z Hole Size cells of the Well > Allowable Casing ODs and Drilling
Parameters spreadsheets

z Allowable Hole Sizes for Casing cells of the Well > Allowable
Hole Sizes spreadsheet

Rows are grayed when:

z The hole size is in use by both the Well > Allowable Holes Sizes
and Well > Allowable Casing ODs spreadsheets.

z The hole size is in use in the Well > Drilling Parameters

spreadsheet.

z The hole size is not editable and not in use. Some monitors display
non-editable rows in a lighter shade of gray when used by the
spreadsheets mentioned above.

Rows can be deleted using the Edit > Delete Row command. However,
this command is disabled for any row in use by any of the three
spreadsheets previously mentioned.

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Casing ODs Inventory

Select Well > Inventories > Casing ODs to add, remove, and modify
casing ODs available in the inventory spreadsheet.

All entries in use, or in other words all casing ODs already selected in at least one field
in the Well > Allowable Hole Sizes or the Well > Allowable Casing ODs
spreadsheets, appear highlighted.

Initially, all casing ODs in this spreadsheet are from the template you
selected when you created the Design. All ODs presently available in
this spreadsheet appear in the drop-down list boxes for:

z Casing OD cells of the Well > Allowable Hole Sizes spreadsheet

z Allowable Casing Sizes in Hole cells of the Well > Allowable

Casing ODs spreadsheet

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Rows are grayed when:

z The hole size is in use by both the Well > Allowable Holes Sizes
and Well > Allowable Casing ODs spreadsheets.

z The hole size is in use in the Drilling Parameters spreadsheet.

z The hole size is not editable and not in use. Some monitors display
non-editable rows in a lighter shade of gray when used by the
spreadsheets mentioned above.

Rows can be deleted using the Edit > Delete Row command. However,
this command is disabled for any row in use by any of the three
spreadsheets previously mentioned.

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Analyzing Results

Reviewing Input Data

In this section, you will review:

z General input data

z Section view data

Reviewing Input Data

Select View > Input Data Tables > General to display a general data
table about the Well defined through the Well > General dialog’s tabs.
Data cannot be edited through this table.

Summary reports of certain input

data groups can be accessed from
this menu.

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Any changes you make using the Well > General dialog are
automatically updated in this table after clicking the OK button on the
General dialog. You do not have to calculate the changes to view them
here.

Input data reports allow you

to review input data for
accuracy.

All input data tables function the same as described for the General input
data table. You can print this information by clicking the button.

Reviewing the Section View

This plot allows you to quickly check whether CasingSeat has correctly
read the deviation data defined in the Well > Wellpath Editor.

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The View > Deviation Plots > Section View plot displays the deviated
Wellbore trajectory in vertical-section view, based on user-entered data
in the Well > Deviation > Survey Editor spreadsheet and in the
VSection Definition group box on the Well > General > Options tab.

Section View results reflect current values for Origin N, Origin E, and
Azimuth in the VSection Definition group box on the Well > General
> Options tab.

Default settings for these variables are such that the wellhead effectively
serves as the origin for the vertical section, and the vertical section
reference plane is oriented to azimuth 0.0 deg (due North). Origin N and
Origin E describe the north and east distances from wellhead to local
origin. For example, for Origin N = 50 ft. and Origin E = -30 ft., the local
origin is, for referencing of the section view, 50 ft. north and 30 ft. west
from the wellhead.

Vertical section is always calculated with respect to the local origin,

which coincides with the wellhead position only when Origin N and
Origin E values are zero.

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Calculating Results

After completion of this section, you should understand how to calculate

results in CasingSeat.

Performing a Calculation
Select View > Calculate to open the Calculate dialog and:

z Specify the pore pressure and fracture gradient margins to be

included in the analysis

z Specify the layer to be calculated and the amount of layer shift to be

included in the analysis

z Perform the calculations

You can access the command to calculate results
four ways. You can use the F8 function key, the
View menu, the wizard, or click the Calculate
toolbar button.

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Using the Calculate Dialog

The Calculate dialog allows you to make three fundamental changes to
the base case, which was defined in all of the previous input data fields.
Based on data input on this dialog, you may have up to three additional
cases (and solutions). If you only want to analyze the base case, leave all
input fields on this dialog set to zero.
The Base Case represents the design problem
Use margins to model the pore pressure characterized by the pore pressure and the fracture
and/or the fracture gradient as being smaller or gradient as defined in the Geology > Lithology
larger than the values defined in the Geology spreadsheet.
> Lithology spreadsheet. Any non-zero
margins have the effect of shifting the base
case pore pressure and fracture gradient
curves with the amount specified in these
fields. A new Lower Margin design case will be
created by teaming up the lower margin pore
pressure with the lower margin fracture
gradient. Another Upper Margin design case
will be created by associating the upper
margin pore pressure with the upper margin
fracture gradient.

Use the Depth Shifting of Formation Layers group box to specify a formation that may shift and to
specify how much the depth of the layer may shift. Sometimes a certain layer could be shallower or
deeper than expected. A positive value indicates an downward shift. For an upward shift (shallower),
make sure that the shift amount entered is less than the thickness of the formation layer situated
immediately above the layer selected in the Layer Name field, otherwise this upper layer will be
ignored.

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Selecting Results

When the calculations are complete, select the case to check first for
solutions, and then select the type of casing scheme results to display.

These buttons represent the second and the

quickest case selection mode. You can
switch from one case to another, within all
Click this button to open the View >
four cases, with only a click of the mouse.
Results Selection dialog.
(BC – base case; LM – lower margin; UM –
upper margin; DS – depth shifting.)

Select the
type you want
to analyze
from the list.

If you selected the Pore

Pressure and Fracture
Gradient Margins case,
you will also need to
select the Lower or the
Upper Margin from the
drop-down list.

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The result selections available are:

z Base Case

z Pore Pressure and Fracture Gradient Margins

z Depth Shifting of Formation Layer

The Pore Pressure and Fracture Gradient Margins selection is further

partitioned into Lower Margin (LM) and Upper Margin (UM). LM and
UM are selected by selecting Lower Margin or Upper Margin from the
Range drop-down list box.

Obtaining Accurate Results

Accurate results are not available until the Calculate command (View > Calculate
dialog) is used. Base case is always calculated by default, but in order to display
the other selections, you must specify values in the Calculate dialog.

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Viewing Results

Select the View menu commands to view all results for any analysis.
Any solution can be viewed by selecting Well Schematic, Design Plot,
or Casing Scheme. The Final Well Configurations represents an
overview of all solutions, of the hole sizes and casing sizes chosen by
CasingSeat. Each of these will be discussed in this course.

All results can be Click this button to Click this button to access
accessed from the access the final Well the Well schematic for the
View menu. configurations for the analyzed case.
analyzed case.

Click this button

to access the
casing scheme
for the analyzed
case.

Click this button

to access the
design plot for
the analyzed
case.
Click this button to access the
Casing and Hole Size Selector

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Well Schematic
Select View > Well Schematic to display the casing scheme as a Well
schematic. This schematic automatically displays in the window when a
Design is created. Also, when data is displayed (such as a spreadsheet),
and you use the Split command to divide the window into four panes,
your data displays in one pane and the schematic displays in the other
three.

TOC’s are part of the result. CasingSeat assumes a 16

ppg cement slurry and it calculates the maximum
height such that the formation will not fracture.

Each casing string is considered as a full string.

CasingSeat doesn’t consider the use of a liner.
CasingSeat calculations are generally focused
on the integrity of the open hole.

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In order to have an accurate schematic (especially if casing scheme data

was modified), use the View > Calculate dialog first to calculate the
data.

You can display any casing scheme defined in the Design by selecting
it from the Casing Scheme Selection drop-down list box located on the
Views toolbar. Casing schemes are listed in an order based on the check
boxes marked in the Ranking Criteria-Relative Cost group box located
in the Well > Design Parameters > General tab.

You can also display the schematic with any of the casing scheme result
types (base case, pore pressure and fracture gradient margins, and
formation layer depth shifting) using the View > Results Selection
dialog or Results toolbar. You can switch between casing scheme result
types while displaying the schematic.

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Accessing Other Solutions and Understanding the Solution Label

The Casing Scheme Selection drop-down list box displays, one-by-one,
each casing scheme, Well schematic, or design plot in the order
specified in the Ranking Criteria-Relative Cost group box of the Well >
Design Parameters > General tab.

You can access all solutions using

the Casing Scheme Selection
wizard. To view a solution from This is the first solution
another case, first select the desired Casing Scheme calculated, and is a result of a
case using the case buttons, then Selection wizard. top-down calculation (“t”).
select the desired solution from the
Casing Scheme Selection wizard.

All solutions associated with the currently selected case (BC or Base Case in this
example) are listed in Casing Scheme Selection wizard. The #1 associated with the
selected case in the list represents the best rank. #6 means that there are 5 cheaper
solutions, according to the CasingSeat ranking discussed in the input data. The letter
“t” means that this solution resulted from a top-down calculation. A solution from a
bottom-up calculation is symbolized with the letter “b”. The next number (7, in this
case) represents the total number of casing strings required to reach TD.

In order to display your casing schemes, you must have previously

performed both of the following:

z Calculated results using View > Calculate.

z Chosen to view View > Casing Scheme, View > Design Plot, or
View > Well Schematic.

The order casing schemes are displayed is based on the check boxes
marked in the Ranking Criteria-Relative Cost group box. If the Bottom-
Up Design and Top-Down Design check boxes are both marked in the
Analysis Modes group box on the Well > Design Parameters >
General tab, calculations are performed using both methods.

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The bottom-up and top-down casing scheme solutions are interleaved in

the list and flagged with:

z Letter b for bottom-up design (Example: 4 3/4” Hole to TD - #373b - 5)

z Letter t for top-down design (Example: 4 3/4” Hole to TD - #374t - 5)

You can immediately jump to any one of the casing schemes shown in
this list box by opening the list box and then clicking the appropriate
scheme. Alternatively, you can navigate through the list, one-by-one, by
clicking for the previous item listed and for the next item listed.

If you do not see this list box, go to the Tools > Toolbars dialog and
mark the Views check box.

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Using the Design Plot

Select View > Design Plot to display the casing scheme as a plot based
on EMW versus depth (MD or TVD). This plot shows the pressure
curves in association with the casing schematic.

The effect of all constraints, with the exception of the two influx volume
constraints, is represented in the shape of the Design Constraints Lower
& Upper curves. Any change in the operating constraints is immediately
shown in this plot. These two curves (Design Constraints Lower & Upper)
represent the delimitation of the current design space.

This plot displays the following casing scheme data:

z Pore Pressure

z Upper and Lower Design Constraints

z Fracture Gradients

z Mud Weight at Shoe

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z Shoe depths

z Casing ODs/Hole Sizes

In order to have an accurate plot (especially if casing scheme data was

modified), use the View > Calculate dialog first to calculate the data.

You can display any casing scheme defined in the Design by selecting
it from the Casing Scheme Selection drop-down list box located on the
Views toolbar. Casing schemes are listed in an order based on the check
boxes marked in the Ranking Criteria-Relative Cost group box located
in the Well > Design Parameters > General tab.

You can also display the plot with any of the casing scheme result types
(base case, pore pressure and fracture gradient margins, and formation
layer depth shifting) using the View > Results Selection dialog or
Results toolbar. You can switch between casing scheme result types
while displaying the plot.

Reviewing the Casing Scheme

Access the View > Casing Scheme by clicking the button. This
spreadsheet is used to view an explicit display of the solution.

The reason why CasingSeat has selected each casing shoe at

its depth is presented in this column. All reasons can be
graphically confirmed, with the exception of the fixed and the
calculated influx volume.

Mud weight for each hole section is calculated as a

function of pore pressure and fracture gradient
combined with all the considered design constraints.

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For example, the “Fixed Kick Tolerance Exceeded” reason for setting
the 18-5/8” casing is a consequence of the fixed influx volume
calculation, and it is not represented on the following pressure plot.

The “Differential Sticking Limit” reason to set the 11 7/8” casing, on

the other hand, can be graphically confirmed.

Select View > Design Plot to confirm the reasoning behind the results.

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Final Well Configurations

Select View > Final Well Configurations or click on the button to
display a graphical representation illustrating the hole and casing sizes
(Well configurations) selected by the solution algorithm.

These solutions are subsets of the possible Well configurations given in

the Well > Available Well Configurations view. The display of Well
configurations is helpful to quickly determine the casing sizes and hole
sizes available for selecting the final solution.

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The total number of solutions and the exact combinations of hole and
casing sizes match the individual solutions provided in the Casing
Scheme Selection drop-down list box for each solutions routine (i.e.,
Base Case, Lower Margins, Upper Margin, and Depth Shift).

In order for data to be present in this illustration:

z Data must be entered in the Allowable Casing ODs and Allowable

Hole Sizes spreadsheets (or through the Casing and Hole Size
Selector).

z Values must be entered in the First Casing OD (max) and Last

Casing OD (min.) [or Last Hole Size (min.)] fields of the Well >
Design Parameters > General tab.

z Data must be calculated using the View > Calculate dialog. An

error message appears during calculation when values are not
defined in the spreadsheets and tab.

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Side-by-side Comparison of Multiple Solutions

Using a side-by-side comparison of different results is a valuable
analysis tool.

1. Split the work area into two panes.

2. Place a Well Schematic in each of the two panes, if it is not already

in there as it should be because of the default behavior.

3. Click the Base Case button (BC) and using the Casing Scheme
Selection wizard select a solution.

4. In the other pane, select another solution from the Casing Scheme
Selection wizard.
Use the Casing Scheme Schematic Properties
Use the buttons to Selection wizard to select the configured to not include
select the case type. case you want to view. Casing Float Shoe

Notice the top-down solutions will extend each

The window is divided into two using
hole section as long as the design constraints
the splitter.
limits are reached. Consequently, the 9-5/8” is
extended to 12,308.6 ft. MD.

5. Split your screen horizontally and select place a View > Casing
Scheme in both panes.

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6. Click the Base Case button (BC) (or other option) and using the
Casing Scheme Selection wizard select a solution.

Use the buttons to select the

case type. Use the Casing Scheme Selection wizard to
select the case you want to view.

7. Click in the other pane, to make the other Casing Scheme current.

8. Click the Lower Margin button (LM) (or other option) button.
This will update the Casing Scheme Selection wizard with the
Lower Margin set of solutions.

9. Select another solution from the Casing Scheme Selection wizard.

10. Notice the case name is displayed in the title bar label of both
panes.

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Set Active Well Configuration

Use View > Set Active Well Configuration to make the current Well
configuration the “active” Well configuration. Only one configuration
can be the active configuration. The active configuration will be shared
with other Landmark EDM applications (StressCheck, COMPASS, and
WELLPLAN.)

To access this command, you must first choose a Well configuration file
from the Casing Scheme Selection drop-down list box, then do one of
the following:

z Select View > Set Active Well Configuration (this button is only
available when the Casing Scheme View, Well Schematic View, or
the Design Plot View is displayed, and there is at least one result for
the selected analysis type). Note that only valid results can be set
active; the button is grayed out until you Calculate results.

z Click on the Views toolbar.

Click the Set Active Well Configuration button to

Notice the name change after the
choose the active configuration for use in other EDM
configuration is marked as set.
drilling applications.

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Viewing the Active Well Schematic and Active Casing Scheme

After a Well configuration has been set as the Active Well
Configuration, you can view the Active Well Schematic and the Active
Casing Scheme. You can view the Active Well Schematic and the
Active Casing Scheme by:

z View > Active Well Configuration > Well Schematic or View >
Active Well Configuration > Casing Scheme

z Click the Active Well Schematic button , or the Active

Casing Scheme button .

Click the Active Casing

Click the Active Well Scheme button to view the
Schematic button to view the Active Casing Scheme.
Active Well Schematic.

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