COLEGIO DE SAN FRANCISCO JAVIER

COLLEGE OF SOCIAL WORK AND DEVELOPMENT STUDIES

MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD

Module 4 THE NATURE OF MATHEMATICS

I. Mathematical Language and Symbols

LEARNING TOPICS:
1. Characteristics of mathematical language: precise, concise, powerful
2. Expression vs. Sentences
3. Conventions in the mathematical language
4. Four basic concepts: sets, functions, relations, binary operation
5. Elementary logic: connectives, quantifiers, negation, variables
6. Formality

CONTENT
DISCUSSION Continuation …

Four Basic Concepts: Sets, FUNCTIONS, RELATIONS, Binary Operation

ACTIVITY 1: CLASSIFY!
Group the following object in such a way that they have common property/characteristics.

Fork pencil laptop digital camera ladle liquid eraser knife ball pen
Notebook grater iPod pot cellphone paper tablet

Kitchen Utensils School Supplies Gadgets

Form some ordered pairs using the format below:

(Object, Common Name)

a. Column 1: _________
b. Column 2: _________
c. Column 3: _________

ACTIIVITY 2: REPRESENTING A RELATION

Given a diagram you will be able to learn how to make a set of ordered pairs. Describe the mapping diagram below by writing the set of ordered
pairs. The first two coordinates are done for you.

Set of ordered pairs:

{(narra, tree), (tulip, flower)}
(____,_____), (____, _____),
(____,_____), (____, _____),

ACTIVITY 3: IRF WORKSHEET

Write in the second column your initial answers to the questions provided in the first column.
Questions Initial Answer Revised Answer Final Answer
What is relation?
What is function?
What do you mean by domain of
relation/function?
What do you mean by range of
relation/function?
How are relations and functions
represented?
How are the quantities related to
each other?

You gave your initial ideas on representations of relations and functions. The next section will enable you to understand how a
relation and a function represented and do a leaflet design to demonstrate your understanding.
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A relation is any set of ordered pairs. The set of all first coordinates is called the domain of the relation. The set of all second coordinates is called
the range of the relation.

Illustrative Example:
Suppose you are working in a fast food company. You earn Php 40 per hour. Your earnings are related to the number of hours per week.
Questions:
1. How much will you earn if your work 4 hours a day? How about 5 hours? 6 hours? 7 hours? Or 8 hours?
2. Express each in an ordered pair.
3. Based on your answer in item 2, what is the domain? What is the range?
Solutions:
1. The earning depends on the number of hours worked. An amount of Php 160 is earned for working 4 hours a day, Php 200 for 5 hours,
Php 240 for 6 hours.
2. (4, 160), (5, 200), (6, 240), (7, 280), and (8, 320)
3. The domain of the relation is {4, 5, 6, 7, 8}. The range of the relation is {160, 200, 240, 280, 320}.

Representations of Relations

Illustrative Example
Given the graph, complete the set of ordered pairs and the table of values; draw the mapping diagram and generate the rule.

Set of ordered pairs:

{(0, 6), (1, 5), (__, __), (__, __), (__, __), (__, __), (__, __)}

Questions:
1. How did you complete the set of ordered pairs?
2. How did you make the table?
3. How did you make the mapping diagram?
4. What is the rule? How did you come up with the rule?
Answers:
The set of ordered pairs {(0, 6), (1, 5), (2, 4), (3, 3), (4, 2), (5, 1), (6, 0)}. We use the set of ordered in completing the table. The set of ordered pairs
shows that 0 is mapped to 6, 1 to 5, 2 to 4, …, and 6 to 0. Notice that the sum of x and y, which is 6, is constant. Thus the rule can be written as x +
y = 6. This can also be written in set notation as indicated below.

((x, y) l x + y = 6)

Note that the graph does not start with (0, 6) nor it ends with (6, 0). Arrow heads indicate that we extend it in both directions. Thus it has
no starting and ending points.

Domain and Range

it is noted that the domain of a relation is the set of first coordinates while the range is the set of
second coordinates. Going back to the graph, the domain of the relation is {-2, -1, 0, 1, 2} and range
is {-4, -2, 0, 2, 4}. Note that we write the same element in the domain or range once.

A correspondence may be classified as one-to-one, many-to-one or one-to-many. It is

One-to-one if every element in the domain is mapped to a unique element in the range, many-to-one if any two or more elements of the domain are
mapped to the same element in the range; or one-to-many if each element in the domain is mapped to any two or more elements in the range.

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Illustrative Example
Consider the table and mapping diagram below.

Questions to Ponder:
1. What type of correspondence is the mapping? Explain.
2. What type of correspondence is the table? Explain.
Solutions:
1. The mapping diagram is many-to-one because threes students, namely: Faith, Camille, and Ivan are classmates or belong to the same
section Gomez.
2. The table is one-to-one correspondence because one element in the domain (government agency) is mapped to one and only one element
in the range (official website)

Illustrative Example
Consider the sets of ordered pairs below.
Set A: {(3, 4), (4, 5), (5, 6), (6, 7), (7, 8)}
Set B: {(2, 2), (2, -2), (3, 3), (3, -3), (4, 4), (4, -4)}
Questions to Ponder.
1. What is the domain of each set of ordered pairs?
2. What is the range of each set of ordered pairs?
3. What type of correspondence is each set of ordered pairs? Explain.
4. Which set/sets of ordered pairs is/are functions? Explain.
Solutions:
1. The domain of set A is {3, 4, 5, 6, 7} set B {2, 3, 4}
2. The range of set A is {4, 5, 6, 7, 8} set B {-4, -3, -2, 2, 3, 4}
3. Correspondence in Set A is one-to-one, set B is one-to-many
4. Set A is function because there exists a one-to-one correspondence between elements. For example, 3 corresponds to 4, 4 to 5, 5 to 6, 6
to 7, and 7 to 8. Set B is not a function because there are elements in the domain which corresponds to more than one element in the
range. For example, 2 corresponds to both 2 and -2.

A function is a special type of relation. It is a relation in which every element in the domain is mapped to exactly one element in the range.
Furthermore, a set of ordered pairs is a function if no two ordered pairs have equal abscissas.

Note: all functions are relations but some relations are not functions.

ACTIVITY 4: PLOT IT!

In the previous activities, you have learned that a set of ordered pairs is a function if no two ordered pairs have the same abscissas. Through plotting
points, you will be able to generalize that a graph is that of a function if every vertical line intersects it in at most one point.
Determine whether each set of ordered pairs is a function or not. Plot each set of points on the Cartesian plane. Make some vertical lines in the
graph.

1. {(4, 0), (4, 1), (4, 2)}

2. {(0, -2), (1, 1), (3, 7), (2, 4)}
3. {(3, 3), (0,0), (-3, 3)}

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Determine whether each set of ordered pairs represents a function or not. Put a tick mark on the appropriate column. Determine also the number of
points that intersect any vertical line.
Number of Points that intersect a
Set of Ordered Pairs Function Not a Function
Vertical Line
1. {(4, 0), (4, 1), (4, 2)}
2. {(0, -2), (1, 1), (3, 7), (2, 4)}
3. {(3, 3), (0,0), (-3, 3)}

The Vertical Line Test

If every vertical line intersects the graph no more than once, the graph represents a function.

Examples:

Numbers 1 & 3 represent a function by using the vertical line test it only intersects to one point. However, numbers 4 & 5 does not represent a
function by using a vertical line test it intersects to more than one point.

Horizontal and Vertical Lines

The horizontal line represents a function. It can be described by the equation y = c, where c is any constant. It is called a Constant Function.
However, a vertical line which can be described by the equation x = c is not a function.

A relation may also be represented by an equation in two variables or the so-called rule. Consider the next example.

Illustrative Example
The rule 3x + y = 4 represents a relation. If we substitute the value of x = -2 in the equation, then the value of y would be:

3x + y = 4
3(-2) + y = 4 Substituting x by -2
-6 + y = 4 Simplification
-6 + y + 6 = 4 + 6 Addition Property of Equality
Y = 10 Simplification
Similarly, if x = -1 then y = 7 and so on. Thus, we can have a set of ordered pairs {…, (-2, 10), (1, 7), (0,4), (1, 1), (2, -2),…} Besides, a rule is a
function if it can be written in y = f(x)

Illustrative Example
Tell whether the rule 3x + y = 4 a function or not.
Solutions.
3x + y = 4
3x + y + (-3x) = 4 + (-3x) why?
Y = -3x + 4 why?

The rule above is a function since it can be written in y = f(x); that is, y = -3x + 4.

Illustrative Example
Tell whether the rule x2 + y2 = 4 a function or not. 4
Solutions
x2 + y 2 = 4
x2 + y2 + (-x2) = 4 + (-x2) why?
y2 = 4 - x 2 why?
y=± 4−x 2
√ getting the square root of both sides

Notice that every value of x, there are two values of y. Let’s find the values of y if x = 0.
y=± √ 4−x 2
2
y=± √ 4−( 0 )
y=± √ 4
y=± 2
As shown above, if x = 0, then the values of y are 2 and -2. Thus, the ordered pairs are (0, 2) and (0, -2) and therefore, it is not a function.

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ACTIVITY 5: IDENTIFY ME!
Given the rule, determine whether the rule represents a function or not. Answer the questions that follow. Examples are done for you.

Write the set of ordered pairs of each rule.

a. y = 2x + 1 : ____________
b. x = y2 : ___________________

1. are there any two ordered pairs whose abscissa are equal? If yes which ones? Which rule does this set of ordered pairs

?
belong?
2. Does the equation y = 2x + 1 define a function? Why or why not?
3. Does the equation x = y2 define a function? Why or why not?
4. What is the exponent of y in the equation y = 2x + 1? What about the exponent of y in the equation x = y 2?

Dependent Variable and Independent Variables

The variable x is considered the independent variable because any value could be assigned to it. However, the variable y is the dependent variable
because its value depends on the value of x.

ACTIVITY 6: MINDS-ON
Classify the variables as independent or dependent.

1. Time and salary

Independent Variable: ___________
Dependent Variable. ___________
2. The number of hours boiling and the number of ounces of water in pot
Independent Variable: ___________
Dependent Variable. ___________
3. The distance covered and the volume of the gasoline
Independent Variable: ___________
Dependent Variable. ___________
4. Height of a plant to the number of months grown
Independent Variable: ___________
Dependent Variable. ___________

Function Notation

The f(x) notation can also be used to define a function. If f is a function, the symbol f(x), read as “f of x” is used to denote the value of the function f at
a given value of x. in simpler way, f(x) denoted the y-value (element of the range) that the function f associates with x-value (element of the domain).
Thus f(1) denotes the value of y at x = 1. Note that f(1) does not mean f times 1. The letters such as g, h and the like can also denote functions.

Furthermore, every element x in the domain of the function is called the pre-image. However, every
element y or f(x) in the range is called the image. The figure at the right illustrates concretely the input
(the value of x) and the output (the value of y or f(x)) in the rule or function. It shows that for every value
of x there corresponds one and only one value of y.

Example:
Consider the rule or the function f defined by f(x) = 3x – 1. If x = 2, then the value of the function would be 5.
Solution:
f(x) = 3x -1 Rule/ Function
f(2) = 3(2) – 1 Substituting x by 2
f(2) = 6 – 1 Simplification
f(2) = 5 Simplification

The input is 2 (the value of x) and the output is 5 (the value of y or f(x)).

Domain and Range of a Function

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In the previous section, you have learned how the domain and the range of a relation are defined. The domain of the function is the set of all
permissible values of x that give real values for y. similarly, the range of the function is the set of permissible values for y or f(x) that give the values
of x real number.

You have taken the domain and the range of the relation given in the table of values in the previous lesson, the set of ordered
pairs and the graph. Can you give the domain and the range if the graph of the function is known? Try this one!

Illustrative Example
Find the domain and the range of each graph below.

Solutions:
In (a), arrow heads indicate that the graph of the function extends in both directions. It extends to the left and right without bound, thus, the domain D
of the function is the set of real numbers. Similarly, it extends upward and downward without bound; thus, the range R of function is the set of all real
number. In symbols,
D= { x|x ∈ R } , R= { y| y ∈ R }

In (b), arrow heads indicate that the graph of the function is extended to the left and right without bound, and downward, but not upward, without
bound. Thus, the domain of the function is the set of real numbers, while the range is any real number less than or equal to 0.
D= { x|x ∈ R } , R= { y| y ≤ 0 }

ACTIVITY 7: GRAPH ANALYSIS

This activity will enable you to determine the domain of the function. Consider the graphs below, determine the domain and the range.

You have tried identifying the domain and range of the graph of the function. What about if you are asked to find the domain of the function itself
without its graph.

Illustrative Example:
Determine the domain of each function below. Check the solution using calculator.
1. f(x) = 3x
2. f(x) = x2
3. f(x) = √ x−2
x+1
4. f(x) =
x
Solution:
1. In f(x) = 3x, there is no value of x that makes the function f undefined. Thus, the domain of f(x) = 3x is the set of real numbers or
{ x|x ∈ R } ,
2. In f(x) = x2, there is no value of x that makes the function f undefined. Thus, the domain of f(x) = x 2 is the set of real number or
{ x|x ∈ R } ,
3. In f(x) = √ x−2 , the domain of the function is the set of values of x that will not make √ x−2an imaginary number. Examples of
these values of x are 2, 2.1, 3, 3.74, 4, 5, and so on. However, x = 1 cannot be because it can give the value of the function.
√ 1−2= √−1
Which is imaginary where the calculator yields an Error or a Math Error. The numbers between 1 and 2 neither work, thus the domain
of the function is x is greater than or equal to 2, or { x|x ≥ 2 } . For you to find easily the domain of the function, we say the radicand ≥
0. That is x – 2 ≥ 0 which gives x ≥ 2 if simplified.
x+1 x+1
4. In f(x) = , the domain of the function is the set of values of x that will not make undefined. When the answer is undefined,
x x
the calculator yields an Error or a Math Error. Thus, x = 0 is not part of the domain. The domain, therefore, of the function is the set of

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 real numbers except 0, or { x|x ∈ R , x ≠0 } . To find easily the domain of the function, we say denominator is not equal to zero, or
x≠0
Note: the value of the function will not be a real number if it as imaginary number or undefined.

ACTIVITY 8: IRF WORKSHEET

Write in the third column your revised answers to the questions provided in the first column.
Questions Initial Answer Revised Answer Final Answer
What is relation?
What is function?
What do you mean by domain of
relation/function?
What do you mean by range of
relation/function?
How are relations and functions
represented?
How are the quantities related to
each other?

Your goal in this section is to take a closer look at some aspects of the topic

ACTIVITY 9: QUIZ
Do as directed.

A. State the domain of the relation.

1. ln ( x )=√ 1−x
2. X + y = 4
3. x 2+ y 2=16
4. f ( x )=2 √ x−4
2 x3 +3 x−2
5. f ( x )=
x +2
B. Study the graph given and use it to answer the questions that follow.
1. Does the graph represent a relation? Explain.
2. Does the graph represent a function? Explain.
3. Determine the domain and range of the graph.

ACTIVITY 10: IRF WORKSHEET

Write in the fourth column your revised answers to the questions provided in the first column.
Questions Initial Answer Revised Answer Final Answer
What is relation?
What is function?
What do you mean by domain of
relation/function?
What do you mean by range of
relation/function?
How are relations and functions
represented?
How are the quantities related to
each other?

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