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Hipoalbuminemia is low serum albumin levels. Albumin is the most abundant plasma protein and serves important functions like maintaining colloid osmotic pressure. Hypoalbuminemia can be caused by decreased production, increased losses through the GI tract, kidneys, or skin, or increased catabolism. Decreased production is a rare cause and requires significant chronic liver impairment. More commonly, inadequate synthesis combined with increased catabolism due to systemic illness contributes to overall hypoalbuminemia.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
135 views5 pages

Gastroenterology: Click Here To Enlarge

Hipoalbuminemia is low serum albumin levels. Albumin is the most abundant plasma protein and serves important functions like maintaining colloid osmotic pressure. Hypoalbuminemia can be caused by decreased production, increased losses through the GI tract, kidneys, or skin, or increased catabolism. Decreased production is a rare cause and requires significant chronic liver impairment. More commonly, inadequate synthesis combined with increased catabolism due to systemic illness contributes to overall hypoalbuminemia.

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Fina Rahma
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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etiologi

Hipoalbuminemia adalah salah satu gangguan yang paling umum pada pasien rawat inap dan sakit
kritis. Hipoalbuminemia mungkin merupakan akibat dari penurunan produksi (jarang) albumin atau
peningkatan kehilangan albumin melalui ginjal, saluran gastrointestinal (GI), kulit, atau ruang
ekstravaskular atau peningkatan katabolisme albumin atau kombinasi 2 atau lebih dari mekanisme
ini.

Patofisiologi
Berkurangnya produksi albumin adalah penyebab langka hipoalbuminemia. Gangguan hati kronis
yang signifikan dan parah diperlukan sebelum penurunan nyata dalam albumin plasma.
Hipoalbuminemia adalah gambaran sirosis hati kronis dan lanjut. Paling umum, sintesis albumin yang
tidak adekuat dengan adanya peningkatan katabolisme karena penyakit sistemik yang signifikan
berkontribusi terhadap hipoalbuminemia secara keseluruhan.

Hypoalbuminemia- Low albumin

January 27, 2020 | Gastroenterology

 
Click here to Enlarge

Hypoalbuminaemia is low serum albumin level.Most abundant plasma protein Accounts for 75-80 %
of normal plasma colloid oncotic pressure and 40-60 % of total protein content Half life 15-19 days.

Functions –Maintains colloid oncotic pressure- prevents leaking of fluid into the extravascular space
Transports various agents Low-affinity , high capacity carrier of several different endogenous and
exogenous compounds acting as a depot and a carrier of these compounds Binds atleast 40 % of the
circulating calcium and is a co-transporter of hormones such as thyroxine , cortisol , testosterone ,
among others Main carrier of fatty acids Also binds to drugs and unconjugated bilirubin- making
them less toxic Scavenges free oxygen radicals – antioxidant and exerting an antiplatelet effect
( prevents platelet aggregation )

Causes of low albumin include-Decreased production , Defective synthesis for e.g due to hepatocyte
damage , Deficient intake of amino-acids , Increased loss of albumin – this can be via GI tract renal
process skin acute or chronic inflammation

Serum albumin levels are reggulated by –rate of hepatic synthesis and secretion exchanges between
the intravascular and extravascular compartments lymphatic uptake alterations in volume of
distribution protein degradation bosy losses

It can cause –peripheral and central oedema fatigue and excessive weakness – and other features of
related nutritional deficiencies e.g Fe deficiency in celiac disease features of primary disease

Decreased production-rare cause significant and severe chronic hepatic impairment needs to
happen before the levels drop to be noticeable chronic and advance cirrhosis

Nutritional deficiency-protein malnutrition e.g Kwashiorkor low protein consumption ( malnutrition )

Renal loss-nephrotic syndrome chronic kidney disease

Gastro-intestinal loss-inflammatory gastrointestinal diseases chronic protein loosing enteropathy


( PLE )

Exrtravascular loss loss of albumin from the intravascular to extravascular space

Acute and chronic inflammation –if due to acue inflammation – settled following resolution if
persistent it happens due to cytokine release which causes ↑ ed vascular permeability , ↑ ed
degradation & decreased synthesis these can include conditions as rheumatoid arthritis ,
granulomatous processes , most bacterial infections , vascilitis , ulcerative bowel disease and some
parasitic infections

Cardiac failure –due to multiple factors which work in combination as malnutrition inflammation and
cachexia hemodilution liver dysfunction protein loosing enteropathy ↑ ed extravascular loss

Other causes –hemodilution e.g ascites burns sepsis malignancy ,critical illness ( ↑ ed catabolism )
trauma and crush injuries after weight loss surgery sarcoma , amyloidosis

References

Wiedermann CJ, Wiedermann W, Joannidis M. Causal relationship between hypoalbuminemia and


acute kidney injury. World J Nephrol. 2017;6(4):176–187. doi:10.5527/wjn.v6.i4.176

Gounden V, Jialal I. Hypoalbuminemia. [Updated 2020 Jan 8]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure
Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2020 Jan-. Available
from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK526080/

Hypoalbuminaemia Medscape via https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/166724-overview#a4

Reassessment of Albumin as a Nutritional Marker in Kidney Disease


Allon N. Friedman* and Stephen Z. Fadem†‡ *Division of Nephrology, Indiana University School of
Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana; † Kidney Associates, Houston, Texas; and ‡
Division of Nephrology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
via https://jasn.asnjournals.org/content/jnephrol/early/2010/01/14/ASN.2009020213.full.pdf

Low Albumin Levels Are Associated with Mortality


Risk in Hospitalized Patients Amit Akirov, MD,a,b Hiba Masri-Iraqi, MD,a,b Alaa Atamna, MD,b,c Ilan
Shimon, MDa,b a Institute of Endocrinology, Beilinson Hospital, Petach Tikva, Israel; b Sackler School
of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel; c Internal
Medicine C, Beilinson Hospital, Petach Tikva, Israel. via https://www.amjmed.com/article/S0002-
9343(17)30800-8/pdf

https://www.a4medicine.co.uk/hypoalbuminemia-low-albumin/
Hipoalbuminemia adalah kadar albumin serum rendah. Sebagian besar protein plasma menyumbang
75-80% dari tekanan onkotik koloid plasma normal dan 40-60% dari total kandungan protein.
Setengah hidup 15-19 hari.

Fungsi - Menjaga tekanan onkotik koloid - mencegah bocornya cairan ke ruang ekstravaskular.
Mengangkut berbagai agen. Afinitas rendah, pembawa berkapasitas tinggi dari beberapa senyawa
endogen dan eksogen berbeda yang bertindak sebagai depot dan pembawa senyawa ini. Mengikat
setidaknya 40% kalsium yang beredar. dan merupakan co-transporter hormon seperti tiroksin,
kortisol, testosteron, antara lain Pembawa utama asam lemak Juga mengikat obat-obatan dan
bilirubin tak terkonjugasi - menjadikannya kurang toksik Memulung radikal oksigen bebas -
antioksidan dan mengerahkan efek antiplatelet (mencegah agregasi trombosit) )

Penyebab albumin rendah termasuk -Produksi menurun, Sintesis rusak misalnya karena kerusakan
hepatosit, Kekurangan asam amino, Meningkatnya kehilangan albumin - ini bisa melalui saluran
pencernaan, proses ginjal, kulit, peradangan akut atau kronis

Kadar albumin serum diatur oleh –rate sintesis hati dan pertukaran sekresi antara kompartemen
intravaskular dan ekstravaskular perubahan serapan limfatik dalam volume distribusi protein
degradasi, kehilangan besar

Ini dapat menyebabkan - kelelahan edema perifer dan sentral dan kelemahan yang berlebihan - dan
fitur lain dari defisiensi nutrisi terkait, misalnya defisiensi Fe pada gambaran penyakit celiac pada
penyakit primer.

Berkurangnya produksi-jarang menyebabkan gangguan hati kronis yang signifikan dan parah perlu
terjadi sebelum tingkatannya menurun menjadi sirosis kronis dan lanjut

Malnutrisi protein kekurangan gizi mis. Kwashiorkor konsumsi protein rendah (malnutrisi)

Kehilangan ginjal-sindrom nefrotik penyakit ginjal kronis

Penyakit gastrointestinal kehilangan-radang gastrointestinal protein kronis kehilangan enteropati


(PLE)

Kehilangan eksrtravaskular albumin dari ruang intravaskular ke ekstravaskular

Peradangan akut dan kronis - jika disebabkan oleh peradangan akue - diselesaikan setelah resolusi
jika terus-menerus terjadi karena pelepasan sitokin yang menyebabkan permeabilitas pembuluh
darah, penurunan degradasi & penurunan sintesis. Ini dapat mencakup kondisi seperti rheumatoid
arthritis, proses granulomatosa, sebagian besar infeksi bakteri, vascilitis, penyakit usus ulserativa
dan beberapa infeksi parasit

Gagal jantung - karena beberapa faktor yang bekerja dalam kombinasi seperti peradangan
kekurangan gizi dan protein disfungsi hati hemodilusi cachexia kehilangan enteropati dan kehilangan
ekstravaskular

Penyebab lain - revolusi misalnya ascites membakar keganasan sepsis, trauma penyakit kritis (cat ed
katabolisme) dan trauma cedera setelah operasi penurunan berat badan sarkoma, amiloidosis
Increase transaminase

Patofisiologi

Hati memiliki transaminase untuk mensintesis dan memecah asam amino dan mengubah molekul


penyimpanan energi. Konsentrasi transaminase ini dalam serum (bagian darah non-seluler) biasanya
rendah. Namun, jika hati rusak, membran sel hati ( hepatosit ) menjadi lebih permeabel dan
beberapa enzim bocor ke dalam sirkulasi darah.

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