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El Olor A Sangre Humana No Se Me Quita de Los Ojos - Conversaciones Con Francis Bacon - Franck Maubert PDF

This document summarizes a conversation between the author and artist Francis Bacon in French. It discusses Bacon's lifelong obsession with universal themes like art, life, death and passions. It also describes Bacon's personality as passionate yet demanding. The author recalls their first meeting in Bacon's chaotic London studio and how Bacon enjoyed provoking and seducing others with his sharp wit and sense of tragedy.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
209 views27 pages

El Olor A Sangre Humana No Se Me Quita de Los Ojos - Conversaciones Con Francis Bacon - Franck Maubert PDF

This document summarizes a conversation between the author and artist Francis Bacon in French. It discusses Bacon's lifelong obsession with universal themes like art, life, death and passions. It also describes Bacon's personality as passionate yet demanding. The author recalls their first meeting in Bacon's chaotic London studio and how Bacon enjoyed provoking and seducing others with his sharp wit and sense of tragedy.

Uploaded by

Pablo
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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