Past Year MIC211: Genetics (DECEMBER 2018)
Question 1
P Generation: VvDd × vvdd
Gametes: VD, Vd, vD, vd × vd, vd, vd, vd
VD Vd vD vd
vd VvDd Vvdd vvDd vvdd
vd VvDd Vvdd vvDd vvdd
vd VvDd Vvdd vvDd vvdd
vd VvDd Vvdd vvDd vvdd
Phenotypic and Genotypic Ratio = Violet flower, Dull leave (VvDd): 1
Violet flower, Shiny leave (Vvdd): 1
White flower, Dull leave (vvDd): 1
White flower, Shiny leave (vvdd): 1
Question 2
Null hypothesis, H0 : The Data (193: 69: 64: 26 ) fits Mendel’s theory of 9 : 3 : 3 : 1
dihybrid ratio.
Expected Observed Expected Deviation Deviation² (O-e)²/e
Phenotype ratio value value (O-e) (O-e)²
(O) (e)
Tall, 9/16 193 9/16 × 352 -5 25 0.13
Green = 198
seed
Tall, 3/16 69 3/16 × 352 3 9 0.13
Yellow = 66
seed
Dwarf, 3/16 64 3/16 × 352 -2 4 0.06
Green = 66
seed
Dwarf, 1/16 26 1/16 × 352 4 16 0.62
Yellow =22
seed
X² = 0.94
Total = 352
Degree of freedom = n-1
= 4-1 = 3
Level of significant = 0.05 X2 table = 7.81
Accept H0 if X2 < X2 table ; reject H0 if X2 > X2 table
X2 = 0.94 < X2 table = 7.81
Conclusion: Therefore, accept the null hypothesis (H 0) and the results follow Mendel’s
principle. The differences between the observed and expected values are attributed to
chance.
Question 3
(a)
P Generation : Chinchilla ( cch c ) × Himalayan ( ch c )
F1 Generation :
ch c
cch cch ch cch c
c ch c cc
Genotypic ratio: 1: 1: 1: 1
Phenotypic ratio= Chinchilla : 2, Himalayan : 1, Albino : 1
(b)
P Generation = Walnut comb (RrPp) × Rose comb (RRpp)
Gamates = RP Rp rP rp × Rp Rp Rp Rp
RP Rp rP rp
Rp RRPp RRpp RrPp Rrpp
Rp RRPp RRpp RrPp Rrpp
Rp RRPp RRpp RrPp Rrpp
Rp RRPp RRpp RrPp Rrpp
Phenotypic ratio: 2 Walnut comb : 2 Rose comb
Genotypic ratio: 1 walnut comb (RRPp) : 1 rose comb (RRpp): 1 walnut comb (RrPp): 1
rose comb (Rrpp)
Question 4
(a)
Phosphate
Ribose sugar
Nitrogenous bases : Categorized into 2 different groups
- 2 Purines: Adenine (A), Guanine (G) (Double-ring bases)
- 2 Pyrimidines: Thymine (T), Cytosine (C) (Single-ring bases)
(b)
Transcription is the process of making an RNA copy of a gene sequence. Translation is
the process of translating the sequence of a messenger RNA molecule to a sequence of
amino acids during protein synthesis. So, the relationship between the two processes is
that they are both involved in protein synthesis. The RNA molecule is the link between
DNA and the production of proteins. During translation, the RNA molecule created in the
transcription process delivers information from the DNA to the protein building
machines.
(c)
- Each operon contains regulatory DNA sequences, which act as binding sites for
regulatory proteins that promote or inhibit transcription. Regulatory proteins often bind to
small molecules, which can make the protein active or inactive by changing its ability to
bind DNA.
- Some operons are inducible, meaning that they can be turned on by the presence of a
particular small molecule. Others are repressible, meaning that they are on by default
but can be turned off by a small molecule.
- The lac operon is an inducible operon that encodes enzymes for metabolism of the
sugar lactose. It turns on only when the sugar lactose is present (and other, preferred
sugars are absent). The inducer in this case is allolactose, a modified form of lactose.
- The lac operon of E. coli contains genes involved in lactose metabolism. It's expressed
only when lactose is present and glucose is absent. The lac operon consists of three
genes each involved in processing the sugar lactose.
- One of them is the gene for the enzyme beta- galactosidase. This kind of enzyme
hydrolyses lactose into glucose and galactose.
Question 5
Question 6
(a)
- In 1923, Frederick Griffith was a bacteriologist studying Streptococcus pneumoniae
(when S. pneumoniae dies the DNA can be absorbed by a living S. pneumoniae and
recombined into the chromosome.)
- He discovered two types of bacteria which are smooth colonies and rough colonies.
- In Smooth forms (S), IIIS is a wild type that able to synthesize a polysaccharide
capsule that surrounds pairs of cells. This kind of capsule is virulent and can cause
lethal case of pneumonia.
- In Rough forms (R), IIR as mutants of S and it lacks an enzyme necessary for
synthesis of the capsular polysaccharide. This kind of capsule is not virulent and
harmless.
- He worked with three kinds of bacteria which are R forms, S forms and Heat (killed S
forms).
(b)
- There are three kinds of point mutation. It is silent mutation, missense mutation, and
nonsense mutation.
- First is Silent mutation. The single base substitution in the 3rd base nucleotide position
of a codon. This results is no change in amino acid. The first 2 letters of the genetic
code are the most critical.
- For example, GAG and GAA both codes for the glutamic acid. If the G is replaced by
the A in this particular codon, the same amino acid form. This type of mutation is called
a silent mutation.
- Second is Missense mutation which is the change of a single base pair causes the
substitution of change in amino acid and therefore the resulting protein.
- Third is Nonsense mutation where the single base substitutions that yield a stop
codon. There are 3 nonsense codons in the genetic code. Stop codons didn’t code for
any amino acids
- A stop codons are a special type of triplet codon signals the end of protein synthesis,
UAA, UAG and UGA are the three-stop codons ends the synthesis of protein. Likewise,
the start codon starts the synthesis of protein.
- The stop codon inserted at an unusual position in an amino acid sequence
consequence in premature termination of amino acid synthesis or loss of functional
protein. This type of mutation is called nonsense mutation.
Question 7
(a) i)
- Parental: Red leaves and normal seeds, Green leaves and tassel seeds.
- Recombinants: Red leaves and tassel seeds, Green leaves and normal seeds
ii)
(b)
Map Distance = 228 / 500 × 100
= 45.6 mu @ cM
