En.

636 Water Supply Engineering

Instructor: Asst. Prof. Abdul Rahman “Haziq”

Kandahar University
Faculty of Engineering
Water & Environmental Engineering
Department
 Introduction
 Types of conduits
 Types of pipes
 Pipe joints
 Corrosion of meter pipes
 Various aspects of design of pipes
 Flow through single and multiple pipe system
 Pipe laying
 Testing of pipes after laying
 Examples
2
Lecture # 6: Conduits for
Conveying Water

• The water withdrawn from the source of water supply is

required to be conveyed to the treatment plant and
consumers, this could be done through different types of
conduits.
• The length of the pipes depend on the location of
treatment plant.
• Size and types could be selected with respect to demand
of water, topography of the area, design life of the
network, fund and availability of materials.

En. 636 [Water Supply Engineering] 3

Lecture # 6: Conduits for
Conveying Water

• The conduits which convey water are classified

according to flow characteristics as follow:
1. Gravity Conduits (Water flow under gravity action)
2. Pressure Conduits (Water flow via pressure)

Types of gravity conduits

1. Open Channels (Canals):
• Open channels or canals are
generally used for carrying
water for irrigation, however, in
water supply, open channels are
used to carry water from the
source to the treatment plant.
En. 636 [Water Supply Engineering] 4
Lecture # 6: Conduits for
Conveying Water

Types of gravity conduits (Cont.):

2. Flumes:
• A flume is an open channel made of concrete, steel or
wood laid on to the ends of a depression connecting two
sides of canal and the cross section might be circular or
rectangular.

En. 636 [Water Supply Engineering] 5

Lecture # 6: Conduits for
Conveying Water

Types of gravity conduits (Cont.):

3. Aqueducts:
• An aqueduct is a closed conduit
of masonry or RCC carrying
water under gravity pressure
and the cross section might be
circular, rectangular or horse
shoe.

En. 636 [Water Supply Engineering] 6

Lecture # 6: Conduits for
Conveying Water

Types of gravity conduits (Cont.):

4. Tunnels:
• A tunnel is a conduit drilled through hill or mountain for
carrying water across an obstruction.
• The cross section might be circular, rectangular or horse
shoe. The water may flow with free surface with gravity
or pressure conduit under pressure.
• They might be lined with concrete or steel or may not be
lined.

En. 636 [Water Supply Engineering] 7

Lecture # 6: Conduits for
Conveying Water

Pressure Conduits (PC):

• Water flows under pressure in these types of conduits,
they are generally used in water supply scheme:
 In general the PC are more economical than the
gravity conduits, because they can follow the direct
routs which is always being shorter.
 As the length is shorter the maintenance cost is less.
 There is less chance of pollution in close conduits.
 The loss of water is less compare to gravity conduits
due to control of evaporation.

En. 636 [Water Supply Engineering] 8

Lecture # 6: Conduits for
Conveying Water
Pipes are normally classified based on the materials which
they are made:
1. Cast Iron Pipes (CI) Assignment: Please find out Physical
2. Wrought Iron Pipes and Chemical Parameters of these
types of pipes along with their
3. Steel Pipes location of industries and location.
4. Cement Pipes Please minimize them to maximum
of ten pages.
5. Asbestos Cement Pipes
6. Galvanized Iron Pipes (GI) Note: If you found any lacks in
manufacturing of materials, please
7. Wood Pipes indicate and give necessary
8. Copper Pipes recommendations.

9. Lead Pipes
10.Plastic Pipes
Assignment due date: 17 November, 2018
En. 636 [Water Supply Engineering] 9
Lecture # 6: Conduits for
Conveying Water

• The selection of particular types of pipe is made on the

basis of the following factors:
• The maximum internal and external loads, overlying
soils, traffic, impact shock, instability of bedding,
etc.
• Resistance to the corrosion, durability and maximum
life span of the pipe.
• Initial and as well as operation and maintenance cost.
• Quantity and quality of water to be conveyed.

En. 636 [Water Supply Engineering] 10

Lecture # 6: Conduits for
Conveying Water

The various types of pipes and their relatively usefulness

for different purposes are described below:
1. Cast Iron Pipe (CI):
 CI are extensively used in water supply schemes in towns and
cities.
 The CI pipes are highly resistance to corrosion and possess
other desirable properties.
 The CI pipes are durable for almost 100 years and so.

En. 636 [Water Supply Engineering] 11

Lecture # 6: Conduits for
Conveying Water
1. Cast Iron Pipe (Cont.):
Advantages of CI pipes:
 The cost of these pipes is moderate.
 These pipes are easy to be joined.
 These pipes are highly resistant to corrosion.
 These pipes are strong and durable.
 The service connection can be easily made.
 The useful life of span of CI pipes under normal conditions is almost 100 years.
Disadvantages of CI pipes:
 The water carrying capacity of these pipes decreases with time because of
increase in volume of friction factor due to tuberculation. The decrease in
capacity may be as much as 30 to 40 percent.
 These pipes are likely to break during transportation or while making
connection.
 These pipes become heavy and uneconomical, especially when their size
increases beyond 1200 mm internal diameter.
En. 636 [Water Supply Engineering] 12
Lecture # 6: Conduits for
Conveying Water

2. Wrought Iron Pipes:

• Rolling the wrought iron plates to proper diameter and
welding the edges can produce a wrought iron pipes.
 These pipes can be found at the range of 3 mm to 500 mm internal diameter.
 Compare to CI pipes the life span is almost 50 % less.
 They are not commonly used in water supply network.

En. 636 [Water Supply Engineering] 13

Lecture # 6: Conduits for
Conveying Water

3. Steel Pipes:
 These are pipes of mild steel made either by welding or riveting the
edges.
 They can be found in a range of 150 mm – 900 mm.
 The length are available up to 12 m.
 For better use, they should utilize in a accessible manner.
 They are mainly used in long pipelines and they are seldom used in
distribution scheme because they require more time repairs during
breakdown.

En. 636 [Water Supply Engineering] 14

Lecture # 6: Conduits for
Conveying Water
3. Steel Pipes (cont.):
Advantages of steel pipes:
 The steel pipes are generally available in long lengths and hence the number
of joints become less.
 These pipes are cheap in first cost.
 These pipes are durable and strong enough to resist high internal water
pressure.
 These pipes are relatively light in weight and therefore, it is easy to transport
them.
Disadvantages of steel pipes:
 The steel pipes are likely to be rusted.
 The maintenance cost of these pipes is high.
 These pipes require more time for repair, hence not suitable for distribution
pipes.
 These pipes cannot withstand high negative or vacuum pressure.
 The steel pipes are likely to deform in shape under combined actions of
external and internal loads.
En. 636 [Water Supply Engineering] 15
Lecture # 6: Conduits for
Conveying Water
4. Cement Concrete Pipe:
• Made of PCC, RCC and Prestressed concrete either in
Situ or precast in factories later placed.
Advantages of CCP:
 The inner surface of the cement concrete pipes can be made
smooth.
 The maintenance cost of these pipes is low.
 The pipes are durable with a life span of 75 years.
 These pipes are suitable to resist load due to backfilling and will
not collapse or fall under normal traffic loads when placed below
roads.
 These pipes are quite heavy and hence they will not be affected
by the force of buoyancy when placed under water even they are
empty.
En. 636 [Water Supply Engineering] 16
Lecture # 6: Conduits for
Conveying Water

4. Cement Concrete Pipe (Cont.):

Advantages of CCP (Cont.):
 These are not subject to corrosion when buried in ordinary soil
or when carrying normal potable water.
 For these pipes expansion joints are not normally required
because they possess the least coefficient of thermal expansion
as compare to other types of pipes.
 These pipes are not affected under normal atmospheric actions.
 In most cases possible to cast them on site and only require
cement and steel to transport.
 For its manufacturing relatively special skilled labor is not
required.
 There is no danger of rusting and incrustation in the case of
cement concrete pipes.
En. 636 [Water Supply Engineering] 17
Lecture # 6: Conduits for
Conveying Water

4. Cement Concrete Pipe (Cont.):

Disadvantages of CCP:
 In the case of cement concrete pipes leakage is likely to be
caused as a result of porosity and shrinkage cracks.
 These pipes are heavy and difficulty to transport.
 There are possibilities of cracking during transportation and
handling operation.
 Pipes may be corroded in the process of alkaline and acids.
 These pipes are difficult to repair properly.

En. 636 [Water Supply Engineering] 18

Lecture # 6: Conduits for
Conveying Water

5. Asbestos Pipe:
• These are pipes made of a mixture
of asbestos fibers and cement
combined under pressure.
• The diameter vary from 50 mm to
900 mm.
• The length vary from 1.5 m to 4
m.

En. 636 [Water Supply Engineering] 19

Lecture # 6: Conduits for
Conveying Water

Advantages of AP:
 These pipes are light in weight (being about 1/4th of cast iron
pipes of the same size and hence it is easy to handle and
transport them.
 These pipes can be easily joined without skilled labor.
 These pipes are highly resistant to corrosion.
 The inner surface of these pipes is very smooth and hence these
pipes are hydraulically quite efficient.
 These pipes are relatively cheap.
 The joints provided for these pipes are highly flexible which
may permit a deflection of much as 12৹ around curves.
 There is no need for expansion joints.
 These pipes can be suitably used as small size distribution
pipes.

En. 636 [Water Supply Engineering] 20

Lecture # 6: Conduits for
Conveying Water

Disadvantages of AP:
 These pipes do not have much strength.
 These pipes may easily get damaged by excavation
tools.
 These pipes are not durable.
 These pipes can be used only for very low pressure.
 The durability of the rubber rings used in joints for the
pipes is uncertain under all condition, being attacked
by petroleum in the soil.
 These pipes may be corroded by acids and sulphates in
the soil.
 These pipes cannot be laid in exposed place.

En. 636 [Water Supply Engineering] 21

Lecture # 6: Conduits for
Conveying Water

6. Galvanized Iron Pipe (GIP):

• A mild steel or wrought iron which is galvanized

and have a protective cover of Zink.
 These pipes are mainly used in house connection.
 The life span is about 20 years.
 The diameters vary from 6 mm to 100 mm.
 The lengths can be found up to 7m, however, for
large diameters the length is shorter.

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Lecture # 6: Conduits for
Conveying Water

7. Wood Pipes:
 These pipes are not durable.
 These pipes are light in weight but they cannot resist high
internal water pressure.
 These pipes are rarely used for the convey of water.
8. Cooper Pipes:
 These pipes are used for hot water
 These pipes are easily being bent.
 Very costly and are not able to be used in distribution system.
 They are highly acid and alkaline resistant.

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Lecture # 6: Conduits for
Conveying Water

9. Lead Pipes:
 These pipes are not used to
convey water .
 Mostly used in sanitary fittings.
 Used in water treatment system.
 Can be bent easily and can not be
used for hot water.

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Lecture # 6: Conduits for
Conveying Water

10. Plastic pipes:

 Plastic materials are relatively new and are use in all engineering
fields.
 Different types of plastic pipes made it commonly used.
 Highly resistant to internal water pressure.
 Can be found most economically.
• Plastic pipes have three major types such as:
1. Low density polyethylene pipe (LDPE)
2. High density polyethylene pipe ( HDPE)
3. Poly vinyl chloride pipe (PVC)

En. 636 [Water Supply Engineering] 25

Lecture # 6: Conduits for
Conveying Water

• Each water supply system needs a long pipe line in order

to convey water to each consumer. Since the pipes are
usually available in small length and are required to be
joined with joints in order to develop a long pipe line. The
pipe joints should be:
1. Watertight.
2. Strong
3. Durable
4. Economical

En. 636 [Water Supply Engineering] 26

Lecture # 6: Conduits for
Conveying Water

The following joints are used for joining the pipes:

1: Socket and Spigot or Bell or Spigot joint.
2: Flanged joint
3: Dresser coupling
4: Victaulic coupling
5: Flexible joint
6: Ring-Tite coupling or Simplex joint
7: Cement collar joint
8: Screwed socket joint
9: Expansion joint

En. 636 [Water Supply Engineering] 27

Lecture # 6: Conduits for
Conveying Water

Socket and Spigot or Bell or Spigot joint:

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Lecture # 6: Conduits for
Conveying Water

Flanged joint:

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Lecture # 6: Conduits for
Conveying Water

Dresser coupling:

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Lecture # 6: Conduits for
Conveying Water

Victaulic Coupling:

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Lecture # 6: Conduits for
Conveying Water

Flexible Joint:

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Lecture # 6: Conduits for
Conveying Water

Ring-Tite Coupling or Simplex joint:

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Lecture # 6: Conduits for
Conveying Water

Cement Collar Joint :

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Lecture # 6: Conduits for
Conveying Water

Screwed Socket Joint:

En. 636 [Water Supply Engineering] 35

Lecture # 6: Conduits for
Conveying Water

Expansion Joint:

En. 636 [Water Supply Engineering] 36

Lecture # 6: Conduits for
Conveying Water

• Iron and steel pipes are commonly used for the

conveyance of water in a water supply system. Due
continuous use, the materials used in the surface of
the pipe will get disintegrated and ultimately my
be dissolved in the water and will affect the water
quality.
• Furthermore, continuous corrosion will cause
friction increment and will cause decrease water
flow velocity.
• Both external and internal surface of the pipe are
faced similar problems of corrosion.

En. 636 [Water Supply Engineering] 37

Lecture # 6: Conduits for
Conveying Water

Effects of pipe corrosion:

1. Internal surface will become rough which will result
higher resistance to flow and will affect water quantity.
2. The water quality will be affected.
3. Life span will be reduced.
Factors contributing to pipe corrosion:
1. Acidity ( Water having low pH)
2. Alkalinity ( Water having high pH)
3. Biological Action ( Iron consuming Bactria)
4. Chlorination
5. Electrical Currents
6. Mineral and Organic Constituent
7. Oxygen
En. 636 [Water Supply Engineering] 38
Lecture # 6: Conduits for
Conveying Water

Theories of Corrosion of Metal Pipes:

• Various theories have been advanced to explain the
phenomenon of corrosion of metal pipes and they are as
follow:
1. Bimetallic galvanized action
2. Hydrogenation or Electro-chemical process
3. Bacterial (Biological) action
4. Electrolysis
5. Cavitation
6. Direct Oxidation
• For their detailed explanation, you are assigned to refer
to text book, Pg: 263-267.

En. 636 [Water Supply Engineering] 39

Lecture # 6: Conduits for
Conveying Water

Measurement for protection of Metallic pipes

against corrosion
• It is impossible to protect metallic pipes 100%
against corrosion, but some measurements are
adopted to protect the pipes against corrosion
and they are as follow:
1. Application of coatings or linings
2. Care in manufacture of pipes
3. Selection of pipe material
4. Provision of cathodic protection
5. Treatment of water

En. 636 [Water Supply Engineering] 40

Lecture # 6: Conduits for
Conveying Water

• The design of pipes is meant by both hydraulic

and structural design, Which involves:
• The determination of its size to carry required
amount of water under a known pressure
difference between inlet and outlet of pipe
(Hydraulic Design), and
• The minimum thickness required for the pipe to
enable it to withstand the various forces likely to
be excreted on the pipe respectively (Structural
Design).

En. 636 [Water Supply Engineering] 41

Lecture # 6: Conduits for
Conveying Water

Hydraulic Design of Pipe

A pipe can be hydraulically designed by:
1: Continuity Equation : Q = A*V
• The equation explains that higher velocity of
flow requires a pipe of smaller size and vice
versa for a given discharge.
• Generally, neither higher nor lower velocities
are preferable.
• Normally, the velocity range from 0.6 m/s to 1.5
m/s is preferred.

En. 636 [Water Supply Engineering] 42

Lecture # 6: Conduits for
Conveying Water

Hydraulic Design of Pipe (contd.)

2:

En. 636 [Water Supply Engineering] 43

Lecture # 6: Conduits for
Conveying Water

Energy loss of water flow though pipe:

• A flow through pipe might lose the head or energy by:
1: Minor losses (Different causes rather than friction losses)
2: Major losses (Friction losses)

En. 636 [Water Supply Engineering] 44

Lecture # 6: Conduits for
Conveying Water

En. 636 [Water Supply Engineering] 45

Lecture # 6: Conduits for
Conveying Water

En. 636 [Water Supply Engineering] 46

Lecture # 6: Conduits for
Conveying Water

En. 636 [Water Supply Engineering] 47

Lecture # 6: Conduits for
Conveying Water

En. 636 [Water Supply Engineering] 48

Lecture # 6: Conduits for
Conveying Water

En. 636 [Water Supply Engineering] 49

Lecture # 6: Conduits for
Conveying Water

Minor Losses
Minor losses can be determined in following cases :
1: Due to sudden enlargement in the pipe :
hL = (V1 – V2)2 /2g
2: Due to sudden contraction in the pipe :
hL = 0.5V2/2g
3: Due to entrance of pipe :
hL = 0.5V2/2g (Same as contraction)
4: Due to exit from the pipe :
hL = V2/2g (Double of the entrance)

En. 636 [Water Supply Engineering] 50

Lecture # 6: Conduits for
Conveying Water

Minor Losses (contd.)

Minor losses can be determined in following cases (contd.):
5: Due to gradual contraction or enlargement:
hL = k (V1 – V2)2 /2g
(k = value of the coefficient which depends on the angle of
convergence or divergence and could be taken from Table
6.13 on page 275)
6: Due to bend provided in the pipe :
hL = k V2/2g
7: Due to Various fittings (Valves, couplings , etc…)
hL = k V2/2g
The value of k could be taken from Table 6.13 on page 275.

En. 636 [Water Supply Engineering] 51

Lecture # 6: Conduits for
Conveying Water

• Continuity and Bernoulli`s equations are used to

analyses the flow of through single and multiple
pipeline system.
• These equations can help us draw the hydraulic
grade line and energy grade line of pipe flow.
Connecting all Connecting all
piezometric point velocity heads will
will give a hydraulic draw energy grade
grade line. line.
The change of The change in
piezometric head velocity head per
per unit length is unit length is called
called hydraulic energy gradient.
gradient

En. 636 [Water Supply Engineering] 52

Lecture # 6: Conduits for
Conveying Water

En. 636 [Water Supply Engineering] 53

Lecture # 6: Conduits for
Conveying Water

(1) Flow through long pipes (contd.):

En. 636 [Water Supply Engineering] 54

Lecture # 6: Conduits for
Conveying Water

+ HB

En. 636 [Water Supply Engineering] 55

Lecture # 6: Conduits for
Conveying Water

(2) Flow through pipes in series or a compound pipe:

En. 636 [Water Supply Engineering] 56

Lecture # 6: Conduits for
Conveying Water

(2) Flow through pipes in series or a compound pipe:

Let the pipes of different diameters (d1, d2, d3 , etc.) and of different
length (L1, L2, L3 , etc) be connected in a series as shown in the
figure (previous slide) ,the head loss could be :
𝑉1 2 𝑓1 𝐿1 𝑉1 2 𝑉2 2 𝑓2 𝐿2 𝑉2 2 𝑉2 − 𝑉3 2
𝑓3 𝐿3 𝑉3 2 𝑉3 2
𝐻 = 0.5 + + 0.5 + + + + ….
2𝑔 2𝑔𝑑1 2𝑔 2𝑔𝑑2 2𝑔 2𝑔𝑑3 2𝑔

𝜋𝑑1 2 𝜋𝑑2 2 𝜋𝑑3 2

𝑄= 𝑉 =+ 𝑉 = 𝑉
4 1 4 2 4 3

Neglecting minor head loss:

𝑓1 𝐿1 𝑉1 2 𝑓2 𝐿2 𝑉2 2 𝑓3 𝐿3 𝑉3 2
𝐻= + +
2𝑔𝑑1 2𝑔𝑑2 2𝑔𝑑3

En. 636 [Water Supply Engineering] 57

Lecture # 6: Conduits for
Conveying Water

(3) Flow through Equivalent pipes:

𝑓1 𝐿1 𝑉1 2 𝑓2 𝐿2 𝑉2 2 𝑓3 𝐿3 𝑉3 2
ℎ𝑓 = + + +⋯
2𝑔𝑑1 2𝑔𝑑2 2𝑔𝑑3

𝑄 = 𝑎1 𝑉1 = 𝑎2 𝑉2 = 𝑎3 𝑉3 = ⋯
𝜋 2 𝜋 2 𝜋 2
𝑄 = 𝑑1 𝑉1 = 𝑑2 𝑉2 = 𝑑3 𝑉3 = ⋯
4 4 4

Assuming: f1 = f2 = f3 =………………………….f
𝑓 𝑄2 𝐿1 𝐿2 𝐿3
ℎ𝐿 = + + +⋯
2𝑔 (𝜋)2 𝑑1 5 𝑑2 5 𝑑3 5
4
Neglecting minor losses:
𝑓𝐿𝑉 2 𝑓 𝑄2 𝐿
ℎ𝐿 = =
2𝑔𝑑 2𝑔 (𝜋)2 𝑑5
4
En. 636 [Water Supply Engineering] 58
Lecture # 6: Conduits for
Conveying Water

(4) Flow through pipes in Parallel:

The pipes are installed in parallel manner due to:
1. To increase the discharge passing through mains.
2. Not availability of pipe with large diameter.
3. Using one pipe in case its parallel one is damaged and under repair.

Q = Q1 + Q2

𝑓𝐿1 𝑉1 2 𝑓𝐿2 𝑉1 2
ℎ𝑓 = =
2𝑔𝑑1 2𝑔𝑑2

ℎ𝑓 = 𝑟𝑄𝑛

En. 636 [Water Supply Engineering] 59

Lecture # 6: Conduits for
Conveying Water

(5) Flow through pipes in interconnecting number of

reservoir branched pipes.

En. 636 [Water Supply Engineering] 60

Lecture # 6: Conduits for
Conveying Water

(5) Flow through pipes in interconnecting number of

reservoir branched pipes.
Via (Darcy Wisback Formula):
10.294𝑛2 𝐿1 𝑄1 2 10.294𝑛2 𝐿2 𝑄2 2 10.294𝑛2 𝐿3 𝑄3 2
ℎ𝑓1 = 16 ; ℎ𝑓2 = 16 ; ℎ𝑓3 = 16
𝑑1 3 𝑑2 3 𝑑3 3

Via (Manning Formula):

10.294𝑛2 𝐿1 𝑄1 𝑛 10.294𝑛2 𝐿2 𝑄2 𝑛 10.294𝑛2 𝐿3 𝑄3 𝑛
ℎ𝑓1 = 16 ; ℎ𝑓2 = 16 ; ℎ𝑓3 = 16
𝑑1 3 𝑑2 3 𝑑3 3
Via (Hazen-William Formula):
10.68 𝐿1 𝑄1 1.852 10.68 𝐿2 𝑄2 1.852 10.68 𝐿3 𝑄3 1.852
ℎ𝑓1 = 4.87 ; ℎ𝑓2 = 4.87 ; ℎ𝑓3 =
𝐶𝐻 1.852
𝑑1 𝐶𝐻 1.852
𝑑2 𝐶𝐻 1.852 𝑑3 4.87

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Lecture # 6: Conduits for
Conveying Water

• In each water supply system pipelines are frequently used

for carrying water form the source to the treatment plant
and for distributing water to the consumers.

En. 636 [Water Supply Engineering] 62

Lecture # 6: Conduits for
Conveying Water

The following operations are involved in the laying

of PL.
1. Preparing a detailed map showing the alignment of PL.
2. Locating the proposed alignment of the pipe line on
ground.
3. Location of pipes with respect to ground surface during
laying.
4. Preparing the bottom of the excavated trench.
5. Lowering of pipes in to trench.
6. Jointing of pipes.
7. Back filling or refilling of the trench.
8. Anchoring of pips.
En. 636 [Water Supply Engineering] 63
Lecture # 6: Conduits for
Conveying Water

Disinfection of pipeline before use:

• Generally, pipes carry untreated water from source to
water treatment plant are used after it is tested.
• The pipeline should be disinfected before it can be put in
to service.
• The pipe line is disinfected to keep it full with water and
add chlorine in such an amount that a residue of 50 mg/l
(50 ppm) is maintained for 12 hours. The pipe is than
emptied, flushed with fresh water and put into service.

En. 636 [Water Supply Engineering] 64

Lecture # 6: Conduits for
Conveying Water

Precautions against contamination of water in distribution

mains and service pipes.
It is necessary to take precautions against possible contamination of
water in distribution mains and services pipes So,
1. Adequate distance between water pipes and sewers should be kept.
2. Water pipes should not be run in the same trench as the sewer.
But where it is unavoidable:
1. The bottom of water pipe, at all points should be at least 300 mm
above the top of the sewer line at its highest point.
2. The waste pipe should be placed on a solid shelf excavated on one
side of the common trench.
3. The number of joints at the waste pipe should be kept minimum.
4. Materials and joints of sewer should reliable.

En. 636 [Water Supply Engineering] 65

Lecture # 6: Conduits for
Conveying Water

• After the pipeline is installed, a pressure test should be

done before it is put to regular service .
• Different standard has different requirement.
• All the pipelines are accepted after they are met the
required standard.

En. 636 [Water Supply Engineering] 66

Lecture # 6: Conduits for
Conveying Water
Estimate the size of supply conduits required to carry water from the source to a service
reservoir, serving L
1. A relatively small town of 20,000 population; and
2. A relatively large city with industrial establishment having population of 6 lakhs.
Also, determine the hydraulic gradient at which the pipelines are proposed to be laid.
Assuming suitable dater were required.

Solution:
The daily water consumption may be assumed as follow:
• For town of 20000 population : 200liters (lpcd)
For city with industrial establishment : 270 liters (lpcd) Average quantity of water
required:
(a) For town: = 200* 20000 liters/day
= 4* 106 liters/day
= 4 million liters/day
= 4 M.l.d.
(b) For city = 270* 20000 liters/day
= 162* 106 liters/day
= 162 million liters/day
= 162 M.l.d.
En. 636 [Water Supply Engineering] 67
Lecture # 6: Conduits for
Conveying Water

En. 636 [Water Supply Engineering] 68

Lecture # 6: Conduits for
Conveying Water

Average flow velocity is assumed to be 1.2 m/s:

(a) For town: Q = A* V

0.083 = A* 1.2
A = 0.083/1.2= 0.0692 m2
If d is the diameter of the pipe, than: A = d2/4 = 0.0692 = 296.8 mm
Say 300 mm.
(a) For town: Q = A* V
3.375 = A* 1.2
A = 3.375 /1.2= 2.8125 m2
If d is the diameter of the pipe, than: A = d2/4 = 2.8125 = 1.8923 mm
Say 1.92 m. Double pipes with diameter could be used if the required
diameter is not available.

En. 636 [Water Supply Engineering] 69

Lecture # 6: Conduits for
Conveying Water

Hydraulic gradient by:

(1) Hazan-William formula: Assuming CH = 110,
(a) For Town
10.68 𝐿𝑄1.852 ℎ𝑓 10.68 𝐿𝑄1.852
ℎ𝑓 = =
𝐶𝐻 1.852 𝑑4.87 𝐿 𝐶𝐻 1.852 𝑑4.87

ℎ𝑓 10.68 (0.083)𝑄1.852 ℎ𝑓 1
= 1.852 4.87
; = 0.006201 =
𝐿 (110) (0.3) 𝐿 161
(b) For City

ℎ𝑓 10.68 (3.375)𝑄1.852 ℎ𝑓 1
= ; = 0.000738 =
𝐿 (110)1.852 (1.9)4.87 𝐿 1355

En. 636 [Water Supply Engineering] 70

Lecture # 6: Conduits for
Conveying Water

Hydraulic gradient by (Cont.):

(2) Manning formula: Assuming n = 0.014,
(a) For Town
10.294𝑛2 𝐿𝑄 𝑛 ℎ𝑓 10.294𝑛2 𝑄𝑛
ℎ𝑓 = 16 = 16
𝐿
𝑑3 𝑑3

ℎ𝑓 10.294(0.014)2 (0.083)𝑛 ℎ𝑓 1
= 16 = = 0.008543 =
𝐿 𝐿 117
(0.3) 3
(b) For City

ℎ𝑓 10.294(0.014)2 (3.375)𝑛 ℎ𝑓 1
= 16 = = 0.000749 =
𝐿 𝐿 1335
(1.9) 3

En. 636 [Water Supply Engineering] 71

Lecture # 6: Conduits for
Conveying Water

Hydraulic gradient by (Cont.):

(3) Darcy Wisbach Formula: Assuming f = 0.02 ,
(a) For Town
𝑓𝐿𝑄 2 ℎ𝑓 𝑓𝑄 2
ℎ𝑓 = =
12.1𝑑5 𝐿 12.1𝑑 5

ℎ𝑓 (0.02)(0.083)2 ℎ𝑓 1
= ; = 0.004686 =
𝐿 12.1(0.3)5 𝐿 213
(b) For City

ℎ𝑓 (0.02)(3.375)2 ℎ𝑓 1
= ; = 0.0007604 =
𝐿 12.1(1.9)5 𝐿 1315

En. 636 [Water Supply Engineering] 72

Thank you

73