University of Tripoli

Faculty of Engineering
Electrical and Electronic Department
Communication laboratory #EE521

Pulse code modulation &

Time division multiplexing

Supervised by: Dr. A. Ashur

Prepared by. Salem. A. Elmotamed. #022150994

Date of experiment: September 2, 2020

Date of submission: September 2, 2020

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Contents
Abstract.....................................................................................................................................3
Introduction...............................................................................................................................3
Equipment.................................................................................................................................5
Procedure and Discussion.........................................................................................................5
Quantization and serial pulse modulation flow.....................................................................5
Sinusoidal signal input..........................................................................................................8
Two channel PCM-TDM communication system................................................................9
Conclusion...............................................................................................................................10

Note: all dashed (-) lines are a steps of procedure in the procedure and discussion
section.S

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Abstract
Within this experiment a pulse code modulation and time division multiplexing are applied
as form of simple experiment on a training kit called MCM30 Pulse modulations, that
supports Pulse amplitude modulation, Pulse width modulation, Pulse phase modulation, and
most importantly Pulse code modulation (PCM) and Time division multiplexing.
The experiment steps are.
- Connecting and powering the model.
- Experimenting the properties of PCM with direct current (DC) input and measuring
step size of the quantizer based on the measurements, also measuring the limits of the
quantizer which mean the maximum and the minimum voltage that can be sampled.
- Experimenting the properties of PCM with sinusoidal signal and examining the
waveform at different stages in the pulse code modulator.
- Examining the demodulation process of sinusoidal signal of PCM after passing it
through a channel.
- Determining the properties of the PCM including Power So, quantization noise N q, step
size (a), Bandwidth ( BW ), Bitrate (r b ), bit-duration (T b), sample-rate ( f s ), frame-
duration (T s ), and bit-clock-duration ¿).
- Applying TDM on two PCM modulated signals and watching the output TDM signal
and determining some of the signal properties.
- Applying TDM demodulation on the previously modulated signal.
The results of this experiment was incredibly accurate and as in expectations and very close
and if not matching to theoretical values, and this kind of high accuracy was expected since
the rigidness of the system and that all modulators and signal sources are built in with the
same printed circuit board PCB.

Introduction
A Modulation process is known as the process of varying one or more parameter of a carrier
signal based on a message signal.
The carrier as the name indicates used to carry or transmit the message signal which is the
intended communication message to a long distance.
There are several modulation technique for analog and digital modulation, and out of those
digital technique there is the pulse code modulation (PCM) technique that converts an analog
signal to digital signal.
In PCM the signal is converted to digital by.
1. Sampling the analog signal with flat to sampler and that can be achieved by using
sample & hold technique.

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 2. Quantizing the sampled signal by defining a certain level of voltages and the if a
signal false close to on level the sample then considered that level.
3. Finally, each sample is converted to a digital signal using analog to digital converted
A/D, However the output of an A/D is a parallel bit’s then the a parallel to serial
converter is needed, the process of converting from analog to digital called Encoding.
4. After serializing the signal, the process is considered finished however it is possible to
use a filter to limit the bandwidth of the modulated signal.
5. The output of the PCM can then be modulated with a certain kind of shift keying
techniques a phase shift keying PSK, or amplitude shift keying ASK, then that signal
can be transmitted through a wired or wireless channel.
When demodulating the signal, the following process is followed.
1. The signal has to be filtered.
2. Regenerated.
3. Decoded.
4. Reconstructed.
The following figure shows a linear pulse code modulator and emodulator

Figure 1 linear pulse code modulator.

Figure 2 TDM multiplexer and demultiplexer.

Block Diagram shows the simplified block diagram for a PCM carrier system comprised of
two DS-0 channels that have been time division multiplexed. Each channel input is sampled
at an 8KHz rate and then converted to an eight bit PCM code. While PCM code for channel
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1 is being transmitted.  Channel 2 is sampled and converted to a PCM code. While the PCM
code from channel 2 is being transmitted, the next sample is taken from channel 1 and
converted to PCM code.

The process continues and samples are taken alternately from each channel, converted to
PCM codes and transmitted.

Multiplexer is simply an electronically controlled digital switch with two inputs and one
output. Channel 1 and channel 2 are alternately selected and connected to transmission line
through the multiplexer.

One 8-bit PCM code from each channel (16-bits total) is called a  TDM frame, and time it
takes to transmit one TDM frame is called frame time.  Frame time is reciprocal of sample
rate (1/fs) or 1/8000 =125μs.

The PCM code for each channel occupies a fixed time slot within the total TDM frame, With
Two channel system, one sample is taken from each channel during each frame, and time
allocated to transmit PCM bits from each channel is equal to one half the total frame time.
Therefore eight bits from each channel must be transmitted during each frame (a total of 16
PCM bits per frame). Thus line speed at output of multiplexer is

Each channel is producing and transmitting only 64Kbps, the bits must be clocked out onto
line at a 128Kbps, rate to allow eight bits from each channel to be transmitted in a 1211μs
time slot.

Equipment
- Oscilloscope.
- Wiring.
- Pulse modulation training kit.
- Voltmeter.

Procedure and Discussion

Quantization and serial pulse modulation flow
- First powering the module and setting the PCM mode to linear.
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 - Connecting DC signal to PCM input (terminal point 28 or TP28 to TP30) as illustrated
in figure-1.
By applying a DC input to the PCM, its possible to see the parallel digital coded value of the
sampled signal on the set of LEDs.
It’s possible to measure the step size of the quantizer by taking two different reading of two
different voltage, and take their corresponding digital value from the LED’s and then its
possible to find the step size as follow.
No. Voltage reading Digital reading
1 −0.6 V 7
2 −0.516 V 23

−0.516− (−0.6 )
a= =5.25 mV .
23−7

Also, from by measuring when the LEDs zeros out and when they exactly fill out we can
find the upper and lower limit of quantization. And by doing that it found to be.
Voltage limit Value
Lower limit -0.632V
Upper limit 0.632V

Since this is a Standard DS0 sampler it should be taking 8000 sample and 8 bits for each
sample therefore 255 quantization levels using the measurements found about the limit
voltage it is possible to try calculating the step size again.
2∗0.632
a= = 5 mv
255

Which is thankfully close value but not exact to our first measurement, and that is basically
due to equipment limitations.
- Synchronize the oscilloscope to the frame synchronism (Tx frame sync. Tp35).
Now by placing the oscilloscope to the parallel-to-serial converter output and placing the DC
input in a median value The bit duration can found as follow.
T b=15.62 µSec .

And since this kind of digitalizing is non returning zero or NRZ then all bit are stacked
together and frame length should be.
T s=n . T s=8∗15.62=124.96 µSec .

Which is very close value from the actual value of 125 µ . Sec .

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By other method we can just measure the frame width from the sample clock signal since the
frame width is the sample width. And taking this reading from oscilloscope directly as in
figure below.
Ts=126 µ . Sec .

Then sampling rate or frame rate which are the same is

1 Sample
f s= =8 K .
Ts second

Figure 3 Sampling clock signal.

Which is also close value from the actual one.

The bit rate on the other hand is one over the bit-duration therefore.
1
rb = =64.02 KbPS
15.62 µSec

And that is also very close value from the actual 64KbPS value of a DS0 line.
The Bandwidth of a PCM signal is usually the half of the bitrate.
rb
BW = =32 KHz .
2

The bit clock signal is illustrated in figure below.

Figure 4 bit clock signal.

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The bit clock indicates a time duration of 15.7 µSec .
And the number of bits included withing the next frame synchronism is 8 bits.

Sinusoidal signal input

- for the same circuit connect 1KHz-1Vpp to the analog input of the modulator (connect
TP24 to TP30 and adjust the signal level to 1Vpp).

Figure 5 sinusoidal 1Vpp, 1KHz. signal.

- synchronize the oscilloscope to the input analog signal (TP30) TP33: pulses for the
sampling of the analog signal.
taking shots for each stage of the modulator as follow.
TP33 or the sampling signal is included in figure-3.
TP34 sampled and hold signal.

Figure 6 Sample & Hold signal.

TP37 the output of the parallel serial converter is illustrated below.

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 Figure 7 parallel serial converter output.

The output of low pass filter LPF at TP38.

Figure 8 low pass filter output at TP38.

The received signal at TP39 after passing through channel.

Figure 9 received signal after passing through channel with minimum attenuation and noise.

Output of the low pass filter at TP40.

Figure 10 output of the LPF filter at TP40.

Now, it is possible to determine the signal to noise ratio by measuring the amplitude of the
output signal at the destination and by knowing the step-value.
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a2 ( 5.25E-3 )
Nq= = =2.29 µW .
12 12

0.56 2
So = =0.1568W .
2

Then SNR is.

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 0.1568
SNR=10 log ( 2.29E-6 )=48.4 dB
Two channel PCM-TDM communication system
- set the circuit to 2_channel mode and µ-low coding (SW6=2_CH , SW7=µ ,
SW8=TS1, SW9=TS2) As shown in the figure below.

- connect 1KHz -1Vpp to the analog input of the CODEC1, and no signal to the input of
the CODEC2 (connect TP24 to TPS8).
- the 2-channel TDM frame is formed as follows. The analog signal applied to the 1N1
input of the CODEC1 is transformed into PCM flow at 64KbPS. under control of the
pulses TS1 (frame slot1 assignment, TP60), the 8 PCM bits related to each sampling
instant are inserted into time slot 1. The analog signal applied to the 1N2 input of the
CODEC2 is transformed into PCM flow at 64KbPS. under control of the pulses TS2
(frame slot2 assignment, TP61), the 8 PCM bits related to each sampling instant are
inserted into time slot 2.
- synchronize the oscilloscope to the pulses for the time slot 1 assignment (TS1, TP60),
and set the time base on 50µs/div.
- examine the signal PCM-TDM in TP63.
The signaling rate of the TDM is twice the input signal signaling rate since there is two input
channels and each of them standard DS0 64KbPS, that is 2∗64=¿128KbPs.

Conclusion
The results of the experiment indicate that theoretical principles of pulse code modulation
including all the parameters that has been found is mathematically and experimentally close
to the Actual standard and theoretical values.
The miss readings in the durations and frequencies is due to the oscilloscope accuracy.
Within these steps it was been possible to see the time division multiplexing of two signals
in action and to see how they are acting at each stage of modulation and demodulation of
TDM-PCM signal.

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It has been found that in pulse code modulation at the signal is sampled as flat top sample
using a sample & hold technique, then these samples are quantized to certain level and then
converted to parallel stream of binary digits, then this parallel stream converted to serial
stream which considered the output.

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