FINISHES: WALL

HONG, IBASCO, LAU, YANG

FINISHES: WALL

Types of Main
Wall Construction:
1.) Walls whose finishes reflect their materials
● The material of the wall will not be used
as a base for another finish
● Put up when the building is already built
● Examples: brick, stone, and concrete
FINISHES: WALL

Types of Main
Wall Construction:
2.) Walls whose surfaces require
further finish
● Examples: paint, wallcovering, tile,
and paneling
● Serve as a subsurface for a final
finish
FINISHES: WALL

Wall Finishing Materials: 3. ENAMEL PAINT

1.) Paint → oil based paint (glossy finish)
→ excellent coverage and color
● TYPES OF PAINT:
retention
1. OIL PAINT 4. BITUMINOUS PAINT
→ thick, hard, and slow drying
→ made of asphalt bitumen or
→ smooth and glossy finish
coal tar
→ stain resistant
→ black in color
→ not suitable as exterior paint
→ used for waterproofing
2. EMULSION PAINT (underwater structure & weather
→ water based paint protecting steel work)
→ durable and quick drying → used for exterior metal work
→ suitable as interior & exterior paint such as fire escapes and ladders
FINISHES: WALL

Wall Finishing Materials: 7. LATEX PAINT

1.) Paint → based on pigment and
synthetic resin
● TYPES OF PAINT: → works well to cover concrete
5. EPOXY PAINT (protection from moisture)
→ hard and shiny finish 8. ACRYLIC PAINT
→ primarily used on flooring (is → used for wall murals
also used on kitchen countertops) 9. FIRE-RETARDANT PAINT
6. LUMINOUS PAINT → stops flame and fire spreading
→ glows in the dark (contains a over a given surface
substance that emits light) → releases a flame dampening
→ normally used for road and gas once they become hot
traffic signs and sign boards
FINISHES: WALL

Wall Finishing Materials:

1.) Paint
● TYPES OF PAINT:
10. ELASTOMERIC PAINT
→ durable and capable of bridging
hairline cracks on vertical walls
→ high build coating that is
designed to protect masonry
surfaces
FINISHES: WALL

Wall Finishing Materials:

1.) Paint
● BEHAVIORAL DEFECTS OF
PAINT:
→ caused by by improper formulation or
paint application, water pressure, or
weathering
1. Excessive & Premature
Chalking
2. Sagging and Running
3. Washing
FINISHES: WALL

Wall Finishing Materials:

1.) Paint
● BEHAVIORAL DEFECTS OF
PAINT:
4. Stains
5. Blistering & Peeling
6. Alligatoring
7. Wrinkling
FINISHES: WALL

Wall Finishing Materials:

2.) Varnish
● protects the paint from dirt and dust and evens out the paint's final
appearance, making it all equally glossy or matte
● TYPES OF VARNISH:
1. GLOSS 2. SATIN 3. MATTE
→ brings out the colors → semi-gloss finish → non-reflective finish
→ makes it shiny → tone down glaring
color scheme
FINISHES: WALL

Wall Finishing Materials:

1.) Paint & Varnish
● PREPARING THE SURFACE
1. Clean the surface
→ Use TSP (trisodium phosphate if
necessary)
2. Patch holes and cracks
3. Tape off areas
4. Prime the surface
FINISHES: WALL

Wall Finishing Materials:

1.) Paint & Varnish
● PREPARING THE SURFACE
5. Paint the basecoat
6. Divide the walls
→ create vertical workable sections
to prevent strokes from straying too
much
7. Apply the paint and varnish
→ roll or spray it
FINISHES: WALL

Wall Finishing Materials:

2.) Wall Coverings
● TYPES OF CLADDING
1. TIMBER
FINISHES: WALL

Wall Finishing Materials:

2.) Wall Coverings
● TYPES OF CLADDING
2. STONE
FINISHES: WALL

Wall Finishing Materials:

2.) Wall Coverings
● TYPES OF CLADDING
3. VINYL
FINISHES: WALL

Wall Finishing Materials:

2.) Wall Coverings
● TYPES OF CLADDING
4. METAL
FINISHES: WALL

Wall Finishing Materials:

2.) Wall Coverings
● TYPES OF CLADDING
5. BRICK
FINISHES: WALL

Wall Finishing Materials:

2.) Wall Coverings
● TYPES OF CLADDING
6. CONCRETE
FINISHES: FLOORING

HONG, IBASCO, LAU, YANG

FINISHES: FLOOR

WOOD FLOORING
A. Softwood
a. Strip flooring
i. Consists of tongue-and-grooved boards that are 6” in width
FINISHES: FLOOR

WOOD FLOORING
A. Softwood
a. Strip flooring
● Nominal sizes
1. 1” x 3”
2. 1” x 4”
3. 1” x 6”
FINISHES: FLOOR

WOOD FLOORING
A. Softwood
a. Strip flooring
● Widths
1. 2 ¼ “
2. 3 ¼ “
3. 5 ¼ “
● Thickness
1. ⅞ “
FINISHES: FLOOR

WOOD FLOORING
A. Softwood
a. Strip flooring
■ Procedure
○ The first strip is nailed and placed with the
grooved edge close to the wall.
○ All other strips are blind-nailed.
■ Sleepers should be treated with a suitable wood
preservative
FINISHES: FLOOR

WOOD FLOORING
B. Hardwood

a. Parquet Tile Flooring

● Also called block flooring
● Has a veneered surface and consists
of several layers
● Patterns can be herringbone, basket
weave, and squares
FINISHES: FLOOR

WOOD FLOORING
B. Hardwood

a. Parquet Tile Flooring

● Sizes
○ 9⅝“x9⅝“
○ 14 ½ “ x 14 ½ “
○ 19 ¼ “ x 19 ¼ “
○ 24” x 24”
FINISHES: FLOOR

WOOD FLOORING
B. Hardwood

a. Parquet Tile Flooring

● Thickness
○ ⅜“
○ ⅓“
FINISHES: FLOOR

WOOD FLOORING
B. Hardwood

a. Parquet Tile Flooring

■ Procedure
○ Concrete subfloor should be
level/flat and cured for two
weeks before the application of
the parquet
FINISHES: FLOOR

CONCRETE FLOORING
A. Single monolithic slab
B. Base slab w/ metallic aggregate
topping
● Size-graded iron particles
● Aluminum oxide and silicon carbide to
produce a non-skid surface
FINISHES: FLOOR

CONCRETE FLOORING
B. Floor Tile
● Patterned and/or textured or embossed
to resemble brick, slate, etc.
● Commonly used for patios, driveways,
sidewalks, garages, pot decks, etc.
FINISHES: FLOOR

CONCRETE FLOORING
B. Floor Tile
● Sizes
i. 3” x 3”
ii. 6” x 6”
iii. 12” x 12”
FINISHES: FLOOR

CLAY-TILE FLOORING
A. Glazed Tile
● Non-vitreous (more than 7% moisture)
● Semi-vitreous (3% to 7% moisture)
● Vitreous (less than 3% moisture)
● Impervious (impermeable)
FINISHES: FLOOR

CLAY-TILE FLOORING
A. Glazed Tile
● Reflecting qualities
i. Bright glazes
ii. Matte glazes
FINISHES: FLOOR

CLAY-TILE FLOORING
A. Glazed Tile
● Manufacture
i. Dust-press process
➢ Shaped in steel dies
ii. Plastic process
➢ Clay rendered plastic
FINISHES: FLOOR

CLAY-TILE FLOORING
B. Unglazed Tile
● Color and texture from material
● Hard, dense ceramic tile
FINISHES: FLOOR

CERAMIC TILE FLOORING

● Inorganic, nonmetallic solid
● Uses heat and subsequent cooling
● Used for floors, walls, countertops,
patios, backsplash, house trims
FINISHES: FLOOR

CERAMIC TILE FLOORING

● Principal constituents ● Surface finishes
i. Plastic i. Smooth
ii. Filler (e.g. kaolin, tale, flint) ii. Textured
iii. Flux or solvent (minimal feldspar) iii. Glazed
iv. Unglazed
● Sizes v. Polished
i. 6” x 6” vi. Unpolished
ii. 24” x 24”
FINISHES: FLOOR

CERAMIC TILE FLOORING

● Types
i. Glazed interior tiles
ii. Ceramic mosaic tiles
1. unglazed
2. vitrified
iii. Quarry tiles
1. Impervious
2. Abrasion resistant
iv. Pavers
1. weatherproof
FINISHES: FLOOR

CERAMIC TILE FLOORING

● Porcelain
i. Water-resistant and more
durable than other ceramic tiles
ii. Contains finer clay particles and
fired at a higher temperature
FINISHES: FLOOR

ASPHALT FLOORING
● Asphalt Mastic Flooring
i. Emulsified asphalt with portland
cement, sand and gravel, or crushed
stone to acquire a plastic mixture
ii. Can be produced in planks which are
precasted and folded in molds
FINISHES: FLOOR

ASPHALT FLOORING
● Asphalt Tiles
i. Consists of asbestos fibers with
asphaltic binders
ii. Can be added with polysterene plastic
FINISHES: FLOOR

TERRAZZO FLOORING
● mixture of cement, marble chip
aggregates and water
● Durable, minimal maintenance
● Abrasive granules such as
aluminum oxide are added for
non-slip surfaces
FINISHES: FLOOR

TERRAZZO FLOORING
● 200 lbs of marble chip aggregate to
1 bag of cement
● Non-slip
i. 150 lbs marble chip aggregate and 50
lbs abrasive granules to 1 bag of
cement
● Thickness
i. ⅝ “
FINISHES: FLOOR

PLASTIC FLOORING
● Plastic Terrazzo
a. Epoxy resin instead of portland cement
paste as binder for marble chips
b. 100 lbs epoxy resin, 50 lbs fine calcium
silicate, 2 ¼ lb titanium dioxide, ¾
mineral pigment, 10 lbs aliphatic
polymine, and 450 lbs of small marble
chips
FINISHES: FLOOR

PLASTIC FLOORING
● Vinyl Tile
a. Layer of vinyl plastic to a flexible
backing
b. Sizes
i. 6” x 9”
ii. 9” x 9”
c. Highly resistant to fats, oils, most acids
alkalies, petroleum
FINISHES: FLOOR

PLASTIC FLOORING
● Vinyl Asbestos
a. Made of thermoplastic vinyl resin and
plasticizer asbestos fibers, pigments
and fillers
b. Resistant to grease, acids, and alkalies
FINISHES: FLOOR

PLASTIC FLOORING
● Vinyl
a. Cushioned flooring composed of a thick
sponge vinyl backing covered with a
layer of woven fiberglasss fabric
b. Color from vinyl plastic
c. Thickness
i. 0.15”
d. Size
i. 54”
ii. 72”
FINISHES: FLOOR

MAGNESITE FLOORING
● From calcined magnesium oxide
and magnesium chloride
● Mixed into plastic state then applied
to floor in two coats
● Thickness
a. ½” to ¾ “
● Applied over wood or concrete base
FINISHES: FLOOR

RUBBER FLOORING
● Synthetic rubber since it has less
tendency to oxide
● Pigments and plasticizers are
added to the liquid rubber then
rolled into sheets
FINISHES: FLOOR

RUBBER FLOORING
● Sizes
a. 6” x 6”
b. 9” x 9”
c. 12” x 12”
● Thickness
a. 3/32 “
b. ⅛ “
c. 3/16 “
FINISHES: FLOOR

CORK FLOORING
● Linoleum
a. Composed of linoxyn,
powdered cork, resin gum,
wood flour, and color pigments
b. Grade
i. A = 3/32”
ii. AA = ⅛ “
iii. AAA = ¼ “
FINISHES: FLOOR

CORK FLOORING
● Linoleum
a. Roll linoleum
i. Plain = single color
ii. Inlaid = several colors
extending through burlap
backing
FINISHES: FLOOR

CORK FLOORING
● Linoleum
a. Linoleum Cement
i. Plain = ordinary installation
ii. Waterproof = kitchens and
bathrooms
FINISHES: FLOOR

CORK FLOORING
● Cork Tile
○ Cork shavings and resin
○ Sizes
i. 6” x 6”
ii. 9” x 9”
iii. 12” x 12”
iv. 6” x 12”
v. 12” x 24”
FINISHES: FLOOR

CORK FLOORING
● Cork Tile
○ Warm, quiet, and resilient
○ water-resistant
FINISHES: FLOOR

PEBBLE WASHOUT FLOORING

● Pea sized sandstones or pebbles
mixed with cement mortar
a. No. 5, no. 10, no. 15
● For balconies, walks, and stairways
to avoid slippery floors
FINISHES: FLOOR

MARBLE FLOORING
● Thickness
a. 1”
● Sizes
a. .40m x .40m
b. .30m x .60m
c. .20m x .40m
FINISHES: FLOOR

CRAZY CUT MARBLE FLOORING

● Odd shaped broken marble
● Laid out on the floor with mortar
then spaces will be filled with
granulithic mixture
FINISHES: FLOOR

OTHER NATURAL STONES

● Limestone
● Sandstone
● Quartzite
● Slate
● Stone
● Granite stone
● Cobblestone
FINISHES: FLOOR

OTHER NATURAL STONES

● Permanent solution for covering
basements, garages, patio concrete
floors, and flood-prone area
FINISHES: FLOOR

CARPET FLOORING
● Textile floor covering with an upper
layer of “pile” on the backing
● Sizes
a. Small = at most 2 sq.m
b. Medium = 3.5 sq.m to 5 sq.m
c. Large = 5 sq.m to 8 sq.m
FINISHES: FLOOR

CARPET FLOORING
● Disadvantage
a. Accumulates dust thus air
quality deteriorates
b. Regular maintenance to avoid
molds, fungi, and bacteria
FINISHES: FLOOR

HIGH DENSITY FIBERBOARD (HDF) FLOORING

● Hardboard
● T&G connections
● Fiberboard that is harder and
denser than particle board or MDF
● Cannot be used outside due to its
permeability
FINISHES: FLOOR

RUBBERIZED FLOORING
● Rolls, sheets, and tile form
● Used in public transit, public
circulatory routes, sports and
fitness centers, playgrounds, and
stair treads
FINISHES: FLOOR

RUBBERIZED FLOORING
● Sizes
a. 12” x 12”
b. 18” x 18”
c. 36” x 36”
● Rolls
a. 4 ft in width
b. 20 to 30 ft in length
FINISHES: FLOOR

GLASS FLOORING
● Uses tempered/toughened glass to
withstand stresses
● Combined with a metal frame
● Sizes (residential)
a. 1.2m = 2 x 1mm
b. 1.5m = 3 x 10mm
c. 1.8m = 3 x 12mm
d. 2m = 4 x10mm
FINISHES: CEILING
CEILING
- the element that defines the interior environment
- encloses and/or hides structural elements and other electrical and mechanical components of a
roof or the floor above
CEILING TYPES
A. SUSPENDED CEILING
- secondary ceiling suspended by wires from the floor slab
above
- there is a void created between the structural ceiling and
the finished ceiling which may be used to conceal utility
elements
- a metal grids is formed and filled with ceiling panels and
lighting fixtures
CEILING TYPES
B. EXPOSED CEILING

- utility works such as air ducts and pipings are left

exposed
- “industrial style”

C. VAULTED CEILING

- elevated ceiling
- may rise up or be arched
CEILING TYPES
D. COVE CEILING

- ceiling design which elevates gradually towards the

center

E. COFFERED CEILING

- pattern of recessions or indentations on the ceiling

achieved with a grid design
CEILING MATERIALS
A. DRYWALL (GYPSUM BOARD)

- gypsum boards are drilled onto a metal grid attached to

the structural ceiling
- common size of 4’x8’, but also available in longer lengths

B. PLYWOOD

- boards of plywood are nailed to wooden frame

- prone to cracks in seams after some time
- Commonly available in 4’x8’ boards
- fire rating is not very good
CEILING MATERIALS
C. METAL CEILING PANEL

- metal sheet tiles or plank-like pieces

- typically perforated for acoustical purposes

D. MINERAL FIBER CEILING PANEL

- refers to all panels that are mineral-based

- may be soft or hard, depending on its binder
- Commonly found in 2’x2’ and 2’x4’ tiles
- noncombustible
CEILING MATERIALS
E. FIBERGLASS PANEL

- typically flat and one face is covered in vinyl

- comes in various textures
CEILING MATERIALS
ACOUSTICAL CEILING MATERIALS
F. ACOUSTIC TILES

- made from fibers of wood, cane and asbestos

- primary use is for ceilings
- may be installed on solid surfaces or ceiling frames and suspended ceiling grids
- generally comes in three types:

a. cellulose fiber tiles

b. mineral wool tiles

c. fiber glass tiles

ACOUSTICAL CEILING MATERIALS
G. SPRAYED ON ACOUSTICAL MATERIALS

A. PLASTER MADE OF VERMICULITE OR PERLITE AGGREGATE

- A premixed product requiring only water
- May be applied by hand or by a machine
- If by hand, two coats is applied, ⅜”for the first coat, ⅛” for the second coat
- If by machine, two to four coats is applied, until the plaster reaches a thickness of at
least ½”
ACOUSTICAL CEILING MATERIALS
G. SPRAYED ON ACOUSTICAL MATERIALS

B. MINERAL FIBER COATING

- Uses wool or fibers of mineral and asbestos and an

adhesive to hold them
- A binding material is mixed with the fiber then packed
ready for application
- Surface to be covered is coated with adhesive, then the
fiber is sprayed in one or more coats
- Each coat is tamped, and the final coat is sprayed with a
sealer
ACOUSTICAL CEILING MATERIALS
H. CORK

- agglomerated cork mixed with a binder

- good insulation and acoustic absorption
- installed using rugby or nails
- Common size is 12” x 36”, varying in thicknesses from ½” to
3”
OTHER CEILING MATERIALS
A. EGG CRATES
- for acoustic and decorative purposes
B. METAL AIR-CONDITIONING LOUVER
C. STEEL LOUVER
- Louvers are commonly used in industrial buildings, and
banquet halls, or lobbies
FINISHES: ROOFING
SHINGLES
a roofing unit of wood,
asphaltic material, slate, tile,
concrete, asbestos cement or
other materials applied in an
overlapping fashion
KINDS OF SHINGLES
Wood Shingles

- Made from trees that are light when dry, has

high crushing strength, and slow growing
which produce narrow annual rings.

Wood Shakes

- used for the same purpose as shingles but are

split rather than sawed from the blocks. This
produces a much rougher face than in the
case with shingles.
TYPES OF SHAKES
1. Hand Split
- made by cutting planks of proper thickness and
running them through a bandsaw diagonally.
2. Taper Split
- Produced by hand-splitting. A shingle like taper
is achieved by reversing the block end-for-end
with each split.
3. Straight Split
- Similarly done as taper split except that
splitting is done from one end of the block only
KINDS OF SHINGLES
Asphalt Shingles

- Made from heavy rag felt, saturated

asphalt and coated with asphalt.
- Ceramic coated mineral granules are
pressed into the asphalt for fire
resistance.
KINDS OF SHINGLES
Asbestos Cement

- Made from a combination of asbestos

fibers in portland cement paste.
- The material is rolled into sheets 5/32
in thick. Hard and brittle making the
use of soft nails a must.
KINDS OF SHINGLES
Aluminium Shingles

- Made from sheet aluminum

approximately 0.020 inches thick
- used on roofs with a slope of 3 in 12 or
steeper.
- manufactured with a plain surface, with
an anodized finish, or with a baked-on
vinyl-enamel finish
ROOFING TILE

Terracotta

- Because of its weight, well-braced

roof frames are necessary.
- Terracotta tiles should be laid
over an asphalt felt base and are
fastened with copper nails.
ROOFING TILE
Concrete Roofing Tile

- laid without nails and rely on their

weight to hold them in place.
- first course is supported by a
horizontal furring strip. Each
succeeding tile is supported by the
one below.
SHEET METAL ROOFING
1. Steel
a. Galvanized Steel
- Steel coated with zinc. Produced in corrugated
sheet or in plain sheets.
b. Long Span Roofing
- a double coating and double baking of zinc
coated G.l. steel sheets by a special
epoxy-acrylic.
SHEET METAL ROOFING
2. Stainless Steel

- 14 to 20 percent chromium content is added

for great resistance to corrosion
- produced in relatively thin sheets,
andfabrication must be done in the shop bc of
its hardness
- expensive
SHEET METAL ROOFING
3. Monel Metal

- This is an alloy containing about 70 percent

nickel, 27 percent copper, and 3 percent iron
- highly corrosion-resistant and does not tarnish
easily
- requiring shop fabrication
- expensive.
SHEET METAL ROOFING
4. Copper

- Soft-rolled = easily worked

- Cold-rolled = stronger, harder, but less ductile
- thicknesses or weights-16, 20, 24 and 32 oz.
per sq. ft.
- lengths of 8 and 10 ft.
- an attractive soft blue-green patina forms on
copper so that its beauty is enhance with age
SHEET METAL ROOFING
5. Lead

- very pliable and useful

- can be drawn and stretched to fit wrapped
surfaces
- weighs at least 2 1/21b. Per sq. ft. and contains
between 6 and 7 1/2 percent antimony
- Size = 2 x 4ft
SHEET METAL ROOFING
6. Zinc

- lighter and stiffer than lead but is affected by

acids and has a high coefficient of expansion
- Rolled zinc sheet is sometimes used for roofing
and flashing
- much wider application as a coating for steel
roofing sheets.
SHEET METAL ROOFING
7. Galbestos

- steel-sheet core covered on both sides with a

layer of zinc
- Gauge = 18, 20, 22 and 24
- Width = 30 or 33 in
- Lengths = 12 ft
- Side and end lapping joints
SHEET METAL ROOFING
8. Aluminum

- light, non-corrosive, rigid and durable

- very high coefficient of thermal expansion
- Gauges = 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24 and 26
- Thicknesses = 0.081, 0.064; 0.051, 0.040,
0.032, 0.025, 0.020 and p.016
- Width = 24 to 48 in
- Lengths = 4 to 12 ft
- Mechanical jointing ( slip seam joints)
BUILT UP ROOFING
● Type no. 1 - consisting of asphalted felt paper,
asphalt and gravel, or slag and is intended to
roof slopes from 1/2
● Type no. 2 - consists of tarred felt paper, pitch
and gravel. This is intended for roofs with slope
of 0 to 1 in. per foot.
● Type no. 3 - consists of asbestos felt, asphalt
felt, and a smooth flood coat of asphalt,
intended for roofs with a slope of from 1/2 to 8
in. per ft.
BUILT UP ROOFING
● Type no. 4 - requires heavy slate-surfaced
roofing paper as well as asphalt-saturated
felts and may be used on roofs with slopes
from 2 to 18 in.
● Type no. 5 - . The felts are cold process
felts, saturated with cold asphalt
emulsion, and the asphalt top coating is
applied cold.
ROLLED ROOFING
a. Smooth roll

- consists of asphalt-saturated felt

covered with a smooth coating of
asphalt.

b. Mineral

- has a layer of crushed slate embedded

in the asphalt surface coating,
- made in 36 in. wide.
ROLLED ROOFING
c. Pattern edge roll

- made in 32 and 36 in.

- normally lapped 2 in. when being
applied to a roof.
SPRAYED-ON ASPHALT ROOFING
- This is a new technique for the application of
asphalt roofing. A special gun with three nozzles
and a fiber cutting chamber is used.
- The thickness of the film can be increased by
repeated sprayings.
- This type of roofing is applied over regular base·
roofing felts of irregular shapes.
GLASS ROOFING
● Corrugated Glass
○ made in sheets with corrugations
corresponding with the board
roofing
○ Thickness = 3/8 in. thick
○ Maximum size = 50 x 144 in.
○ allow the entry of light through the
roof
○ weather-proof by elastic caulking
compound at side and end laps.
GLASS ROOFING

● Wired Glass
○ has embedded wire mesh with at
most 7/8 in. openings.
○ Thickness = 1/4 in
○ polished or patterned surface.
○ maximum size of 60 x 132 in.
○ held in metal frames and is
commonly used in skylights, etc.
PLASTIC ROOFING
Corrugated plastic sheet

- made from glass-fiber-reinforced

plastics in color or translucent. Sheets
are 34 in. wide and 8, 10, 12ft. long with
2 1/2 or 1 1/4 in. corrugations.
PLASTIC ROOFING
Sheets of clear vinyl plastic

- used in greenhouses, conservatories,

and factory buildings.
- Compared to glass sheets, it can be
much larger because of their great
impact strength.