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Development of Soybean Protein-Based Bioplastic Infused with Fertilizing Properties from

Casein of Cow’s Milk
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TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE 1

TABLE OF CONTENTS 2

ABSTRACT 3

INTRODUCTION

I. Background of the Study 4

II. Statement of the Problem 9

III. Hypotheses 9

IV. Significance of the Study 10

V. Scope and Limitations 11

METHODOLOGY 13

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

I. Results 18

II. Discussions 22

III. Conclusion 23

RECOMMENDATIONS 24

BIBLIOGRAPHY 25
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ABSTRACT

Plastic is cheap and incredibly universal with properties that make it ideal for many applications.

However, these qualities have also resulted in becoming an environmental issue. Plastic is a valuable

resource and plastic pollution is an unnecessary and unsustainable waste of the resource. Since the ocean is

downstream from nearly every terrestrial location, it is the receiving body for much of the plastic waste

generated on land.

With a growing problem spreading in our community, researchers inspect a way on making our

society recover from the hazards we are experiencing right now. Investigators thought a plan on how to

reduce a large amount of waste material that can be recycled like plastics pervading our nature by using

Soybeans, Cow’s milk, Glycerol, Sodium Hydroxide, Acetic Acid, Ethyl Ether, Ethanol, and Casein

obtained from the Cow’s milk to make bio plastic.

Investigators used the protein extracted from the Soybeans. Casein was isolated form the cow’s milk

containing phosphoprotein. The casein was obtained by adding a drops of acetic acid in the compound. In

the synthesis of the bioplastic, the glycerol which is the plasticizer was mixed with the soybean protein

powder. After that, it was heated and the Sodium Hydroxide was added to neutralise the acidity of the

mixture. The plastic solution formed was placed in an aluminium mold which gave a uniform thickness to

the synthesized bioplastic.

The investigators recommend making a further studies and testing out other material that may be used

and may have the same potential.

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INTRODUCTION

The term “plastics” includes materials composed of various elements such as carbon,

hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, chlorine, and sulfur. Plastics typically have high molecular weight,

meaning each molecule can have thousands of atoms bound together. Naturally occurring

materials, such as wood, horn and rosin, are also composed of molecules of high molecular

weight. The manufactured or synthetic plastics are often designed to mimic the properties of

natural materials. Plastics, also called polymers, are produced by the conversion of natural

products or by the synthesis from primary chemicals generally coming from oil, natural gas, or

coal (American Chemistry Council, Plastics Industry Producer Statistics Group, 2005).

Interest in making plastics arose in the 1800s to replace scarce materials such as ivory

and tortoise shell. The first synthetic plastics were derived from cellulose, a substance found in

plants and trees. Cellulose was heated with chemicals and resulted in a new material that was

extremely durable (Professor Plastics, October 29, 2018).

When plastics emerge from reactors, they may have the desired properties for a

commercial product or not. The inclusion of additives may impart to plastics specific properties.

Some polymers incorporate additive during manufacture. Other polymers include additives

during processing into their finished parts. Additives are incorporated into polymers to alter and

improve basic mechanical, physical or chemical properties. Additives are also used to protect the

polymer from the degrading effects of light, heat, or bacteria; to change such polymer processing

properties such as melt flow; to provide product color; and to provide special characteristics such
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as improved surface appearance, reduced friction, and flame retardancy (American Chemistry

Council, Plastics Industry Producer Statistics Group et al., 2005).

Non-biodegradable petrochemical plastics such as polypropylene and polyethylene are

used in several fields. The waste plastics are disposed by incineration and/or landfill treatments.

This has caused environmental problems such as air, soil and water pollutions. Recently, many

kinds of bioplastics, such as poly (hydroxylalkanoate) (PHA), poly (lactic acid) (PLA), poly

(butylene succinate) (PBS) and PBS-co-adipate (PBSA), which contain natural materials or

biodegradable polymers, have been developed. The use of these bioplastics as a replacement for

conventional plastics is being tried in agricultural fields, medical fields, and the dairy industries

(Adhikari D., Mukai M., Kubota K., Kai T., Kaneko N., Araki K., Kubo M., 2016).

The development of new materials to substitute synthetic polymers has become an

important challenge nowadays. Among these materials, biopolymers from agricultural resources

are becoming an interesting alternative not only as biodegradable film suitable for food

packaging but also as plastic stuff, which require improved mechanical properties. Proteins,

lipids and polysaccharides have been used as biopolymer sources for many years (Irissin-

Mangata, 2001; De Graaf, 2000).

Numerous vegetables proteins (Corn, wheat gluten, soy proteins, etc.) and animal

proteins (milk proteins, collagen, gelatin, etc.) Have been used to manufacture bioplastic

(Pommet, 2003).

In addition the biodegradability of protein-based bio materials have been proved to be

among the rates of fast-degrading polymers. Therefore, the use of proteins for non-food
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applications maybe a promising way to produce biodegradable materials with a large range of

functional properties because of their unique structures (Domenek, 2004).

Bioplastics are made by converting the sugar present in plants into plastic. In the United

States, that sugar comes from corn. Other countries use sugar cane, sugar beets, wheat, or

potatoes. This makes bioplastics renewable and better for the environment than conventional

plastics. Two types of bioplastics are now produced in large quantities. They are called

polylactide acid (PLA) and polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) (Cynthia Washam, April 2010).

Bioplastic production and use are regarded as more sustainable than petroplastics because

of less requirement of fossil fuel as carbon source, less greenhouse gas emission and reduction in

hazardous waste generation. One metric ton of bioplastics generates between 0.8 and 3.2 fewer

metric tons of carbon dioxide than one metric ton of petroleum-based plastics (Pragati Pramanik,

Usha Mina and Nimisha Sharma, December 2015).

In a report released a few years ago, the Ocean Conservancy singled out the Philippines

as one of five countries from where majority of plastics originates.  But the most popular of them

all is plastic bags. Globally, we carry home between 500 billion and a trillion every year – about

150 bags for every person on earth, or, to put it another way, a million every minute and rising.

This alarms environmental groups in the Philippines as plastic bags are used only once.  Other

single-use plastics include straws, coffee stirrers, soda and water bottles and most food

packaging materials.  The country’s so-called “sachet economy” has also contributed to the

proliferation of plastics.  Products sold in single-use sachets include instant coffee, shampoo,

cooking oil, food seasoning and toothpaste.  Once they’re used, they are just thrown away

(Henrylito D. Tacio, July 3, 2018).

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NatureWorks has reported that PLA (polylactic acid) bioplastic production delivers a

fossil fuel saving of between 25 and 68 per cent compared with polyethylene. A detailed study

conducted by Franklin Associates and Athena Institute reported that bioplastics are less

environmentally damaging for some products, but more environmentally damaging for others.

This study does not consider the end-of-life of the products, thus ignores the possible methane

emissions. Other studies showed that bioplastics represent a 42% reduction in carbon footprint.

(Pragati Pramanik, Usha Mina and Nimisha Sharma et al., December 2015).

The development of new materials to substitute synthetic

polymers has become an important challenge nowadays.
Among these materials, biopolymers from agricultural sources
are becoming an interesting alternative not only as biodegrad-
able films suitable for food packaging but also as plastic stuffs,
which require improved mechanical properties. Proteins, lipids
and polysaccharides have been used as biopolymer sources for
many years (Irissin-Mangata et al. 2001; De Graaf 2000)
The development of new materials to substitute synthetic
polymers has become an important challenge nowadays.
Among these materials, biopolymers from agricultural sources
are becoming an interesting alternative not only as biodegrad-
able films suitable for food packaging but also as plastic stuffs,
which require improved mechanical properties. Proteins, lipids
and polysaccharides have been used as biopolymer sources for
many years (Irissin-Mangata et al. 2001; De Graaf 2000)
In agricultural fields, waste bioplastics are supposed to be disposed in the soil after use.

The degradation of the bioplastics by soil microorganisms has been reported, and several

microorganisms, such as Bacillus sp. and Aspergillus sp., are isolated and identified as bioplastic

degraders from the soil environment (Adhikari D. et. al., 2016).

Soybean proteins recently have been considered as petroleum polymer alternatives in the

manufacture of adhesives, plastics, and various binders. Using proteins as petroleum polymer

alternatives is underway worldwide. Protein polymers have been found to have great potential

for many unique industrial, medical, and military applications. Proteins have been considered for
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environmentally friendly adhesives that could be used for plywood, particle boards, and in

packaging. Heat and pressure are two main external factors that influence protein curing

behavior and, consequently, the mechanical properties of soybean protein plastics (Xiuzhi Susan

Sun, Hak-Ryang Kim, and Xiaoqun Mo, 1999).

The effect of bioplastic mixed in oraganic fertilizer on corn growth and soil properties

was studied in pot experiment. The bioplastics were mized in organic fertilizer and tested in corn

compared with different types and rates of fertilizer application. The bioplastic mixed in cattle

manure compost could reduce soil acidity and electrical conductivity but did not affect on plant

nutrients. (Journal Of Biobased Materials and Bionergy, 2013).

Impact of bioplastics on environment are its better than petro plastics in terms of fossil-

fuel consumption, greenhouse gas emissions and energy efficiency. Biodegradable plastics are

easy to recycle and are non-toxic. The demand for bioplastics growing at a slow rate and it

increases with raising awareness among citizens. (GKTODAY, February 11, 2016).

In response to the given complication, this research study is conducted as a resolution to

the growing amount of plastic wastes in the environment and the ecological, economic, and

social problem of waste disposal. It intended to developed a more durable, recyclable,

compostable and environment-friendly protein-based bioplastic derived from soybeans with

fertilizing properties obtained from phosphorus of milk products as designated replacement for

common traditional petroleum plastics.

Predominantly, through this study, a path paved for the development of protein-based

bioplastic derived from soybeans with fertilizing properties obtained from phosphorus of milk
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products. It generated and elongated various scientific fields continuously and initiate inquiries

that prompt promising future researches.

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STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

This study aims to to determine the efficiency of protein from soybeans as main component

of bioplastic and the capability of phosphorus from cow’s milk to infuse it with fertilizing

properties.

Specifically, this study is concerned with seeking answers to the following questions:

1. How may the obtained biodegradable plastic be described in terms of

a. Mechanical Properties

i. Tensile strength

b. Soil Burial Degradation Test

i. Biodegradability

2. How may the fertilizing property of the bioplastic film be described in terms of

a. Growth of plant

b. Height of plant

3. Is there a significant difference on the mechanical properties of the traditional PLA-based

bioplastic and the protein-based bioplastic?

4. Is there a significant difference on the rate of growth and height of the plant planted in

pure soil and soil infused with bioplastic.

HYPOTHESES

H0: There is no significant difference between the mechanical properties of the traditional

PLA-based bioplastic and the protein-based bioplastic.

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There is no significant difference on the rate of growth and height of the plant planted in

pure soil and soil infused with bioplastic.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This study sought to help the following:
Community. The bioplastics industry uses their green-sounding credentials to position

themselves as helping to speed the reduction in fossil fuel use and solving the ever-growing

plastic pollution and marine litter issues (ECOS, 2017). To maximize the space in the industry

and environment, this research study will be handful for the community to produce alternative

bioplastic film, which is degradable, compostable, and environment-friendly and has the same

characteristics as petroleum-based plastics. In addition to that, its disposal process will also be

beneficial because of its fertilizing properties.

Environment. This research study mainly aims to prevent the numerous amount of

plastic wastes in the community from increasing. Bio-plastics can replace conventional plastics

in the field of their applications also and can be used in different sectors such as food packaging,

plastic plates, cups, cutlery, plastic storage bags, storage containers or other plastic or composite

material items you are buying and therefore can help in making environment sustainable

(OMICS International, 2016).

Department of Science and Technology (DOST). They can help to improve the quality

of the product and increase its capabilities. They can also use this as a stepping stone to more

elaborate and effective sources since biodegradable plastic breaks down much faster, so there is

less of an impact on the earth and the landfills (BionomicFuel, 2019).

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Science Education (Teachers and Students). This study will serve as an eye-opener to

different sectors of science education and prove that studying shouldn’t end in the four corners of

the classroom, instead we should do something that will benefit on community and environment.

Future Researchers. This research study will also provide informations and data for the

later use in the future. Also, this project might lack new information that will be found in the

future. Thus, the researchers entrust the improvisation of this study to the future researchers.

Environmental, economic, and safety challenges have caused many scientists to invent

biodegradable polymers as a substitute for petrochemical based polymers. This biodegradable

polymers or bioplastics indicate more eco- friendly environment than the conventional plastic

which lead to environmental issue. (Reddy L., Reddy S., Gupta A., 2013).

The persistent problem in the development of biodegradable plastics is the high cost of

production which leads to certain limitations. An alternative has been proposed by using

agriculture waste. (Jain R., Tiwari A., 2015).

Therefore, production of bioplastics is the breakdown innovation to solve the

environmental issues by using renewable and degradable natural resources in order to provide

more costly effective bioplastics.

SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS

This study focuses on the ability of soybean protein and casein to produce a

biodegradable plastic infused with fertilizing properties with the capability of being completely

degraded back to carbon dioxide and water. This study aims to contribute a new knowledge and

implication in Science Education.

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This study limits the main component of the bioplastic to the proteins of soybean only

for it is rapidly emerging as one of the most prominent sustainable plastics of the 21st century.

The relative abundance of soy and its functional and thermoplastic properties, low cost, and

biodegradable characteristics have made it a material of great interest for widespread use in the

plastics industry. As most of the functional properties of the final products are directly related to

the physico-chemical properties of the raw material, a detailed knowledge of the inherent

characteristics of soy-based materials is essential for understanding and manipulating their

properties for better end-user applications (Thakur V.K., Thakur M.K., Kessler M., 2017)

All the procedures performed by the researcher are conducted within the premises of

Mariveles National High School-Poblacion and most of the materials were collected from

Mariveles, Bataan.

Beyond what is discussed in this study sets as the limits of the study.
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METHODOLOGY

Extraction of Protein Isolation of Casein Synthesis of the

from Soybean from Cow’s Milk Bioplastic Film

Testing Fertilizing Soil Burial Tensile Strength Test

Properties Degradation Test

Materials

Soybeans and cow’s milk were used as raw materials in this study. Protein was extracted

from 100g of soybeans which was purchased from a local market in Mariveles. 10 grams of

powdered cow’s milk was used as the source of phosphorus, which was purchased from a local

grocery store in Mariveles. 15ml of glycerol was used as a plasticizer and 15ml of sodium

hydroxide (NaOH) was used as neutralizer, both were purchased from the market. 2ml of acetic

acid, 5 ml of ethyl ether, and 5 ml of ethanol that was used for the isolation of casein was

purchased from an online shop (craftology.ph). PLA-based bioplastic which was used as the

controlled variable was purchased from an online shop (Shopee). All laboratory equipments that

were used were borrowed from the science laboratory of Mariveles National High School-

Poblacion.
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Methods

Extraction of Protein from Soybean

1 0 0 g o f s o y b

the abundance of Bownman-Birk Inhibitor protein

in soybeans exudates by incubating the seeds in

warm water and provides a simple and alternative

method to isolate this low molecular weight

protein.). After that, it was crushed and boiled with

a little water that burst the oil cells. Previous

heating of the soybeans was avoided because it tended to make the proteins less soluble.

A c c o r d i n g t o S

protein extraction. Water can further fractionize a

compound and substance from the standpoint of

yield and purity of product, and time and equipment

involved according to Muhammad Sidiqque (2014).

750 ml of distilled water was added to 100 g of

ground fat-free soybeans. Then, suspension was

agitated gently using an electric mixer for 30 minutes at room temperature. It was then poured

into a canvas bag to be filtered. The protein powder that was obtained was used for the synthesis

of the bioplastic.
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Isolation of Casein (Phosphoprotein) from Cow’s Milk

5 grams of powdered non-fat dry milk was weighed

out and was dissolved in 20 mL of warm water in a 100

mL beaker. The temperature of the solution was brought to

55oC (do not exceed) using a thermometer on a hot plate,

and then 2ml of Acetic Acid was added dropwise while

being stirred with a stirring rod. According to Dr. John C.

Bruhn (2017), Acetic Acid is generally less harsh than

other form of substance so it is best to be used to warm the milk and for the casein to precipitate

and it should not be added too rapidly to avoid the casein to redissolve. The acid addition (2

mL will be required) was continued. It was important not to add too much acid, because it might

hydrolyze some of the lactose in the milk and reduced your yield. The precipitated casein was

stirred until it formed a large amophous mass; then it was removed with a stirring rod and was

placed in another beaker.

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Next, the casein was collected by suction filtration that removed as much water as

possible and was pressed solid with a spatula. The casein was placed in a 100 mL beaker and 5

mL of a mixture of 1:1 ethyl ether and ethanol was added (According to Trejo Risa (2010), that

ethanol and ethyl could decrease the extrinisic flourescense of the samples as it concentrates in

the increasing of the temperature, indicating competitive inhibition of the ANS-hydrophobic site

interaction by ethanol. This inhibition was further enhanced by the addition of heat. This resulted

in a reduction in the functional hydrophobicity of the milk proteins as ethanol rendered the

hydrophobic sites unavailable for interaction.) (Caution: highly flammable - no flames). The

casein was stirred in the ether for a few minutes, decanted the ether, and the process was

repeated with a second 5 mL portion of ether. After the second washing with ether, the product

was suctioned. The ether washings removed any small quantities of fat that may have

precipitated with the casein according to McMaster University - Chem2O06 Lab Manual Ege

(1997/98). The casein was placed between several layers of paper towels to help dry the product,

and was let stand the air for 10-15 minutes.

Synthesis of the Biodegradable Plastic

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12 grams of soybean protein powder was measured with a weighing scale into a 600 ml

beaker, 50 ml of distilled water was added, stirred continuously with the magnetic stirrer. Then

15 ml of glycerol (plasticiser) was added as the solution required a slightly acidic medium for the

formation of plastic.. The solution was heated in an oven at a setting of 200 0C until it was boiled

for about 30 mins. 15 ml of NaOH was added that neutralised the acidity of the mixture.

The plastic solution formed will be carefully casted in an aluminum mold which has been

prepared to give a uniform thickness of the film. According to WFEO (2018), the liquid plastic

should be placed in an oven set at a 50 0C heating temperature for 20 hours and the bioplastic

film was obtained.

Testing Tensile Strength

A tensile strength test was applied in order to classify the difference of the strength of

plastic samples in terms of searching the needed force to break the sample. Tensile strength was

figured out by dividing the kilogram force by the area of the film in square millimiter

(Harunsyah, 2017).

Soil Burial Degradation Test

Soil burial degradation test was used to determine the biodegradable behaviour of the

bioplastics. Degradation testing determined the extent of damage of the bioplastics. The damage

was seen from the mass reduction of respective specimens buried in the ground (Heru Suryanto,

2017).

Both films were cut into 10 mm x 10 mm then buried in the soil at 8 cm depth. The initial

mass (mass before degradation) of each bioplastic was measured prior to the burial then the final

mass (mass after degradation) was measured afterwards.

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Testing Fertilizing Properties

To test the fertilizing property of the obtained bioplastic film, it was buried in the soil for

8 days until it was almost degraded. After that, corn seeds was planted in pure soil and the soil

infused with the bioplastic for corn shows signs of germination quickly. The growth of the plant

was frequently observed for 8 days (every two days) and the final height was measured in

centimeters.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

RESULTS

The results of this study are presented in this chapter by figures and table form. The

results displayed include: the physical appearance, tensile strength, biodegradability, and

fertilizing properties of the synthesized bioplastic film.

Testing Tensile Strength

Testing Tensile Strength (kgf/mm2)
PLA-based Bioplastic 2.56
Protein-based Bioplastic 2.34

Soil Burial Degradation Test

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Figure 1. After 2 days (2.5 grams) Figure 2. After 4 days (2.3 grams)

Figure 3. After 6 days (1.2) grams) Figure 4. After 8 days (0.8 grams)
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Testing Fertilizing Properties

Figure 5.

Pure Soil

Figure 6. Soil

Infused with

Bioplastic

Figure 7. After 2 days in Pure Soil Figure 8. After 2 days in Soil with Bioplastic
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Figure 9. After 4 days in Pure Soil Figure 10. After 4 days in Soil with

Bioplastic

Figure 11. After 6 days in Pure Soil Figure 12. After 4 days in Soil with Bioplastic

Figure 13.
After 8 days in Pure Soil Figure 14. After 4 days in Soil with Bioplastic
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DISCUSSION
Testing Tensile Strength
Using the formula (kgf/mm2) and the varying amount of PLA-based bioplastic and

Protein-based bioplastic, the amount of tensile strength is almost the same. Therefore we accept

the null hypothesis.

Tensile strength is the maximum load large unity initial cross-sectional area of the

sample. Tensile strength indicates the ability to accept load or tension without damaging the

composite or broken which is stated with a maximum tension before breaking namely ultimate

tensile strength. Tensile strength of composite material can be affected by several factors,

including the relative comparison between the matrix and the reinforcement materials in

composite materials, namely how many zinc oxide is added to the polymer matrix compared

with composite materials.( IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 2017).

Soil Burial Degradation Test

The result of the test varied for 2, 4, 6, 8 days. Degradation testing determines the extent

of damage of the bioplastics. The protein-based bioplastic and PLA-based bioplastic had the

same rate of degradation According to Heru Suryanto, (2017), the damage can be seen from the

mass reduction of respective specimens buried in the ground. The bioplastic obtained was able to

be degraded back to carbon dioxide and water. Therefore, we accept the null hypothesis. Hence,

there is no significant difference between the biodegradability of the traditional PLA-based

bioplastic and the protein-based bioplastic.

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Fertilizing Properties

The corn seed planted in pure soil reached 5 centimeters on the 8 th day while the corn

seed planted in soil infused with bioplastic reached 8 centimeters on the 8 th day. The rate of

growth and height of the plant on the soil infused with bioplastic were faster and taller than that

of the plant planted on pure soil. Therefore, we reject the null hypotheses. Hence, there is a

significant difference on the rate of growth and height of the plant planted in pure soil and soil

infused with bioplastic.

CONCLUSION

Latterly paving a way from performing experiments, making investigations and

distinctively testing, the investigators discovered that protein from soybean had a potential in the

creation of biodegradable plastics which had been infused with fertilizing properties from the

casein which is a phosphoprotein isolated from cow’s milk. The bioplastics garnered had a huge

capability of degrading back into water and carbon dioxide. The soybean protein bioplastics

acquired were beneficial and functional in terms of biodegradability, tensile strength, soil burial

degradation and its content of fertilizing properties. The fertilizing properties of the bioplastics

generated from phosphorus of powdered milk served as a beneficial method for the soil burial

degradation as it helped for the quick germination of the planted corn. The conditions of the

soybean protein-based bioplastics were the same as the petroleum-based plastic. The reason

behind this was, it had the similar functional qualities and performed operations likewise the

conventional plastics but the dissimilarity was the bioplastics can be degraded back as water and

carbon dioxide by microorganisms acting on it. Consequently, the soybean protein bioplastics

infused with isolated phosphorus from powdered milk obtained can be applicable in the manner
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of compostable, recyclable, biodegradable, fertilizing, and environment-friendly discretion for

petroleum-based plastics.

RECOMMENDATIONS

Based on the effectuated resulting outcomes, the preceding statements can serve as

recommendations

 To those willing upcoming and on-going researchers who gain interest for continuing this

particular study and conducting further studies, the investigators would gladly imply an

indication that you should amend and follow the proper methodology and have adequate and

sufficient knowledge or information pertaining to the things that are contained in conducting

this research study.

 The usage of unalike components that is highly available around your surroundings.

 Perform an experiment attentively and much better in a more scientific way.

 Enhance and improve the product if necessary.

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Jain R., Tiwari A. (2015). Biosynthesis of Plant Friendly Bioplastics Using Renewable
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Thakur V.K., Thakur M.K., Kessler M. (2017). Soy-based Plastics. Retrieved from
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 28

Woods, M. (2012). Soybeans soaked in warm water. Retrieved from

https://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/pressroom/presspacs/2012/acs-presspac-may-9-
2012/soybeans-soaked-in-warm-water-naturally-release-key-cancer-fighting-substance.html?
fbclid=IwAR3wcSuDK4Sf718ZyS4vKS9m2BZNen6qVtNS4D7s7Co2Tm7BfULEcSc8BK4

Woodruff, S. (1998). Protein Extraction. Retrieved from

http://share.iit.edu:8080/bitstream/handle/10560/762/extractionofprot00lazo.pdf?
sequence=1&isAllowed=y

McMaster University - Chem2O06 Lab Manual Ege (1997/98). Isolation of Casein. Retrieved
from https://www.chemistry.mcmaster.ca/~chem2o6/labmanual/expt11/2o6exp11.html
Bruhn, J. (2017). Preparation of Casein. Retrieved from https://drinc.ucdavis.edu/dairy-food-
sciences/preparation-casein-skim-milk?
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Harunsyah (2017). Tensile Strength. Retrieved from

http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1757-899X/210/1/012015/pdf

Suryanto, H. (2017). Soil Burial Degradation Test.

http://journal2.um.ac.id/index.php/jmest/article/download/1207/629

Harunsyah (2017). Tensile Strength. Retrieved from

http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1757-899X/210/1/012015/pdf

WFEO (2018). Synthesis of Bioplastic. Retrieved from http://www.wfeo.org/wp-

content/uploads/wecsi2014/A3/POSTER/A3-6.MAINPAPER-Development_of_a_Bio-
film_for_Food_PackagingIjagbemi.pdf

Gibbens, S. (2018, November 15). What you need to know about plant-based plastics.
Retrieved from https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/2018/11/are-bioplastics-made-
from-plants-better-for-environment-ocean-plastic/

Chen, Y.J. (2014). Bioplastics and their role in achieving global sustainability Retrieved from
http://www.jocpr.com/articles/bioplastics-and-their-role-in-achieving-global-sustainability.pdf
 29

Porcalla, D. (2018, June 15). Philippines 3rd largest contributor to ocean plastic Retrieved
from https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2018/06/15/1824813/philippines-3rd-largest-
contributor-ocean-plastic#fF5T1jBeKTgR68pI.99

Biome Bioplastics (2011). Bioplastics. Retrieved from

https://www.carboncommentary.com/blog/2011/09/02/bioplastics-an-important-component-of-
global-sustainability

Luise, M. (2017). Bioplastics from Soybean Products. Retrieved from

https://sciencing.com/biodegradable-plastics-made-soybean-products-22587.html?
fbclid=IwAR0IGw6zvwkCoYMEb_VVSntoJZSA78gYISIDfqSf0sWMScgRfylU3-tCbUI

Thakur, V.K., Thakur, M.K., Kessler, M. (2017). Soy-based bioplastics. Retrieved from
https://www.bioplasticsmagazine.com/en/books/smithers_Soy.php?
fbclid=IwAR3lYVbdaaNMtN7dQUzKnw9aq_8xF0hRVJTO9PbRU9xHNuZsv7KXT1HsFF4

Jerez (2007). Thermomechanical Procedure. Retrieved from

http://www.academia.edu/17424944/Development_of_highly-transparent_protein_starch-
based_bioplastics?
fbclid=IwAR1VvaQQe6W1tCP9zG673uOKe_AtfCXELHQksvz0yaeIEUi9wpuMjlOoals

Woods, M. (2012). Soybeans soaked in warm water. Retrieved from

https://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/pressroom/presspacs/2012/acs-presspac-may-9-
2012/soybeans-soaked-in-warm-water-naturally-release-key-cancer-fighting-substance.html?
fbclid=IwAR3wcSuDK4Sf718ZyS4vKS9m2BZNen6qVtNS4D7s7Co2Tm7BfULEcSc8BK4

Woodruff, S. (1998). Protein Extraction. Retrieved from

http://share.iit.edu:8080/bitstream/handle/10560/762/extractionofprot00lazo.pdf?
sequence=1&isAllowed=y

McMaster University - Chem2O06 Lab Manual Ege (1997/98). Isolation of Casein. Retrieved
from https://www.chemistry.mcmaster.ca/~chem2o6/labmanual/expt11/2o6exp11.html
Bruhn, J. (2017). Preparation of Casein. Retrieved from https://drinc.ucdavis.edu/dairy-food-
sciences/preparation-casein-skim-milk?
fbclid=IwAR3DypfCKi4BW9wM5dkqMacIGsuPRWBQx0rOx3VcCm6rqhryelJMPoqc_ns

Harunsyah (2017). Testile Strength. Retrieved from

http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1757-899X/210/1/012015/pdf

Suryanto, H. (2017). Soil Burial Degradation Test.

http://journal2.um.ac.id/index.php/jmest/article/download/1207/629
 30

Harunsyah (2017). Tensile Strength. Retrieved from

http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1757-899X/210/1/012015/pdf

WFEO (2018). Synthesis of Bioplastic. Retrieved from http://www.wfeo.org/wp-

content/uploads/wecsi2014/A3/POSTER/A3-6.MAINPAPER-Development_of_a_Bio-
film_for_Food_PackagingIjagbemi.pdf

WebMd (2018). Risk of Using Glycerol. Retrieved from

https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-4/glycerol

WebMd (2018). How to Handle Glycerol Safely. Retrieved from

https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-4/glycerol

CCOHS (2017). Risk of Using Sodium Hydroxide. Retrieved from

https://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/chemicals/chem_profiles/sodium_hydroxide.html

CCOHS (2017). How to Handle Sodium Hydroxide Safely. Retrieved from

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EverydayHealth (2018). Risk of Using Phosphorus. Retrieved from

https://www.everydayhealth.com/drugs/potassium-phosphate-sodium-phosphate#sideeffects

EverydayHealth (2018). How to Handle Phosphorus Safely. Retrieved from

https://www.everydayhealth.com/drugs/potassium-phosphate-sodium-phosphate#sideeffects

Electrical Safety First (2018). Risk of Using Electric Mixer. Retrieved from
https://www.electricalsafetyfirst.org.uk/guidance/product-safety/hand-and-stand-mixers/

Electrical Safety First (2018). How to Handle Electric Mixer Safely. Retrieved from
https://www.electricalsafetyfirst.org.uk/guidance/product-safety/hand-and-stand-mixers/

MSDS Home (2018). Risks and How to Handle Acetic Acid Safely. Retrieved from
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 31

Emergency Information (20180. Risks and How to Handle Ethyl Ether. Retrieved from
https://www.nj.gov/health/eoh/rtkweb/documents/fs/0041.pdf

MSDS Home (2018). Risks and How to Handle Ethanol. Retrieved from
https://www.msdsonline.com/2014/04/21/ethanol-versatile-common-and-potentially-dangerous/

Gibbens, S. (2018, November 15). What you need to know about plant-based plastics.
Retrieved from https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/2018/11/are-bioplastics-made-
from-plants-better-for-environment-ocean-plastic/

Chen, Y.J. (2014). Bioplastics and their role in achieving global sustainability Retrieved from
http://www.jocpr.com/articles/bioplastics-and-their-role-in-achieving-global-sustainability.pdf

Porcalla, D. (2018, June 15). Philippines 3rd largest contributor to ocean plastic Retrieved
from https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2018/06/15/1824813/philippines-3rd-largest-
contributor-ocean-plastic#fF5T1jBeKTgR68pI.99

Biome Bioplastics (2011). Bioplastics. Retrieved from

https://www.carboncommentary.com/blog/2011/09/02/bioplastics-an-important-component-of-
global-sustainability

Luise, M. (2017). Bioplastics from Soybean Products. Retrieved from

https://sciencing.com/biodegradable-plastics-made-soybean-products-22587.html?
fbclid=IwAR0IGw6zvwkCoYMEb_VVSntoJZSA78gYISIDfqSf0sWMScgRfylU3-tCbUI

Thakur, V.K., Thakur, M.K., Kessler, M. (2017). Soy-based bioplastics. Retrieved from
https://www.bioplasticsmagazine.com/en/books/smithers_Soy.php?
fbclid=IwAR3lYVbdaaNMtN7dQUzKnw9aq_8xF0hRVJTO9PbRU9xHNuZsv7KXT1HsFF4

Jerez (2007). Thermomechanical Procedure. Retrieved from

http://www.academia.edu/17424944/Development_of_highly-transparent_protein_starch-
based_bioplastics?
fbclid=IwAR1VvaQQe6W1tCP9zG673uOKe_AtfCXELHQksvz0yaeIEUi9wpuMjlOoals

Woods, M. (2012). Soybeans soaked in warm water. Retrieved from

https://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/pressroom/presspacs/2012/acs-presspac-may-9-
2012/soybeans-soaked-in-warm-water-naturally-release-key-cancer-fighting-substance.html?
fbclid=IwAR3wcSuDK4Sf718ZyS4vKS9m2BZNen6qVtNS4D7s7Co2Tm7BfULEcSc8BK4

Woodruff, S. (1998). Protein Extraction. Retrieved from

http://share.iit.edu:8080/bitstream/handle/10560/762/extractionofprot00lazo.pdf?
sequence=1&isAllowed=y
 32

McMaster University - Chem2O06 Lab Manual Ege (1997/98). Isolation of Casein. Retrieved
from https://www.chemistry.mcmaster.ca/~chem2o6/labmanual/expt11/2o6exp11.html

Bruhn, J. (2017). Preparation of Casein. Retrieved from https://drinc.ucdavis.edu/dairy-food-

sciences/preparation-casein-skim-milk?
fbclid=IwAR3DypfCKi4BW9wM5dkqMacIGsuPRWBQx0rOx3VcCm6rqhryelJMPoqc_ns

Harunsyah (2017). Testile Strength. Retrieved from

http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1757-899X/210/1/012015/pdf

Suryanto, H. (2017). Soil Burial Degradation Test.

http://journal2.um.ac.id/index.php/jmest/article/download/1207/629

Harunsyah (2017). Tensile Strength. Retrieved from

http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1757-899X/210/1/012015/pdf

WFEO (2018). Synthesis of Bioplastic. Retrieved from http://www.wfeo.org/wp-

content/uploads/wecsi2014/A3/POSTER/A3-6.MAINPAPER-Development_of_a_Bio-
film_for_Food_PackagingIjagbemi.pdf