MODULE 1

GENERATING PATTERNS

INTRODUCTION
In this module, the competencies expected that you will learn are found in the Module
Content. You will see how relations and functions are represented and what piece-wise
functions are. You will also learn how to evaluate perform operations with functions and
composite functions. Plus, you will need critical thinking skills as you solve problems with
functions.

LESSON 1: Representations of Functions and Relations

Activate prior Knowledge

Pictures Analysis (eliciting prior knowledge, Motivation, Hook)

Observe the pictures below and answer the questions
1. What concepts of functions can you associate with the pictures?
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2. How these concepts are used indifferent situations? ____________________________________________________

3. Can you determine any purpose why these concepts are present in the pictures? Please specify.
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4. Can you cite any problem which can be answered through these concepts? Describe at least one.
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5. How can challenging problems involving functions be analyzed and solved?
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Acquire New Knowledge:

Write a Function Rule

In many situations, data is collected by conducting a survey or an experiment. To visualize the data,
it is arranged into a table. Most often, a function rule is needed to predict additional values of the
independent variable.
Example

Try to notice the trend of each variable.

Number of CDs 2 4 6 8 10
Cost (Php) 24 48 72 96 120

Solution:
You pay Php 24 for 2 CDs, Php 48 for 4 CDs, and Php 120 for 10 CDs. That means that each CD
costs Php 12.

We can write the function rule.

𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 = 𝑃ℎ𝑝 12 × 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝐷𝑠 or (𝒙) = 𝟏𝟐x
Example
Write a

x -2 0 2 -3 -1 1 3
y 2 0 2 3 1 1 3
Function rule for the table.

Solution:
The values of the dependent variable are always the corresponding positive outcomes of the input
values. This relationship has a special name, the absolute value. The function rule looks like this: (𝒙)
= |𝒙|.
Represent a Real-World Situation with a Function.
Let’s look at a real-world situation that can be represented by a function.

Example
Maya has an internet service that currently has a monthly access fee of $11.95 and a connection fee
of $0.50 per hour. Represent her monthly cost as a function of connection time.

Solution:
Let 𝑥 = the number of hours Maya spends on the internet in one month.
𝑦 = Maya’s monthly cost.
The monthly fee is $11.95 with an hourly charge of $0.50.
The total cost = flat fee + hourly fee × number of hours. The function is
𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟗𝟓 + 𝟎. 𝟓𝟎x

Definition
A relation is a rule that relatives values from a set of values (called the domain) to a second set of
values (called the range).
A relation is a set of ordered pairs (𝑥, 𝑦).
A function is a relation where each element in the domain is related to only one value in the range
by some rule.
A function is a set of ordered pairs (𝑥, 𝑦) such that no two ordered pairs have the same x-value but
different y-values. Using functional notation, we can write (𝑥) = 𝑦, read as “𝑓 𝑜𝑓 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑜 𝑦.” In
particular, if (1, 2) is an ordered pair associated with the function f, then we say that (2) = 1.
Here is a video to introduce functions https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tAoe4xjUZQk
 Relations can be represented by using ordered pairs, graph, table of values, mapping diagram
and rule or equations. Determine which of the following represents functions.

1. Ordered Pairs
Example 1. Which of the following relations are functions?
𝑓 = (1, 3), (4, 1), (2, 0), (7,2)
𝑔 = (3, 2), (4,4), (3, 3), (8, 9)
ℎ = (1, 2), (2, 3), (3, 4), (4, 5)

Solution:
The relations 𝑓 and ℎ are functions because no two ordered pairs have the same x-value
but different y-values. Meanwhile, 𝑔 is not a function because (3,2) and (3, 3) are ordered
pairs with the same x-value but different y-values.
Relations and functions can be represented by mapping diagrams where the elements of
the domain are mapped to the elements of the range using arrows. In this case, the
relation or function is represented by the set of all the connections represented by the
arrows.

2. Table of values
Example 2

x -3 -2 -1 0 1 3 4
A.
y 10 5 2 1 2 5 6

Answer: Function. This is a many-to- one correspondence.

x 1 1 1 2 4

y 1 2 3 4 5 Inspecting the
abscissa in the table.
B.
Answer: mere relation. This is a one- to- many correspondence. Looking at the table, there is
duplication in the domain. The element “1” in x is matched to three elements in y.

3. Mapping Diagrams
Example 3. Which of the following mapping diagrams represent functions?
Solution:
The relations f and g are functions because each value y in Y is unique for a specific value
of x. The relation h is not a function because there is at least one element in X for which
there is more than one corresponding y-value. For example, 𝑥 = 2 corresponds to 𝑦 = 20 or
40.
A relation between two sets of numbers can be illustrated by a graph in the Cartesian plane, and that
a function passes the vertical line test.
Example 4. Which of the following can be graphs of functions?

The Vertical Line Test

A graph represents a function if and only if each vertical line intersects the graph
at most once
Solution:
Graphs 2, 3, 4 are graphs of functions while 1 and 5 are not because they

Important Concepts.
Relations are rules that relate two values, one from a set of inputs and the second from the
set of outputs.
Functions are rules that relate only one value from the set of outputs to a value from the
set of inputs.
The domain of a relation is the set of all possible values that the variable x can take

Example 5.

Identify the domain for each relation using set builder notation.
 a. 𝑦 = 3𝑥 − 2
b. 𝑦 = 3𝑥 2 − 4𝑥

c. 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 1
d. 𝑦 = √𝑥 − 4
e. 𝑦 = 2𝑥+1 𝑥−1

f. 𝑦 = ⌊𝑥⌋ + 1 where is the greatest integer function.

Solution: The domains for the relations are as follows:

a. {𝒙: 𝒙 ∈ 𝑹} d. {𝒙: 𝒙 ∈ 𝑹, 𝒙 ≥ 𝟒}
b. {𝒙: 𝒙 ∈ 𝑹} e. {𝒙: 𝒙 ∈ 𝑹, 𝒙 ≠ 𝟏}
c. {𝒙: 𝒙 ∈ 𝑹, −𝟏 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝟏} f. {𝒙: 𝒙 ∈ 𝑹}

Functions as representations of real-life situations

Functions can often be used to model real situations. Identifying an appropriate functional model will
lead to a better understanding of various phenomena.
Example 6.
Give a function C that can represent the cost of buying x meals, if one meal costs P40.

Solution: Since each meal costs P40, then the cost function is (𝑥) = 40𝑥. 12
Example 7.
One hundred meters of fencing is available to enclose a rectangular area next to a river (see
figure). Give a function A that can represent the area that can be enclosed, in terms of x.

Solution
The area of the rectangular enclosure is 𝐴 = 𝑥𝑦. We will write this as a function of 𝑥. Since only
100 − 𝑥
100 m of fencing is available, then 𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 100 or 𝑦 = 2 = 50 – 0.5𝑥. Thus, 𝐴 = (50 – 0.5𝑥)
= 50𝑥 – 0.5𝑥2.
Piecewise Functions
Some situations can only be described by more than one formula, depending on the value of the
independent variable.
Example 8
A user is charged 𝑃300 monthly for a particular mobile plan, which includes 100 free text
messages. Messages in excess of 100 are charged P1 each. Represent the monthly cost for text
messaging using the function (𝑚), where m is the number of messages sent in a month.

Solution: The cost of text messaging can be expressed by the piecewise function
300 , 𝑖𝑓 0 < 𝑚 ≤ 100
t(m) = {300 + 𝑚 , 𝑖𝑓 𝑚 > 100

Example 9
A jeepney ride costs P8.00 for the first 4 kilometers, and each additional integer kilometer
adds P1.50 to the fare. Use a piecewise function to represent the jeepney fare in terms of the
distance (d) in kilometers.
Solution
The input value is distance and the output is the cost of the jeepney fare. If (𝑑) represents the
fare as a function of distance, the function can be represented as follows:
8.00 , 𝑖𝑓 0 < 𝑑 ≤ 4
F(d) = {8 + 1[𝑑] , 𝑖𝑓 𝑑 > 4

Note that ⌊𝑑⌋ is the floor function applied to d. The floor function gives the largest integer less
than or equal to d, e.g. ⌊4.1⌋ = ⌊4.9⌋ = ⌊4⌋

Example 10
Water can exist in three states: solid ice, liquid water, and gaseous water vapor. As ice is
heated, its temperature rises until it hits the melting point of 0°C and stays constant until the
ice melts. The temperature then rises until it hits the boiling point of 100°C and stays constant
until the water evaporates. When the water is in a gaseous state, its temperature can rise
above 100°C (This is why steam can cause third degree burns!).
A solid block of ice is at -25°C and heat is added until it completely turns into water vapor.
Sketch the graph of the function representing the temperature of water as a function of the
amount of heat added in Joules given the following information:
 The ice reaches 0°C after applying 940 J.
 The ice completely melts into liquid water after applying a total of 6,950 J.
 The water starts to boil (100°C) after a total of 14,470 J.
 The water completely evaporates into steam after a total of 55,260 J.
Assume that rising temperature is linear. Explain why this is a piecewise function.
Solution: Let (𝑥) represent the temperature of the water in degrees Celsius as a function of
cumulative heat added in Joules. The function T(x) can be graphed as follows:
This is a piecewise function because the temperature rise can be expressed as a linear function with
positive slope until the temperature hits 0°C, then it becomes a constant function until the total heat
reaches 6,950𝐾 𝐽. It then becomes linear again until the temperature reaches 100°C, and becomes a
constant function again until the total heat reaches 55,260 𝐽.
 Application and Assessment:

Answer the following item as instructed. Write your answer on a separate sheet. Justify your answer.

Activity 1: RELATION-ships
1. For which values of k is the set of order pairs (2, 4), (𝑘, 6), (4, 0 ) a function?
2. Which of the following diagram represents a relation that is NOT a function?

3. Give the domain of 𝑦 = √6 − 𝑥 using set builder notation.

4. A person is earning P600 per day to do a certain job. Express the total salary S as a function of the
number n of days that the person works.
5. A taxi ride costs P40.00 for the first 500 meters, and each additional 300 meters (or a fraction
thereof) adds P3.50 to the fare. Use a piecewise function to represent the taxi fare in terms of the
distance d in meters
6. A certain chocolate bar costs P35.00 per piece. However, if you buy more than 10 pieces, they will
be marked down to a price of P32.00 per piece. Use a piecewise function to represent the cost in
terms of the number of chocolate bars bought.

What I Learned…

1. What did you discover from the activity?

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2. What conjecture or conclusion can you give from what you have learned?
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3. How will you validate your answer?

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4. Be ready to share what you discovered?
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Good Luck!!! 