CHP 6.
STRUCTURAL
INSTABILITY
BUCKLING ????
P Primary buckling
• involves the complete element
• no change in cross-sectional area
• wavelength of the buckle is of the same
order as the length of the element.
• Generally, solid and thick-walled columns
experience this type of failure.
Secondary Buckling
• changes in cross-sectional area
• wavelength of the buckle is of the order of
the cross-sectional dimensions of the
element.
P • Thin-walled columns and stiffened plates
may fail in this manner.
σ CR < σ YIELD
Euler Buckling of Column ( Euler 1744)
Pin-ended
support
Boundary Conditions : at z = 0 and z = L, v = 0 A = 0 and B sin (µz ) = 0
Non trivial sol
n = 1 ( smallest buckling load / 1st mode of buckling)
n = 2,3 ( 2nd and 3rd mode of buckling )
v = B sin (µz) = B sin (nπz/L)
(Pin-ended support)
A column will buckle about the principal axis of
the cross-section having the least moment of
inertia (weakest axis).
For example, the meter stick shown will
buckle about the a-a axis and not
the b-b axis.
Thus, circular tubes made excellent
columns, and square tube or those
shapes having Ix ≈ Iy are selected
for columns.
If the problem is 2D (only one plane) Î EI of the
plane
Fix and Free ended support
From free-body diagram, M = P(δ − ν).
Differential eqn for the deflection curve is
d 2υ P P
2
+ υ = δ
dx EI EI
Solving by using boundary conditions
and integration, we get
P
υ = δ 1 − cos x
EI
π EI π 2 EI
2 Le : effective length
Pcr = 2
=
(2 L) 2
4L
π 2 EI π 2 EI Le : effective length
Pcr = =
( Le ) 2
(KL )2 K = Le/L : coefficient of effective
length
Take I = Ar2
σCR = PCR /A
r : radius of gyration
L/r : slenderness ratio
Pin-ended support
of column
Le : effective length
Definitions (example for pin
- ended support)
Eigenvalue problem
Eigenvalues or
bifurcation points
v = B sin (µz) = B sin (nπz/L) Eigenvalues function
Inelastic Buckling
Material : Steel
( slenderness)
No Buckling area
(With E constant or in Elastic linear behavior of Material)
Within Inelastic behavior
Î tangent Modulus Et
Et = dσ/dε
Î Critical buckling ???
Direst stress due to
P σ = P/A P (axial load)
Direst stress due to
bending moment P.v
σ > σyield
σ = P/A σ = Mz/I
P
Cross-section
Stress is decreased
Î elastic (E)
unchanged
Stress is increased
Îremains inelastic (Et)
The X-section remains plane
P is applied on the centroid
Direct stress varies linearly
The angle between two close, initially parallel,
sections of the column is equal to the change
in slope d2v/dz2 of the column between the two
sections.
Therefore In which
The second moment about
neutral axis
(Reduced modulus)
Reduced Modulus Theory
( A1 in elastic and A2 in inelastic )
EΓ : reduced modulus
Le : effective Length which depend on Type of support
r : radius of gyroscopic
Le/r : slenderness of column
Tangent Modulus Theory
(A1 and A2 are in inelastic behavior )
Stability of Beams under Transverse and Axial Loads
(Beam Column or Transversely loaded column)
(Pin – ended support)
Subjected to P and w
( with λ2 = P/EI )
BC Î at z = 0 and z = L, v = 0
or
Using the term of Pcr= πE2I/L2
P Î PCR , M max Îinfinite
( with λ2 = P/EI )
Boundary conditions :
At z = 0 and z = L , v = 0
At point application of load W, v and dv/dz (slope) should be the same calculated
from the left or the right side.
M can be calculated for every cross section (depends on z).
MMax as well.
If W applied in the
middle of beam
Beam subjected to P and bending
moment at A and B
= W
Moves
toward B
+ Moves
toward A W
a
Moves
W toward B
From previously
Substituting sin(λa) = λa
And W.a = MB
a
Moves
toward A W
Similarly
By Superposition
eccentricity of P (w/o
external MA and MB
MA = P.eB and MB = P.eA
Buckling of Thin Plate
Simply supported
Simply supported
edges
edges
Propose deflection
due to bending
moment only
m : number of half sinus in x direction
n : number of half sinus in Y direction
(Stationary value
at buckling load)
Minimum value for n = 1
whatever the values of m,a,b
Î Will buckle into half sinus
in Y direction
With k : buckling coefficient
(general equation for
different type of
loading)
Buckling coefficients k for flat plates in
compression
(b : the smallest length of edge)
buckling coefficients k for flat shear buckling coefficients
plates in bending k for flat plates.
Local Instability
(Thin wall
cross section
beam)
2 Types of buckling :
-Primary buckling ( column buckling)
Î for Le/r > 80
- Secondary Buckling ( crippling)
Î for Le/r < 20
- Combination primary and secondary
buckling
(Crippling stress is not detailed)
Î for 80 <Le/r < 20
Instability of Stiffened Plates (wrinkling)
Supported
flange Free
flange
Panel as column
All simply
supported
edges
3 simply
supported
edges and
(Critical stress on plate NOT on stiffener / wrinkling)
one free
edge
t : skin thickness
b : distance of stringer
Tension-field beam
Complete tension field beam
Direct stress due to
internal bending moment
( on Flange or spar cap)
Shear stress due to
internal transverse stress
(on web)
H. Wagner theory
At any section of web
( S : internal shear force)
Element of FCD
(in vertical direction)
Since S = W at any
section of the web
FCD element in horizontal direction
σz and σt are constants along depth of z
At any section of mm
σz and τ on the web
Force FT and FB due to direct
stress ( from internal bending
moment and σz)
Taking moment at the bottom flange :
Substitute σz
Equilibrium of horizontal force
Similarly for element CDH
Substituting σt
Substituting τ
σy produces compression
load P on the stiffener
P P is high enough, stiffener will bulk
ω
σy produces bending
moment on flange / spar cap
with contribution of load σyt
Fixed
b
Maximum internal bending
happens on stiffener (fixed
support)
Mmax = ωL2/12
With the value of α obtained from
( AF : area of flange AS : area of stiffener )
Example
The beam shown in Fig below is assumed to have a complete tension field web. If
the cross-sectional areas of the flanges and stiffeners are, respectively, 350mm2
and 300mm2 and the elastic section modulus of each flange is 750mm3, determine
the maximum stress in a flange and also whether or not the stiffeners will
buckle. The thickness of the web is 2mm and the second moment of area of a
stiffener about an axis in the plane of the web is 2000 mm4; E = 70 000 N/mm2.
At Flange
Maximum at z =1200
= 17.7 kN
Direct stress produce by FT on flange = FT/AF = 17.7 kN/350
= 50.7 N/mm2
In addition, maximum local
bending on flange due to
distributed load ω
Stress = My/I = 8.6 x 104/750 = 114.9 N/mm2
Maximum direct stress = 50.7 + 114.9 = 165.6 N/mm2
At Stiffener
Since b < 1.5 d
Equation of Euler for column buckling
P < PCR Stiffener will not buckle
The end ...........
