2.
THE DERIVATIVE
(Follows from [1] Anton, …)
2.2 The Derivative Function
Figure 2.1.10: various rate of change Figure 2.1.11:
Slope of the tangent at P
𝑓 (𝑥1 ) − 𝑓(𝑥0 ) 𝑓 (𝑥1 ) − 𝑓(𝑥0 )
𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑒 = , 𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡 = lim
𝑥1 − 𝑥0 𝑥1 →𝑥0 𝑥1 − 𝑥0
For ℎ: = 𝑥1 − 𝑥0 ,
𝑓(𝑥0 + ℎ) − 𝑓 (𝑥0 )
𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑒 = ,
ℎ
𝑓(𝑥0 + ℎ) − 𝑓(𝑥0 )
𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡 = lim
ℎ→0 ℎ
Slope of the tangent at P, is the instantaneous rate
of change 𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡 , is called the derivative of 𝑦 =
𝑓 (𝑥 ) at 𝑥 = 𝑥0 :
𝑓(𝑥0 + ℎ) − 𝑓(𝑥0 )
𝑓′(𝑥0 ) = lim
ℎ→0 ℎ
2.2.1 Definition ( The Derivative Function)
𝑓 (𝑥 + ℎ) − 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑓′(𝑥) = lim
ℎ→0 ℎ
Example 1 Find the derivative with respect to 𝑥 of
𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥 2 and use it to find the equation of the tangent
line to the parabola 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 at 𝑥 = 2.
Solution:
′(
𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) − 𝑓(𝑥 ) (𝑥 + ℎ)2 − 𝑥 2
𝑓 𝑥 ) = lim = lim
ℎ→0 ℎ ℎ→0 ℎ
2𝑥ℎ + ℎ2
= lim = lim (2𝑥 + ℎ) = 2𝑥
ℎ→0 ℎ ℎ→0
=> 𝑓 ′ (2) = 4 and the equation of the tangent is
𝑦 − 4 = 4(𝑥 − 2) => 𝑦 = 4𝑥 − 4
Example 2 Find the derivative with respect to x of 𝑓(𝑥 ) =
𝑥 3 − 𝑥.
𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) = 3𝑥 2 − 1
Figure 2.2.3
DIFFERENTIABILITY
2.2.2 Definition A function 𝑓 is said to be
differentiable at 𝑥0 if the limit
𝑓(𝑥0 + ℎ) − 𝑓(𝑥0 )
𝑓′(𝑥0 ) = lim
ℎ→0 ℎ
exists.
Figure 2.2.6: 𝑓′(𝑥0 ) doesn’t exists.
Example 2
Figure 2.2.10 Figure 2.2.11
𝑓(𝑥 ) = |𝑥 | 1, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 > 0
𝑓′(𝑥 ) = {
𝑥, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≥ 0 −1, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 < 0
={
−𝑥, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 < 0
′(
|ℎ| |ℎ| |ℎ |
𝑓 0) = lim , But lim = −1, lim =1
ℎ→0 ℎ ℎ→0− ℎ ℎ→0+ ℎ
2.2.3 THEOREM If a function 𝑓 is differentiable at
𝑥0 , then 𝑓 is continuous at 𝑥0 .
Exercise Set 2.2: 7 – 22 (Odd numbers).
2.3 Techniques of differentiation
2.3.2 Theorem (The power rule):
𝑑 𝑛
[𝑥 ] = 𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1
𝑑𝑥
Example 2, 4, 6, 7, 9
Example 7 At what points, if any, does the graph of 𝑦 =
𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 + 4 have a horizontal tangent line?
Solution Slope of horizontal lines are zero, so we find 𝑥 for
which
𝑦 ′ (𝑥 ) = 3𝑥 2 − 3 = 0 => 3(𝑥 2 − 1) = 0
=> 𝑥 = ±1 and 𝑦(−1) = 6, 𝑦(1) = 2.
Therefore, the required points are (−1,6) and (1, 2) at
which the graph has horizontal tangent lines
Example 9 If 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 3𝑥 4 − 2𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 2, then
𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) = 12𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 4
𝑓 ′′ (𝑥 ) = 36𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 + 2
𝑓 ′′′ (𝑥 ) = 72𝑥 − 12
𝑓 (4) (𝑥 ) = 72
𝑓 (5) (𝑥 ) = 0
⋮
𝑓 (𝑛) (𝑥 ) = 0 (𝑛 ≥ 5)
Exercise Set 2.3: 1 – 24, 39 – 42, 51 – 55.
𝒅𝟐 𝒚
(41-42) Find 𝒅𝒙𝟐
2.4 THE PRODUCT AND QUOTIENT RULES
Theorem 2.4.1 (The Product Rule)
𝒅 𝒅 𝒅
[𝒇(𝒙) ∙ 𝒈(𝒙)] = 𝒇(𝒙) [𝒈(𝒙)] + 𝒈(𝒙) [𝒇(𝒙)]
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
Or,
[𝒇(𝒙) ∙ 𝒈(𝒙)]′ = 𝒇(𝒙)𝒈′ (𝒙) + 𝒈(𝒙)𝒇′(𝒙)
𝑑𝑦
Example 1 Find if 𝑦 = (4𝑥 2 − 1)(7𝑥 3 + 𝑥).
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑠
Example 2 Find if 𝑠 = (1 + 𝑡)√𝑡.
𝑑𝑡
Theorem 2.4.1 (The Quotient Rule)
𝒅 𝒅
𝒅 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒈(𝒙) [𝒇 (𝒙 )] − 𝒇(𝒙) [𝒈(𝒙)]
[ ]= 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝒙 𝒈(𝒙) [𝒈(𝒙)]𝟐
Or,
′
𝒇(𝒙) 𝒈(𝒙)𝒇′(𝒙) − 𝒇(𝒙)𝒈′(𝒙)
[ ] =
𝒈(𝒙) [𝒈(𝒙)]𝟐
𝑑𝑦 𝑥 3 +2𝑥 2 −1
Example 3 Find if 𝑦 = .
𝑑𝑥 𝑥+5
Find 𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ).
(31-36) Find all values of 𝑥 at which the tangent line to the
given curve sarisfy the stated property.
2.5 Derivative of Trigonometric Functions
𝑑 𝑑
[sin 𝑥 ] = cos 𝑥 , [cos 𝑥 ] = − sin 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
Example 1 Find if 𝑦 = 𝑥 sin 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 sin 𝑥
Example 2 Find if 𝑦 =
𝑑𝑥 1+cos 𝑥
𝑑 𝑑
[tan 𝑥 ] = sec 2 𝑥 , [sec 𝑥 ] = sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥,
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑
[cot 𝑥 ] = − csc 2 𝑥 , [csc 𝑥 ] = − csc 𝑥 cot 𝑥 .
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Example 3 Find 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥 ) if 𝑦 = sec 𝑥.
Exercise 2.5
Find 𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ).
𝑑2𝑦
Find
𝑑𝑥 2
2.6 The Chain Rule
Ex-1
Let us suppose that
𝑝(𝑥 ) ≔ Profit by selling 𝑥 number of Bikes,
𝑥 (𝑡) ≔ Number of cars sell out in 𝑡 days.
Then
𝑝′(𝑥 ) ≔ Profit by selling 1 car,
𝑥′(𝑡) ≔ Number of cars sell out in 1 day,
Profit per day = Profit in 1 car × #(cars) sell out in 1 day
i. e. 𝑝′ (𝑡) = 𝑝′ (𝑥 ) ∙ 𝑥 ′ (𝑡)
𝑑𝑝 𝑑𝑝 𝑑𝑥
i. e. = ∙ is known as Chain rule.
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑡
Ex-2
𝑦 = 𝑓 (𝑔) ≔ #(miles) travelled by 𝑔 gallons of octane,
𝑢 = 𝑔(𝑥 ); = #(gallons) purchased by $ 𝑥.
𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑢) = 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥 ))
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢 20 miles 1 gallon
= ∙ = ∙ = 5 miles/dollar
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥 1 gallon 4 dollars
Theorem 2.6.1 (Chain Rule)
𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒖), 𝒖 = 𝒈(𝒙) => 𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒈(𝒙))
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
= ∙ (1)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥
Examples 1 – 6
Exercise 2.6
Find 𝑓′(𝑥 ).
REFERENCES
1. Anton, Bivens and Davis, Calculus (Tenth edition),
Wiley Publishing Company.
