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Reinforced Concrete Footing Types: Home Structural Engineering Foundation Design

This document discusses the design of reinforced concrete footings based on ACI 318-14 and IS456 standards. It covers types of footings, important considerations in design including depth, dimension, bending moment, shear capacity, and reinforcement. The key points are: 1. There are four main types of footings: individual, combined, strip, and raft foundations. Footings transfer loads from the building to the earth. 2. Design considerations include minimum depth, dimension, bending moment at the face of columns, and shear capacity checks. 3. Reinforcement is required to develop forces that exceed the permissible bearing stress. Minimum reinforcement or dowels must be provided based on code specifications.

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Nhoek Ren
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123 views8 pages

Reinforced Concrete Footing Types: Home Structural Engineering Foundation Design

This document discusses the design of reinforced concrete footings based on ACI 318-14 and IS456 standards. It covers types of footings, important considerations in design including depth, dimension, bending moment, shear capacity, and reinforcement. The key points are: 1. There are four main types of footings: individual, combined, strip, and raft foundations. Footings transfer loads from the building to the earth. 2. Design considerations include minimum depth, dimension, bending moment at the face of columns, and shear capacity checks. 3. Reinforcement is required to develop forces that exceed the permissible bearing stress. Minimum reinforcement or dowels must be provided based on code specifications.

Uploaded by

Nhoek Ren
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Home/ Structural Engineering / Foundation Design / Design of Reinforced Concrete Footings:

ACI 318-14 and IS456

Reinforced concrete footing are designed based on column loads and moments at base and the
soil data. This article shed light on the design of reinforced concrete footing.

Reinforced concrete footing types 


Following are the types of foundations in order of preference with a view to economy:

1. Individual footings (isolated footing)


2. Combined footings (combination of individual footings)
3. Strip footings with retaining wall acting as strip beam wherever applicable.
4. Raft foundations of the types (a) slab (b) beam-slab.

The brick wall footings can also be designed. Often plinth beams are provided to support brick
walls and also to act as earthquake ties in each principal direction.

Important considerations in design of footings


footings are the structural elements which transfer loads from the building or individual columns
to the earth.

If these loads are to be properly transmitted, footings must be designed to prevent excessive
settlement or rotation, to minimize differential settlement and to provide adequate safety against
sliding and overturning.

Depth of footing
 As per clause 34.1.3 of IS456: 2000 and section 15.7 of ACI 318-14 the thickness of
footing at its edge shall not be less than 15cmm on soils, or less than 30cm for footings
on piles.
 Depth of foundation below ground level can be obtained by using Rankine’s formula:

Where:h: minimum depth of


foundationp: gross bearing capacity

: density of soil

: angle of repose or internal friction of soil.

Dimension of pedestal
In the case of plain cement concrete pedestals, the angle between the plane passing through the
bottom edge of the pedestal and the corresponding junction edge of the column with pedestal and
the horizontal plane shall be governed by the expression.

Where:

qo: calculated maximum bearing pressure at the base of the pedestal/footing in N/mm2

characteristic strength of concrete at 28 days in N/mm2


: 

 
Fig.1: dimension of pedestal

Recommendations of IS 456: 2000, Limit state design


To determine the area of foundation required for proper transfer of total load on the soil, the total
load (combination of dead load, live load and any other load without multiplying it with any load
factor) are considered.

Maximum Bending moment in footings

According to ACI 318- 14 section 15.4.1 and 15.4.2, and IS 456: 2000 clause 34.2.3.1 and
34.2.3.2, The bending moment will be considered at the face of column, pedestal or wall and
shall be determined by passing through the section a vertical plane which extends completely
across the footing, and over the entire area of the footing or one side of the said plane.
Fig.2: Maximum bending moment in footing

Shear capacity checks for footings

The shear strength of footing is governed by the following two factors:

1. The footing acting basically as a wide beam, with a potential diagonal crack intending in
a plane across the entire width, the critical section for this condition shall be assumed as a
vertical section located from the face of the column, pedestal or wall at a distance equal
to the effective depth of the footing in case of footings on soils. For one way shear
action, the nominal shear stress in calculated as:

Where:

: shear stress

:factored vertical shear force

b: width of critical section

d: effective depth
, where :design shear strength of concrete based on % longitudinal tensile reinforcement.
Refer table 61 of SP -16)

Fig. 3: Critical section for one-way shear in foundation

2. For two way shear (or two way bending action or punching shear) of foundation, the following
should be checked in punching shear. Punching shear shall be around the perimeter 0.5 times the
effective depth away from the face of the column or pedestal.

For two way shear action, the nominal shear stress is calculated in accordance with clause
31.6.2 of IS456: 2000 as follows:

Where

: shear stress

: periphery of the critical section


d : effective depth

: factored vertical shear force

When shear reinforcement is not provided, the nominal shear stress at the critical section should
not exceed

Where:

= 0.5 + Bc (but not greater than 1)

Bc: short dimension of column or pedestal / long dimension of column or pedestal

The result of equation 6 is in N/mm2

Note: It is general practice to make the base deep enough so that shear reinforcement is not
required.

Development length of reinforcement bars in footing 

According to ACI 318-14 section 15.6 and IS 456: 2000 clause 34.2.4.3, the critical section for
checking the development length in a footing shall be assumed at the following planes:

 At the face of the column, pedestal or wall, for footings supporting a concrete column,
pedestal or wall.
 Halfway between the centre-line and the edge of the wall, for footings under masonry
walls.
 Halfway between the face of the column or pedestal and the edge of the gussetted base,
for footings under gussetted bases.
 All other vertical planes where abrupt changes in section occur.

Reinforcement in footings 

The minimum reinforcement in footing slab specified by the code is 0.12% and maximum
spacing specified is 3 times the effective depth or 450mm whichever is less. (clause 34.3).

In one-way reinforced footing; two-way reinforced square footing; and long direction of two way
rectangular footing, the-reinforcement extending in each direction shall be distributed uniformly
across the full width of the footing.

However, there shall be a central band, equal to the width of the footing for short direction of
two way rectangular footings. The reinforcement in the central band shall be provided in
accordance with the following equation.
Where B is the ratio of long side of the footing to its short side.

Transfer of load at the base of column


According to IS 456: 2000, Clause: 34.4, forces and moments at the base of column, walls, or
reinforced pedestal shall be transferred by bearing to the top of supporting pedestal or footing.

The bearing pressure on the loaded area shall not exceed the permissible bearing stress in direct
compression multiplied by a value equal to but not greater than 2.

Where:

: supporting are for bearing of footing, which is sloped or stepped footing may be taken as the
area of the lower base of the largest frustum of a pyramid or cone contained wholly within the
footing and having its upper base, the area actually loaded and having side slope of one vertical
to two horizontal.

: loaded area at the column base.

For limit state design, the permissible bearing stress specified is 45 fck.

If the permissible bearing stress is exceeded either in the column concrete or in footing concrete,
reinforcement must be provided for developing the excess force. The reinforcement may be
provided either extending the longitudinal bars into the footing or by providing dowels in
accordance with the code as given by the following:

1. Minimum area of extended longitudinal bars or dowels must be 0.5% of cross-sectional


area of the supported column or pedestal.
2. A minimum of four bars must be provided.
3. If dowels are used their diameter should not exceed the diameter of the column bars by
more than 3mm.
4. Enough development length should be provided to transfer the compression or tension to
the supporting member.
5. Column bars of diameter larger than 36mm, in compression only can be dowelled at the
footing with bars of smaller diameters. The dowel must extend into the column a distance
equal to the development length of the column bar. At the same time, the dowels must
extend vertically into the footing a distance equal to the development length of the dowel.
Fig.4: different types of footing with reinforcement details

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