Data Structures and
Algorithms
Lecture 1
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Introduction to Data Structure
and
Abstract Data Types
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What is Data?
• Data
• “facts and statistics collected together for reference or
analysis.” – Google
• Types of data
• Textual: For example, your name (Muhammad)
• Numeric: For example, your ID (090254)
• Audio: For example, your voice
• Video: For example, your voice and picture
• (...)
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What is Data Structure?
• Data structure is a representation of data and
the operations allowed on that data.
• A data structure is a way to store and organize
data in order to facilitate the access and
modifications.
• Data Structure are the method of representing of
logical relationships between individual data
elements related to the solution of a given
problem.
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Basic Data Structure
Basic Data Structures
Linear Data Structures Non-Linear Data Structures
Arrays Linked Lists Stacks Queues Trees Graphs Hash Tables
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array
Linked list
queue
tree stack
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Selection of Data Structure
• The choice of particular data model* depends
on two consideration:
– It must be rich enough in structure to represent the
relationship between data elements
– The structure should be simple enough that one can
effectively process the data when necessary
* Data Model: is an abstract model that organizes elements of
data and standardizes how they relate to one another and
to the properties of real-world entities.
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Types of Data Structure
• Linear: In Linear data structure, values are arrange in
linear fashion.
– Array: Fixed-size
– Linked-list: Variable-size
– Stack: Add to top and remove from top
– Queue: Add to back and remove
from front
– Priority queue: Add anywhere, remove the highest
priority
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Types of Data Structure
• Non-Linear: The data values in this structure are not
arranged in order.
– Hash tables: Unordered lists
which use a ‘hash function’ to insert and search
– Tree: Data is organized in branches.
– Graph: A more general branching structure, with less strict
connection conditions than for a tree
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Type of Data Structures
• Homogenous: In this type of data structures, values of
the same types of data are stored.
– Array
• Non-Homogenous: In this type of data structures, data
values of different types are grouped and stored.
– Structures
– Classes
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Abstract Data Type and Data
• Definition:-
Structure
– Abstract Data Types (ADTs) stores data and allow various
operations on the data to access and change it.
– A mathematical model, together with various operations defined
on the model
– An ADT is a collection of data and associated operations for
manipulating that data
• Data Structures
– Physical implementation of an ADT
– data structures used in implementations are provided in a
language (primitive or built-in) or are built from the language
constructs (user-defined)
– Each operation associated with the ADT is implemented by one
or more subroutines in the implementation
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Abstract Data Type
• ADTs support abstraction, encapsulation, and
information hiding.
• Abstraction is the structuring of a problem into well-
defined entities by defining their data and operations.
• The principle of hiding the used data structure and to
only provide a well-defined interface is known as
encapsulation.
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The Core Operations of ADT
• Every Collection ADT should provide a way to:
– add an item
– remove an item
– find, retrieve, or access an item
• Many, many more possibilities
– is the collection empty
– make the collection empty
– give me a sub set of the collection
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Real Value of the Course !!
• No single data structure works well for all
purposes, and so it is important to know the
strengths and limitations of several of them
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Some frequently used DS.
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Stacks
• Collection with access only to the last
element inserted
• Last in first out Data4 Top
• insert/push Data3
• remove/pop Data2
• top Data1
• make empty
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Queues
• Collection with access only to the item that
has been present the longest
• Last in last out or first in first out
• enqueue, dequeue, front
• priority queues and dequeue
Front Back
Data1 Data2 Data3 Data4
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List
• A Flexible structure, because can grow and
shrink on demand.
Elements can be:
Inserted
Accessed
Deleted
At any position
last
first
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Tree
• A Tree is a collection of elements called nodes.
• One of the node is distinguished as a root, along with a
relation (“parenthood”) that places a hierarchical
structure on the nodes.
Root
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