Chem 524-- Outline (Sect.

6) - 2009
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IV. Wavelength discriminators (Read text Ch. 3.5 )
A. Monochromators work by dispersing wavelength,  in space

1. Prism - dispersion of wavelengths due to refractive index, n, dispersion, dn/nl

         material dependent--all index, n, values increase as  go to uv, with different penetration of uv,
         very non-linear — fast change in uv, slow in IR (poor  separation) - not a simple function of 
         monochromator — collimate beam in, parallel at prism, focus refracted output (f is focal length)
onto dispersed detector (film or CCD --> spectrograph)

dispersion

         or rotate prism to focus different  on slit, whose width S gives or resolution--bandpass

         angular dispersion: d/d     linear separation/dispersion: S = l · tan 

         uses

     -- predisperser – Prism has no orders, non-linear dispersion, restricts grating range (Cary 14)

  --Laser turn/sort— low loss, freq. select (Pellin-Brocca) with no beam angle change
           
—for uv (higher throughput/good dispersion--e.g. CD spectrometer)
 2. Grating transmission or reflection-- diffraction cause interference for different  : (picture)

 d (sin  + sin ) = m , m = 0, ±1, ±2, … (m = order) –this is critical equation

 Note  is negative so difference in path is d(sin || –sin ||) which creates interference/diffaction
 orders need to be sorted out, reason for prism predisperser or filter system:
m>0 (positive order) , m<0 (neg)  and , m=0
   free spectral range: /(m + 1) - at given diffraction angle, get , and 
extent of wavelength range before higher order interfere with a lower order
 zero order (top fig)    here no solution or all solutions, grating acts like mirror

 Blaze — maximum  efficiency: d sin    (defined for  = 0, Littrow condition)

-- most useful (2/3 B 3/2 B) , cut-off >2d  no diffraction (eg. 1200 gr/mm  d = 833 nm)

Comes from shaping the groove as a triangle so wide faces act mirror-like

--Compare blazes –250 nm ( 8) – left, and 750 nm (25.7o) – right

--also polarized, to groovesmore intensity to red of maximum, || more intensity to blue,

--annomalies occur as function of  blaze, extreme polarization

– sharp changes in diffraction efficiency
 Dispersion: Da = d/d= md cos = (sin  + sin  cos 
               -- closer spaced grooves (small d) — more dispersion
              -- higher order, larger |m|, more dispersion, also small diffraction angles better (cos )

            -- linear dispersion: Dl = f Da = dx/d = f |m|/d cos f - focal length (effect.)
   Common model system:-- Sine bar drive (Czerny Turner, -fixed, ~sin):

d (sin + sin) = 2d (sin cos) = m Note--error in original lecture!




i.e.:  sin--normal design, turn screw move nut (linear motion)

this is coupled to arm that rotates () grating,

so motion creates sin and is proportional to

--practical: reciprocal linear dispersion: Rd = Dl-1 = d/dx = (f d/d)-1

                       --spectral band pass   sg = RdW    --  W = slit width
                   -- move image of entrance slit across the exit slit (slide rectangles over each other
and result will be a triangle representing the amount of open area vs. the distance moved, i.e.

--triangular slit function: sg = RdW,  full width at half height

(text good diagram: fig 3-48)

--normal conditions, get instrument limited triangle shape for spectral line narrow
compared to S (e.g. atomic line); for molecule, get broad bandshape

 ideal resolution, separate line (bands) to baseline,  = 2sg = 2RdW

 realistic, separate bands to distinguish

 common statement of resolution, FWHH ~ sg

 very high resolution, can get Rayleigh dispersion D = /DaWD, WD = WG cos 

--Resolving power (theoretical): Rth =  = WG|m|/d = |m| N

-- Depends on order, m, and # of grooves, N
– consider, more grooves --> more interfering wave differences,
so more selection between wavelengths to be in phase
 

 Throughput — aperture diameter: Dp = [4Ap/]1/2 where Ap = AG cos 

1. F/n = f/Dp solid angle  = Ap/f = (/4) (F/n)-2
2. Limiting aperture normally is the grating—most expensive component
– effective size reduced by angle , since as turns have less cross section to beam
 Broadband output: BxW2HTopRd -- varies like W
2
or HBTopRdW2  
1. - so increased resolution (smaller W) costs light throughput


 Stray radiation an important consideration in design (multiple mono better, but cost

throughput) hard to quantify, usually given as SR/o

  


 Solving problems:
 A. if Littrow mount, then  comes back on top of a, but hte grating is turned so

values are not zero so: m = 2d sin 

 B. If Czerny Turner, then convert form  to  and use: 2d (sin cos) = m

 C. Resolutions questions will use: Dl = f Da = f |m|/d cos or Rd = Dl-1

 D. this will show up as : sg = RdW

Examples — monochromator problems to learn to solve

 Models/designs (not all links work, see text for old designs, see links below to
instrument companies for newer ones): Czerny Turner, Ebert, Littrow, Roland Circle,
Echelle, Concave gratings, transmission gratings, multiple grating, double monochromators
(subtractive and additive dispersion)--often used additively for Raman spectra to reduce
scattered light. and increase resolution in visible

Compact Czerny-Turner, plane grating, collimating illuminates grating, focusing (camera)

mirror puts dispersed light at slit, extra mirrors let you choose slit, front or side (J-Y/Horiba)

 Computer controlled,
interchangeable
multi-grating
turrets for
extended spectral
coverage

 Image corrected optics provide superior imaging
quality for multi-track applications
 Stepping motor scanning system with
microprocessor control provides superior precision and
repeatability of wavelength positioning
(Acton Research – Princeton Instr.)
 Double C-T monochromator, reduce stray light

Concave grating focuses, mirrors steer beam, not Czerny Turner, can just use grating (right)
(Jobin-Yvon/Horiba) (McPherson)
As grating turns, beam comes back on itself for selected , so offset vertically to detect,
Light comes in from below and out over input to camera, see side-view below

Ebert design uses one focusing mirror, can be a Littrow setup, or can be two parts of the same
mirror for collimating and for focussing
Rowland Circle is a classic idea where entrance slit is focused at different points along a circle.
So detector must move of be spatially sensitive (like film can curve). Some are super high
resolution, size of a room.

Miniaturization is a big thing now (top J-Y) (Ocean optics and others)
Compact design 60 x 140 mm (Oriel/Newport)

Seya Namioka design -- Vacuum UV, minimize reflections, vacuum enclosure (McPherson)
 Lens based focusing, imaging spectrographs:


 Easy wavelength adjustment for 650nm to 830nm laser excitations
 Unique f/2 lenses with proprietary coatings from Acton Optics, providing > 99% throughput
 Optional integrated Raman filter for effective laser line filtering
 5 cm-1 resolution accommodates most NIR Raman applications (Princeton Instr.)

Transmission grating based design, (Kaiser Optical)

The HoloSpec™ ƒ/1.8 holographic imaging spectrograph provide high throughput due to their low
aperture ratio. The aperture ratio of ƒ/1.8 provides approximately five– to thirty-eight–times greater
collection angle than spectrographs operating at ƒ/4 to ƒ/8.

is well-suited to visible or fluorescence spectroscopy, or to Raman applications involving filtering of

Rayleigh scatter outside the spectrograph.
High Spatial Resolution
The optics employed in the HoloSpec™ spectrograph achieve thorough aberration correction across a
large field along both the slit axis and the wavelength axis.

HoloSpec ƒ/1.8i Typical 0.25 m Czerny-Turner Spectrograph

Image Data graphically illustrating the superior image quality acheivable by Graphs are image cross-sections of a 250 line/inch Ronchi ruling taken at the
edge of a 26 mm x 6.7 mm CCD having 23 micron pixels, illuminated at 543.5
the HoloSpec ƒ/1.8i over the entire area of a commonly used CCD camera . nm.
Homework – read Chap. 3-5,6.  That is a minimal start.  Read from the Richardson book,
see next page with links, and the web sites below by JY and/or winkipedia
Discussion: Chap 3--#9,25,28, 30
Problems:  Chap 3: 3 (previous classes have assumed =7o), study: 15-16-17, 20-21-22
(these groupings of 3 are very similar, I will ask you hand in only the second one, 20-21-22) 

Link to grating manufacturers

Richardson Grating Lab, formerly Bausch and Lomb, now apparently part of Newport Optical
            Historically they have produced a very useful book on grating use and design, worth
reading, download at:
            http://www.gratinglab.com/Diffraction%20Gratings/1/productmain.aspx
Jobin-Yvon (French) now with Horiba (Japanese)
            http://www.jobinyvon.com/usadivisions/gratings/gratings.htm
            Check out their explanatory grating tutorial page
            http://www.jobinyvon.com/usadivisions/OOS/oos1.htm
Gratingworks, smaller sizes
            http://www.gratingworks.com/
Grating Calculator
            http://xraysweb.lbl.gov/SCIrick/QuickCheck/Mono/mono.html
Brief explanatory web site with lots of links to physics principles
            http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffraction_grating
 

Links to monochromator topics

Tutorials:
Nice page on “Heath” monochromator, point being what were the design considerations used
to build it
            http://www.stolaf.edu/people/walters/narrative/mono.html
Brief explanatory page on monochromators
            http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monochromator
 
Companies
McPherson—higher specs, vacuum capability avalable
            http://www.mcphersoninc.com/
Jobin-Yvon, Spex, Instruments ISA
            http://www.jobinyvon.com/usadivisions/OSD/currentmonos.htm
Acton Research
            http://www.acton-research.com/catalog/list.php?s=i&c=SpectraPro
Oriel, now Newport, has spectrometers and monochromators  
            http://www.newport.com/Spectroscopy%20Instruments/1/productmain.aspx
OLIS makes spectrometers for specific purposes, but some use the clever rapid scan DeSa
monochromator
            http://www.olisweb.com/products/rsm/components.php
Simple monochromator used in a PTI fluorimeter, links to a very nice manual
            http://www.pti-nj.com/obb_5.html
Mini-monochromator, 74 mm, with Fastie-Ebert mount, from Optometrics
            http://www.optometrics.com/prod/fr_mono_sys.html
Ocean Optics, mini monochromators
http://www.oceanoptics.com/