Journal of Food Composition and Analysis 42 (2015) 120–133

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Journal of Food Composition and Analysis

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Original Research Article

Nutrient composition of important fish species in Bangladesh

and potential contribution to recommended nutrient intakes
Jessica R. Bogard a,b,*, Shakuntala H. Thilsted b, Geoffrey C. Marks a, Md. Abdul Wahab c,
Mostafa A.R. Hossain c, Jette Jakobsen d, James Stangoulis e
a
The University of Queensland, School of Public Health, Herston Road, Herston, Queensland 4006, Australia
b
WorldFish, House 22B, Road 7, Block F, Banani, Dhaka 1213, Bangladesh
c
Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU), BAU Main Road, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
d
Technical University of Denmark (DTU), National Food Institute, Mørkhøj, Denmark
e
Flinders University, School of Biological Sciences, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide 5001, South Australia, Australia

A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T

Article history: Fish, in Bangladesh where malnutrition remains a significant development challenge, is an irreplaceable
Received 3 June 2014 animal-source food in the diet of millions. However, existing data on the nutrient composition of fish do
Received in revised form 8 January 2015 not reflect the large diversity available and have focused on only a few select nutrients. The purpose of
Accepted 11 March 2015
this study was to fill the gaps in existing data on the nutrient profiles of common fish in Bangladesh by
Available online 7 April 2015
analysing the proximate, vitamin, mineral and fatty acid composition of 55 fish, shrimp and prawn
species from inland capture, aquaculture and marine capture fisheries. When comparing species, the
Keywords:
composition of nutrients of public health significance was diverse. Iron ranged from 0.34 to 19 mg/100 g,
Small indigenous fish species
Capture fisheries
zinc from 0.6 to 4.7 mg/100 g, calcium from 8.6 to 1900 mg/100 g, vitamin A from 0 to 2503 mg/100 g
Aquaculture and vitamin B12 from 0.50 to 14 mg/100 g. Several species were rich in essential fatty acids, particularly
Bangladesh docosohexaenoic acid in capture fisheries species (86–310 mg/100 g). The potential contribution of each
Nutrient composition species to recommended nutrient intakes (RNIs) for pregnant and lactating women (PLW) and infants
1000 days was calculated. Seven species for PLW and six species for infants, all from inland capture, and all typically
Mineral consumed whole with head and bones, could potentially contribute 25% of RNIs for three or more of
Vitamin these nutrients, simultaneously, from a standard portion. This illustrates the diversity in nutrient
Fatty acids
content of fish species and in particular the rich nutrient composition of small indigenous species, which
Biodiversity
should guide policy and programmes to improve food and nutrition security in Bangladesh.
Food analysis
Food composition ß 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. This is an open access article under the CC BY license
Food security (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

1. Introduction food production sector, during a period of decline in capture

fisheries (Belton and Thilsted, 2014).
In Bangladesh, fish is an irreplaceable animal-source food in the While remaining largely successful in increasing supply to meet
diet of millions, both in terms of quantity – accounting for the demand of a growing population, the extent to which the
approximately 60% of animal protein intake at 18.1 kg consumed growth of aquaculture has been able to mitigate reduction in
per person per year – and frequency of consumption, far exceeding dietary diversity and micronutrient intake from the diverse but
that of any other animal-source food (Belton et al., 2014). The waning capture fisheries sector, focusing on only a few select large
country possesses diverse and abundant aquatic resources with species, is questionable (Belton et al., 2014). Despite improvement
267 freshwater fish species (Thilsted, 2010), and an annual in some food and nutrition security indicators (JPGSPH and HKI,
production of 3.1 million tonnes (Belton and Thilsted, 2014). 2012), malnutrition, largely caused by inadequate micronutrient
Bangladesh is also one of many developing countries to experience intake, remains widespread with 41% of children under five years
the proliferation of aquaculture, now the world’s fastest growing suffering from stunted growth (NIPORT et al., 2013). The fisheries
and aquaculture sector has been recognised as a key resource in
tackling food and nutrition security issues and features promi-
* Corresponding author. Tel.: +61 403 752 468; fax: +61 7 3365 5442. nently in the national development agenda (Government of the
E-mail addresses: [email protected] (J.R. Bogard), [email protected] Peoples Republic of Bangladesh, 2005a,b, 2006, 2011).
(S.H. Thilsted), [email protected] (G.C. Marks), [email protected]
Knowledge of the nutrient composition of important foods is
(M.A. Wahab), [email protected] (Mostafa A.R. Hossain), [email protected]
(J. Jakobsen), james.stangoulis@flinders.edu.au (J. Stangoulis).
an invaluable tool in understanding the links between food

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jfca.2015.03.002
0889-1575/ß 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
 J.R. Bogard et al. / Journal of Food Composition and Analysis 42 (2015) 120–133 121

production, access and nutrient intakes, and in devising policies

and programmes such as development of improved production
technologies (Thilsted and Wahab, 2014a), to ensure that food
supply optimally fulfils population nutrient requirements. How-
ever, despite the clear importance of fish in the Bangladeshi diet,
existing composition data do not reflect the large diversity of
species available for consumption and have only focused on a few
select nutrients rather than comprehensive nutrient profiles. The
recently published Food Composition Table for Bangladesh is a
useful compilation of existing composition data on important
foods (including a number of fish and fish products); however, the
data come from a large number of sources including regional
databases with varying sampling and analytical methods, some of
which are now several decades old (INFS, 2013).
The primary objective of this study was to document
comprehensive nutrient composition profiles of important fish,
shrimp and prawn species in Bangladesh with a specific focus on
small indigenous species (SIS). Species and nutrient components
selected for analyses were chosen to ‘fill the gaps’ in existing data
(Roos et al., 2002), using rigorous sampling and analytical
methods, as well as to extend the data to include more species
diversity. The secondary objective was to estimate the potential
contribution of fish, shrimp and prawn species to recommended
nutrient intakes (RNIs) during the first 1000 days of life, which
means for women throughout pregnancy and lactation, and for
infants from age 7 to 23 months. Specific nutrients considered are
iron, zinc, calcium, iodine, vitamin A and vitamin B12, which are of
known public health concern in Bangladesh (Craviari et al., 2008; Fig. 1. Fish sampling locations in Bangladesh.
Fischer et al., 1999; ICDDRB et al., 2013). Data presented in this Adapted from (Center for Intercultural Learning, 2012).
paper are the most comprehensive collection on the nutrient
composition of important fish, shrimp and prawn species in
Bangladesh, both in terms of the number of species and the samples are referred to by the common Bangla name and are
nutrient components analysed, to date. grouped according to the three dominant fish production sectors:
inland capture, inland aquaculture and marine capture fisheries.
2. Materials and methods Samples were cleaned by local fisher-folk to obtain raw, edible
parts according to traditional practice. Depending on the fish
2.1. Sampling protocol species, edible parts may or may not include the head, viscera,
scales, bones and other parts (Table 1). To avoid contamination of
The sampling method was constrained by the nature of rural samples, non-metal equipment such as plastic cutting boards,
fish markets in this context, largely dependent on the activities of buckets and strainers, and ceramic cutting knives were used to
small-scale fishermen whose supply is unpredictable. As a result, obtain raw edible parts. Fish samples were washed with deionised
single pooled samples of 54 fish, shrimp and prawn species water after cleaning and before being packed in polyethylene bags
commonly available during the monsoon season, were collected at and stored in a deep freezer at 18 8C. Frozen samples were
local markets and fish landing sites in Mymensingh, Sylhet, Khulna transported in an insulated box, lined with dry ice to laboratories in
and Cox’s Bazar districts in Bangladesh as shown in Fig. 1, from New Zealand and Denmark for nutrient composition analysis. The
July–September 2012. Additionally, one small fish species (Ambly- temperature of fish samples was measured upon receipt at the
pharyngodon mola) was sampled both from the market (assumed to testing facilities to ensure that the samples had remained frozen
be from an inland capture source) and from a homestead pond in during transportation. Fish species were homogenised as per raw
Dinajpur district (referred to as Mola(cultured)). The number of fish edible parts prior to analysis and subsamples of the homogenate
collected for each sample was dependent on the average size of were taken, with size appropriate for individual analytical tests
each fish species but was a total of approximately two kilograms (10–100 g). For several species, the homogenate included bones,
for each sample. For small fish species (<500 g per fish), a single and for others, bones were removed prior to homogenisation if
pooled sample of up to several hundred individual fish (to make a they are typically discarded as plate waste, as shown in Table 1.
total sample of approximately two kilograms) was collected, for
medium fish (500–750 g per fish), a single pooled sample of four 2.3. Analytical methods
individual fish, and for larger fish (>750 g per fish), a single pooled
sample of two individual fish. Samples were packed in polyeth- The analytical methods for each nutrient component, and
ylene bags at the collection site and transported in an insulated ice corresponding limits of quantitation (LOQ) and reproducibility are
box lined with ice chips and away from direct sunlight, to a nearby summarised in Table 2.
laboratory facility.
2.3.1. Analyses completed at AsureQuality Limited Laboratory,
2.2. Sample preparation Auckland, New Zealand
For proximate components (protein, fat, moisture, ash), vitamin
The identification details of each sample including common B12 and folate, standard analytical methods as per the Association
Bangla name, scientific name, location of sample collection and of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC) were used, as listed in
sample preparation details are shown in Table 1. In this paper, Table 2. Minerals (except iodine and selenium) were analysed
122 J.R. Bogard et al. / Journal of Food Composition and Analysis 42 (2015) 120–133

Table 1
Identification details of fish, shrimp and prawn samples and anatomical parts removed prior to analysis.

Common Bangla name Scientific name Collection district Anatomical parts excluded prior to analysis

Inland capture
Small indigenous fish species (SIS)
Baim Mastacembelus armatus Mymensingh Bones, viscera, fins, skin, dorsal spine, snout
Bele, Bailla Glossogobius giuris Mymensingh Viscera, fins, scales
Boro Kholisha Colisa fasciata Mymensingh Viscera, fins, scales
Chanda Pseudambassis ranga Khulna Viscera, fins
Chapila Gudusia chapra Mymensingh Viscera, fins, scales
Chela Chela cachius Mymensingh Viscera, fins, scales
Darkina Esomus danricus Mymensingh Viscera, scales
Dhela Osteobrama cotio cotio Mymensingh Viscera, fins, scales
Ekthute Hyporhamphus limbatus Khulna Viscera, fins
Foli Notopterus notopterus Mymensingh Bones, viscera, fins, scales, operculum
Golsha Mystus cavasius Mymensingh Bones, viscera, fins, barbell
Guchi Mastacembelus pancalus Mymensingh Viscera, fins
Gutum Lepidocephalichthys guntea Mymensingh Viscera, fins
Jat Punti Puntius sophore Sylhet Viscera, fins, scales
Kachki Corica soborna Mymensingh No parts removed
Kajuli, Bashpata Ailia coila Sylhet Bones, viscera, fins, scales
Kakila Xenontedon cancila Mymensingh Bones, viscera, fins, snout
Koi Anabas testudineus Mymensingh Bones, viscera, fins, scales, gills
Kuli, Bhut Bailla Eleotris fusca Khulna Viscera, fins, scales
Magur Clarias batrachus Mymensingh Bones, viscera, gills, barbell
Meni Nandus nandus Mymensingh Viscera, fins, scales, gills, operculum
Modhu Pabda Ompok pabda Mymensingh Bones, fins, viscera
Mola Amblypharyngodon mola Mymensingh Viscera, fins, scales
Mola (cultured)a Amblypharyngodon mola Dinajpur Viscera, fins, scales
Rani, Bou Botia dario Sylhet Viscera, fins
Shing Heteropneustes fossilis Mymensingh Bones, viscera, barbell, gills
Taki Channa punctatus Mymensingh Bones, viscera, fins, scales
Tara Baim Macrognathus aculeatus Mymensingh Viscera
Tengra Mystus vittatus Mymensingh Viscera, barbel
Tit Punti Puntius ticto Mymensingh Viscera, fins, scales
Large fish species
Gojar Channa marulius Sylhet Bones, viscera, fins, scales, gills
Ilish Tenualosa ilisha Khulna Bones, viscera, fins, scales
Jatka Ilish Tenualosa ilisha (juvenile) Sylhet Bones, viscera, fins, scales
Shol Channa striatus Sylhet Bones, viscera, scales, gills, fins
Shrimp/prawn
Harina Chingri Metapenaeus monoceros Khulna Viscera, shell, legs, tail
Najari Icha Macrobrachium malcolmsonii Mymensingh Viscera, shell, legs, tail

Inland aquaculture
Indigenous major carps
Catla Catla catla Mymensingh Bones, viscera, fins, scales, gills
Mrigal Cirrhinus mrigala Mymensingh Bones, viscera, fins, scales, gills
Rui Labeo rohita Mymensingh Bones, viscera, scales, fins, gills, snout, operculum
Introduced fish species
Common Carp Cyprinus carpio Khulna Bones, viscera, fins, scales, gills, operculum
Grass Carp Ctenopharyngodon idella Mymensingh Bones, viscera, fins, scales, gills, operculum
Silver Carp Hypophthalmichthys molitrix Mymensingh Bones, viscera, gills, fins, operculum
Thai Pangas Pangasianodon hypophthalmus Mymensingh Bones, viscera, gills, fins, operculum
Majhari Thai Pangas Pangasianodon hypophthalmus (juvenile) Sylhet Bones, viscera, fins, barbel
Thai Sarpunti Barbonymus gonionotus Mymensingh Bones, viscera, fins, scales, gills, operculum
Tilapia Oreochromis niloticus Mymensingh Bones, viscera, fins, scales, gills
Majhari Tilapia Oreochromis niloticus (juvenile) Mymensingh Bones, viscera, fins, scales, gills

Marine capture
Foli Chanda Pampus argenteus Khulna Bones, viscera, fins
Kata Phasa Stolephorus tri Cox’s Bazar Viscera
Lal poa Johnius argentatus Cox’s Bazar Viscera, fins, scales
Maita Scomberomorus guttatus Cox’s Bazar Bones, viscera, fins, scales
Murbaila Platycephalus indicus Cox’s Bazar Bones, viscera, fins, scales
Parse Liza parsia Khulna Bones, viscera, fins, scales, gills
Tailla Eleutheronema tetradactylum Cox’s Bazar Bones, viscera, fins, scales
Tular Dandi Sillaginopsis panijus Cox’s Bazar Bones, viscera, fins, scales
a
Mola is a SIS typically sourced from inland capture fisheries; however, Mola is now included in homestead pond polyculture with carps (Thilsted and Wahab, 2014c).

using the inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrom- 2.3.2. Analyses completed at the National Food Institute, DTU,
etry (ICP-OES) method (APA et al., 2012). Iodine and selenium were Denmark
analysed using the inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry Analyses of vitamin A, B12, D, E and folate in 29 species were
(ICP-MS) method (APA et al., 2012). Vitamin D and E were analysed carried out in Denmark where all tests were conducted in
using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) (Brubacher accordance with standard ISO17025 of the International Organi-
et al., 1985). Fatty acid composition was analysed using gas liquid zation for Standardization, as summarised in Table 2 (ISO, 2005).
chromatography (GLC) (Bannon et al., 1985). Vitamin A, D and E were analysed using HPLC. Quantification of
 J.R. Bogard et al. / Journal of Food Composition and Analysis 42 (2015) 120–133 123

Table 2
Analytical methods used for nutrient composition analysis of fish, shrimp and prawn samples.

Analyte Units Method referencea LOQb Reproducibility

Analyses conducted at AsureQuality, New Zealand

Proximate components
Protein g/100 g Block digestion (AOAC 981.10) 0.1 0.2HResult
Fat (total) g/100 g Acid hydrolysis (AOAC 948.15) 0.1 0.5%
Moisture g/100 g Air drying (AOAC 950.46) 0.1 0.8%
Ash g/100 g Direct method (AOAC 920.153) 0.1 0.8%

Minerals
Iron mg/kg Acid Digest, ICP OES (APA et al., 2012) 0.62 7%
Zinc mg/kg Acid digest, ICP OES (APA et al., 2012) 1.5 7%
Calcium mg/kg Acid Digest, ICP OES (APA et al., 2012) 2.8 8%
Iodine mg/kg TMAH Digestion, ICP MS (APA et al., 2012) 0.02 10%
Selenium mg/kg TMAH Digestion, ICP MS (APA et al., 2012) 0.02 7%
Phosphorus mg/kg Acid Digest, ICP OES (APA et al., 2012) 3.3 8%
Magnesium mg/kg Acid digest, ICP OES (APA et al., 2012) 0.74 7%
Sodium mg/kg Acid Digest, ICP OES (APA et al., 2012) 2.7 8%
Potassium mg/kg Acid Digest, ICP OES (APA et al., 2012) 3.3 8%
Manganese mg/kg Acid digest, ICP OES (APA et al., 2012) 0.05 7%
Sulphur mg/100 g Acid digest, ICP OES (APA et al., 2012) 0.02 7%
Copper mg/kg Acid digest, ICP OES (APA et al., 2012) 0.1 8%
Chromium mg/kg Wet Oxidation, ICP MS (APA et al., 2012) 0.05 10%

Vitamins
Vitamin B12 mg/100 g Surface plasmon resonance (AOAC 2011.16) 0.2 12%
Vitamin D3 IU/100 g HPLC (Brubacher et al., 1985) 20 16%
Vitamin D2 IU/100 g HPLC (Brubacher et al., 1985) 20 16%
Vitamin E (a-tocopherol) IU/100 g HPLC (Brubacher et al., 1985) 0.11 10%
Vitamin E, g, d tocopherols) IU/100 g HPLC (Brubacher et al., 1985) 0.01 10%
Folate mg/100 g Optical biosensor assay (AOAC 2011.05) 8 12%
Fatty Acids mg/100 g GLC (Bannon et al., 1985) 10 12%

Analyses conducted at National Food Institute, DTU, Denmark

Vitamins
Vitamin A (all components) mg/100 g HPLC (Roos et al., 2007a) 10 19%c
Vitamin B12 mg/100 g Microbiological assay (Nord, 1960) 0.03 13%c
Vitamin D3 mg/100 g HPLC (CEN, 2009) 0.05 10%c
25OHD3 mg/100 g HPLC (CEN, 2009) 0.1 –d
Vitamin E (a-tocopherol) mg/100 g HPLC (CEN, 2000) 0.02 9.9%c
Folate mg/100 g Microbiological assay (CEN, 2003) 0.2 18%c
a
AOAC, Association of Official Analytical Chemists, http://www.aoac.org; ICP OES, inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry; TMAH,
Tetramethylammonium hydroxide; ICP MS, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry; HPLC, high performance liquid chromatography; GLC, gas liquid
chromatography.
b
LOQ, limit of quantitation.
c
Values are based on analyses of fish samples in this data set.
d
Not applicable as no result returned a detectable quantity.

vitamin A activity included all-trans-retinol, 13-cis-retinol, all- were analysed singly and presented here as per analytical results.
trans-3,4-dehydroretinol and 13-cis-3,4-dehydroretinol. Dehy- Vitamin A components are presented as mg/100 g of 13-cis-
droretinol is expected to demonstrate 40% of the biological retinol, 13-cis-3,4-dehydroretinol, all-trans-retinol, all-trans-3,4-
activity of retinol (Shantz and Brinkman, 1950) and possibly up dehydroretinol and b-carotene and then total vitamin A in
to 110% (Riabroy and Anumihardjo, 2011). For vitamin D, the CEN- retinol activity equivalents (mg RAE/100 g) has been calculated
method was modified to include quantitation of 25-hydroxy according to the following conversion factors: 1 mg all-trans-
vitamin D3 (Jakobsen et al., 2007). Vitamin B12 was determined by retinol = 1 mg RAE, 1 mg 13-cis-retinol = 0.75 mg RAE (Ames et al.,
microbiological assay using Lactobacillus delbrueckii as the test 1955), 1 mg all-trans-3,4-dehydroretinol = 0.4 mg RAE, 1 mg 13-
organism (Nord, 1960), and folate was determined using Lactoba- cis-3,4-dehydroretinol = 0.4 mg RAE (Shantz and Brinkman,
cillus casei as the test organism (CEN, 2003). 1950), 1 mg b-carotene = 0.08 mg RAE (Ottin et al., 2006). Species
analysed for vitamin D and E at AsureQuality were reported in
2.4. Presentation of results International Units per 100 g of raw edible parts (IU/100 g) and
were converted to International System of Units (SI) units (mg/
All proximate components and minerals were analysed in 100 g) using the following conversion factors: vitamin D2 (mg/
duplicate and presented here as the mean, reported to the same 100 g) = vitamin D2 (IU/100 g)  0.025, vitamin D3 (mg/
number of significant figures as per original analytical results. For 100 g) = vitamin D3 (IU/100 g)  0.025 and vitamin E(tocopherol)
some samples a result of ‘none detected’ is given when a (mg/100 g) = vitamin E(tocopherol) (IU/100 g)  0.67 (FAO/
quantifiable result was found for one replicate but the INFOODS, 2012). Fatty acid components are presented here as
corresponding duplicate returned a result below the LOQ. All per analytical results and total n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids
minerals (except sulphur) were reported in metric units per kg of (PUFA) and n-3 PUFA were calculated from the fatty acid profile.
raw, edible parts but are presented here as metric units per 100 g All results are presented as per 100 g raw, edible parts. The
raw, edible parts for ease of use. Energy was calculated using composition of nutrients of public health significance, vitamins
Atwater factors from assayed proximate components (Merill and and fatty acids, in relation to RNI’s have been discussed in the
Watt, 1973). Due to resource limitations, vitamins and fatty acids results section.
124 J.R. Bogard et al. / Journal of Food Composition and Analysis 42 (2015) 120–133

2.4.1. Previously published data on nutrient composition of fish Table 3

Energy, protein, fat, moisture and ash content of fish, shrimp and prawn species.a
species
Data on the mineral content of 13 species and vitamin A content Nutrient content per 100 g raw edible parts
of 20 species had previously been published using similar sampling Energy Protein Fat Moisture Ash
methods and therefore these analyses were not repeated but have kJ g g g g
been included in the presentation of results here for completeness.
Inland capture
In this pre-existing data, minerals (except selenium) were
Small indigenous fish species (SIS)
analysed by atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS), selenium Baim 381 17.9 1.7 78.6 1.0
was analysed using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission Bele, Bailla 292 16.6 0.4 80.3 3.1
spectrometry (ICP-AES), and vitamin A was analysed using HPLC Boro Kholisha 354 15.2 2.5 77.0 5.2
(Roos, 2001). Due to slight differences in methodology for mineral Chanda 400 15.5 3.8 76.2 4.7
Chapila 385 15.5 3.8 78.4 3.4
analysis in previous data and newly presented data, care should be Chela 349 15.2 2.4 79.4 2.9
taken in making comparisons across species. Darkina 384 15.5 3.2 77.1 4.2
Dhela 387 14.7 3.8 78.1 3.7
2.4.2. Statistical analyses of results Ekthute 360 17.9 1.7 76.7 4.1
Foli 384 20.5 0.6 76.7 1.4
Descriptive statistics of the data are presented including the
Golsha 479 16.8 5.1 76.8 1.0
range and mean, rounded to the same number of significant figures Guchi 394 17.9 2.6 77.7 2.2
as original analytical results. Pearson’s correlation coefficients Gutum 431 17.2 3.9 76.7 2.6
were calculated using STATA (version 12.1, StataCorp, College Jat Punti 541 15.7 7.2 73.2 3.5
Station, TX, USA), to describe the linear dependence of fat, moisture Kachki 267 11.9 1.9 85.4 1.7
Kajuli, Bashpata 751 17.1 12.6 70.0 0.7
and energy for all 55 species; and ash and various minerals for 41 Kakila 329 17.1 1.2 80.2 1.8
species for which all mineral compositions were analysed. Koi 737 15.5 12.8 70.5 1.0
Kuli, Bhut Bailla 330 16.9 1.2 78.9 3.1
2.5. Calculation of potential contribution to recommended nutrient Magur 326 16.5 1.3 81.3 1.1
Meni, Bheda 338 16.7 1.7 78.5 3.6
intakes
Modhu Pabda 619 16.2 9.5 73.9 0.9
Mola 445 17.3 4.5 75.6 3.5
The potential contribution of each species to RNIs of nutrients Mola (cultured) 412 14.7 4.6 77.3 4.0
of interest during the first 1000 days was calculated first by Rani, Bou 654 14.9 10.6 70.8 3.2
assigning an average RNI target for each nutrient as shown in Shing 374 19.1 1.9 79.2 1.0
Taki 306 18.3 0.6 80.7 2.1
Table 5, for pregnant and lactating women (PLW) to account for Tara Baim 387 17.2 2.6 79.4 2.3
variations in requirements throughout the three trimesters of Tengra 428 15.1 4.6 76.6 3.7
pregnancy and first 12 months of lactation, and for infants to Tit Punti 385 15.4 3.4 77.5 3.8
account for variations in requirements throughout the period Large fish species
from age 7 to 23 months (FAO/WHO, 2004); then by calculating Gojar 286 17.1 0.3 82.6 1.0
the contribution from a standard portion of each species (50 g/day Ilish 1020 16.4 18.3 60.2 1.4
for PLW and 25 g/day for infants) as a percentage of the average Jatka Ilish 618 19.0 7.7 71.8 2.5
Shol 310 18.7 0.3 81.0 1.2
RNI. The nutrients of interest considered here are iron, zinc,
calcium, iodine, vitamin A and vitamin B12. The RNIs for iron and Shrimp/prawn
zinc further vary according to estimated overall dietary bioavail- Harina Chingri 333 17.6 1.0 79.5 2.2
Najari Icha 364 15.7 2.2 77.9 3.3
ability which is dependent on a number of factors including the
presence of animal-flesh foods, phytates and other factors; and Inland aquaculture
are therefore provided according to four and three dietary Indigenous major carps
Catla 267 14.9 0.7 84.1 1.0
bioavailability categories, respectively. The typical Bangladeshi
Mrigal 363 18.9 1.1 78.9 1.1
diet based on polished rice, fish and vegetables is assumed to fit Rui 422 18.2 3.0 77.7 1.0
best with criteria used to define the ‘10% bioavailability’ category
Introduced fish species
for iron, and ‘moderate bioavailability’ category for zinc (FAO and Common Carp 381 16.4 2.9 80.0 1.0
WHO, 2004). Grass Carp 341 15.2 1.1 80.2 1.1
Silver Carp 435 17.2 4.1 77.8 1.5
3. Results and discussion Thai Pangas 925 16.0 17.7 65.5 0.9
Majhari Thai Pangas 360 18.6 1.4 79.2 1.4
Thai Sharpunti 466 18.4 4.4 76.2 1.6
3.1. Proximate composition Tilapia 390 19.5 2.0 77.6 1.8
Majhari Tilapia 412 19.0 2.6 77.5 1.3
The energy, protein, fat, moisture and ash composition of all 55
Marine capture
species are shown in Table 3. The total energy content varied Foli Chanda 320 17.2 0.9 82.1 0.7
greatly with a range of 267–1020 kJ/100 g which is related to Kata Phasa 357 17.6 2.1 77.4 4.1
variation in fat content in the different species, as evidenced by a Lal Poa 381 18.1 2.4 75.2 5.3
correlation coefficient of 0.98. The total protein content in fish Maita 405 20.5 1.1 76.5 1.0
Murbaila 310 18.8 0.3 80.6 1.6
species ranged from 11.9 to 20.6 g/100 g and can be assumed to be Parse 813 16.1 14.3 67.8 1.2
of high dietary quality, being an animal-source protein (WHO, Tailla 425 20.6 2.2 76.5 1.1
2007). The fat content ranged from 0.3 to 18.3 g/100 g. Fat Tular Dandi 345 19.3 0.6 78.8 1.6
generally varies much more widely than other proximate a
All data are newly reported values.
components of fish, and usually reflects differences in the way n = 1 pooled sample.
fat is stored in particular species but may also be affected by
seasonal/lifecycle variations and the diet/food availability of the
species at the time of sampling (Ababouch, 2005). For example,
bottom dwelling species such as the indigenous major carps are
 J.R. Bogard et al. / Journal of Food Composition and Analysis 42 (2015) 120–133 125

typically lean fish, storing fat in the liver (Ababouch, 2005), 3.2.3. Calcium
whereas, migratory fish such as Ilish have a higher content of dark Calcium content ranged considerably from 8.6 to 1900 mg/
muscle which tends to be rich in fat (Alam et al., 2012). The 100 g with a mean content of 600 mg/100 g. These results are
moisture content of fish species ranged from 60.2 to 85.4 g/100 g within the range of fish and seafood reported elsewhere (FAO/
and, as expected was negatively correlated with fat and energy INFOODS, 2013). As would be expected, calcium content was much
content (correlation coefficient of 0.91 and 0.95 respectively). higher in species in which bones are commonly consumed and
Ash content ranged from 0.7 to 5.3 g/100 g and is positively included in the edible parts. Fourteen species were identified that
correlated with mineral content, particularly calcium, phosphorus, would meet 50% of the RNI for PLW, and 18 species that would
magnesium and zinc, with correlation coefficients of 0.98, 0.95, meet 50% of the RNI for infants (Table 5). Calcium deficiency
0.85, and 0.74 respectively. The large variation in ash content is nationally has not been evaluated, however, it has been implicated
likely related to inclusion of bones as edible parts in some species, in the development of rickets, estimated to affect 550,000 children
which would lead to higher ash content in these. in 2008 (Craviari et al., 2008; Fischer et al., 1999; ICDDRB, 2009),
and in a study in two rural subdistricts of Bangladesh, it was
3.2. Mineral composition estimated no women or young children had diets adequate in
calcium, attributable to low food intake and low dietary diversity
The iron, zinc, calcium, iodine, selenium, phosphorus, magne- (Arsenault et al., 2013). In developed countries, dairy products tend
sium, sodium, potassium, manganese, sulphur and copper to be the primary source of dietary calcium; however, this is not
composition for all species are shown in Table 4. the case in Bangladesh where frequency of dairy consumption is
very low (Belton et al., 2014; JPGSPH and HKI, 2012). The data
3.2.1. Iron presented here further support the conclusion that in Bangladesh,
Iron content varied considerably with a range from 0.34 to SIS eaten whole, with bones are a significant source of highly
19 mg/100 g and a mean value of 2.6 mg/100 g. Three species of bioavailable dietary calcium (Larsen et al., 2000; Roos et al.,
fish and one species of prawn were identified that would meet 2007a,b).
25% of the RNI for PLW and infants: Chapila, Darkina, Mola and
Najari Icha (Table 5). These results show a greater range in iron 3.2.4. Iodine
content compared to a values reported in the global FAO/INFOODS Iodine was below detectable limits in eight of the 55 species,
database on fish and shellfish (excluding molluscs) (FAO/INFOODS, and ranged up to 120 mg/100 g, with a mean of 22 mg/100 g. Only
2013). Of interest is that iron content of cultured Mola (19 mg/ one species of prawn (Najari Icha) would contribute to 25% of the
100 g) is much higher than previously reported values for capture RNI, and one species of fish (Darkina) would contribute 20% of the
Mola (5.7 mg/100 g). This may be partly attributable to sampling RNI, for PLW and infants (Table 5). The iodine content of foods
variability, methodological differences in analysis of iron content, tends to be largely dependent on environmental conditions.
or may reflect real differences in the accumulation of iron in this Marine fish and seafood tend to be rich dietary sources with a mean
species based on differing environmental conditions. The true composition of 83 mg/100 g in marine fish reported elsewhere
nature and magnitude of these differences should be further (FAO/WHO, 2004); however, this was not particularly evident in
investigated. Overall, the data presented here indicate that several the marine species analysed here, with a range of only 6.9–41 mg/
species (all from inland capture fisheries) may contribute 100 g. This is the first study in which the iodine content of fish,
significantly to dietary iron intakes in Bangladesh which is of shrimp and prawn in Bangladesh was analysed. The composition of
high bioavailability as an animal-source food (FAO and WHO, iodine in inland capture species reported here was within the
2004). This may have important policy implications given the range of fish and seafood reported elsewhere (FAO/INFOODS,
public health significance of iron deficiency in Bangladesh, with 2013), but most species are unlikely to be a significant source of
prevalence recently estimated at 10.7% in preschool aged children dietary iodine.
and 7.1% in adult women (ICDDRB et al., 2013), and the well
documented negative effects of deficiency on physical and 3.2.5. Selenium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, potassium,
cognitive development, pregnancy outcomes, morbidity and manganese, sulphur, copper and chromium
mortality. The contents of these minerals were analysed for data
completeness but they are not associated with significant public
3.2.2. Zinc health concerns currently, and therefore, their nutritional signifi-
Zinc concentration varied considerably from 0.6 to 4.7 mg/ cance is not discussed here. Selenium content of foods varies
100 g with a mean content of 1.9 mg/100 g. These results are significantly according to surrounding environmental conditions.
within the range of fish and seafood reported elsewhere (FAO/ The selenium content in species analysed here showed a wide
INFOODS, 2013). Four species were identified that would meet range from 5 to 110 mg/100 g, consistent with data reported
25% of the RNI for PLW; Chela, Darkina, cultured Mola and Rani, elsewhere (FAO/INFOODS, 2013). Phosphorus content ranged from
and two species: Chela and cultured Mola, which would meet 110 to 1000 mg/100 g, with higher composition in fish species with
25% of the RNI for infants, from a standard portion (Table 5). A bones included in edible parts, also consistent with values reported
further seven species of fish and one species of prawn (all of elsewhere (FAO/INFOODS, 2013). The ranges of magnesium (21–
which are capture species) would meet 20–25% of RNIs for PLW 57 mg/100 g), sodium (26–110 mg/100 g) and potassium (58–
(Dhela, Ekthute, Kachki, Kata Phasa, Mola, Najari Icha, Tengra, 350 mg/100 g) content were broadly consistent with ranges for
and Tit Punti) and a further six species of fish and one species of other fish and seafood reported elsewhere (FAO/INFOODS, 2013).
prawn would meet 20–25% of RNIs for infants (Darkina, Dhela, Manganese content ranged from 0.010 to 2.8 mg/100 g and is
Ekthute, Mola, Najari Icha, Rani and Tit Punti). In light of recent higher than results reported elsewhere (FAO/INFOODS, 2013),
estimates of a national prevalence of zinc deficiency in 57.3% of which may be related to water pollution (Törnqvist et al., 2011).
women and 44.6% of pre-school aged children in Bangladesh Sulphur content ranged from 160 to 300 mg/100 g and is higher
(ICDDRB et al., 2013), several SIS and prawn species could than results reported in the FAO/INFOODS global database,
contribute significantly to dietary zinc intake, also taking into although consistent with results reported elsewhere in the
consideration that zinc in animal-source foods is highly literature (Vlieg et al., 1991). Copper content ranged from 0 to
bioavailable (FAO and WHO, 2004). 1.2 mg/100 g with highest values found in shrimp and prawn, far
126 J.R. Bogard et al. / Journal of Food Composition and Analysis 42 (2015) 120–133

Table 4
Mineral composition of fish, shrimp and prawn species.

Nutrient content per 100 g raw edible parts

Iron Zinc Calcium Iodine Selenium Phosphorus Magnesium Sodium Potassium Manganese Sulphur Copper
mg mg mg mg mg mg mg mg mg mg mg mg

Inland capture
Small indigenous fish species (SIS)
Baim 1.9a 1.1a 449a 13 12a – 35a 47a 322a – – –
Bele, Bailla 2.3 2.1 790 25 31 520 38 56 210 2.3 200 0.030
Boro Kholisha 4.1 2.3 1700 20 26 910 44 61 210 2.0 190 0.046
Chanda 2.1a 2.6a 1153a 24 22a – 45a 61a 206a – – –
Chapila 7.6a 2.1a 1063a 13 13.4a – 41a 57a 281a – – –
Chela 0.84 4.7 1000 19 32 590 39 28 85 0.60 170 0.052
Darkina 12a 4.0a 891a 81 12a – 38a 110a 200a – – –
Dhela 1.8 3.7 1200 9.5 29 660 39 37 110 0.60 170 0.046
Ekthute 1.5 3.6 1300 11 28 770 51 52 140 0.73 240 0.030
Foli 1.7 1.6 230 nd 22 270 34 53 280 0.078 260 0.058
Golsha 1.8 1.3 120 13 41 180 26 33 210 0.22 220 0.039
Guchi 2.7a 1.3a 491a 19 45a – 34a 52a 294a – – –
Gutum 3.3 2.5 950 16 36 650 57 45 240 0.46 190 0.054
Jat Punti 2.2a 2.9a 1042a 20 9.5a – 39a 53a 203a – – –
Kachki 2.8a 3.1a 476a 6.0 7.5a – 26a 38a 134a – – –
Kajuli, Bashpata 0.82 1.2 110 7.1 27 140 22 26 130 0.17 200 0.059
Kakila 0.65 1.9 610 37 29 450 35 49 190 0.47 240 0.046
Koi 0.87 0.60 85 nd 19 160 21 31 260 0.052 190 0.052
Kuli, Bhut Bailla 0.79 2.0 980 31 49 580 39 55 190 0.29 210 0.030
Magur 1.2 0.74 59 22 22 210 26 61 350 0.021 180 0.050
Meni, Bheda 0.84 1.6 1300 13 29 810 44 68 250 1.4 210 0.029
Modhu Pabda 0.46 0.90 91 7.0 27 150 23 47 230 0.073 190 0.042
Mola 5.7a 3.2a 853a 17 5a – 35a 39a 152a – – –
Mola (cultured) 19 4.2 1400 33 19 700 49 31 58 1.9 160 0.047
Rani, Bou 2.5 4.0 1300 25 31 820 45 48 160 1.5 170 0.094
Shing 2.2 1.1 60 nd 31 220 37 54 300 0.038 230 0.057
Taki 1.8a 1.5a 766a 18 15a – 35a 47a 260a – – –
Tara Baim 2.5a 1.2a 457a 13 15a – 34a 46a 290a – – –
Tengra 4.0a 3.1a 1093a 28 24a – 36a 57a 203a – – –
Tit Punti 3.4a 3.8a 1480a 19 10a – 47a 61a 187a – – –

Large fish species

Gojar 0.43 0.60 9.3 14 37 150 23 30 300 0.018 230 0.015
Ilish 1.9 1.2 220 37 40 300 27 44 280 0.25 210 0.12
Jatka Ilish 2.5 1.8 500 34 41 430 32 58 280 0.40 250 0.12
Shol 0.41 0.73 96 nd 42 210 27 42 350 0.10 260 0.017

Shrimp/prawn
Harina Chingri 2.7 1.3 550 26 42 290 45 85 210 0.57 190 0.49
Najari Icha 13 3.3 1200 120 34 320 52 75 200 2.8 190 1.2

Inland aquaculture
Indigenous major carps
Catla 0.83 1.1 210 18 27 260 28 74 310 0.070 170 0.029
Mrigal 2.5a 1.5a 960a 15 19a – 39a 71a 266a – – –
Rui 0.98 1.0 51 20 29 210 28 61 330 0.051 200 0.038

Introduced fish species

Common Carp 1.1 2.2 37 13 22 180 26 67 300 0.020 190 0.033
Grass Carp 0.46 0.91 54 nd 31 190 27 73 300 0.018 170 0.034
Silver Carp 4.4a 1.4a 903a nd 12a – 34a 96a 225a – – –
Thai Pangas 0.69 0.65 8.6 nd 19 150 21 47 250 0.010 220 0.023
Majhari Thai Pangas 2.7 1.1 59 17 11 160 21 81 260 0.092 170 0.086
Thai Sharpunti 1.6 1.8 270 38 22 280 29 72 240 0.073 250 0.036
Tilapia 1.1 1.2 95 11 26 190 26 81 280 0.052 240 0.031
Majhari Tilapia 1.6 1.4 120 nd 52 220 26 52 320 0.13 270 0.041

Marine capture
Foli Chanda 0.34 0.66 31 9.4 78 110 21 55 160 0.024 190 nd
Kata Phasa 1.6 3.1 1500 10 56 840 55 92 130 0.38 220 0.023
Lal Poa 1.7 2.1 1900 41 110 1000 54 110 150 0.60 230 0.042
Maita 0.49 0.70 34 14 57 200 31 49 290 0.051 250 0.040
Murbaila 1.7 0.79 150 19 51 230 29 90 330 0.012 250 0.033
Parse 1.3 0.84 66 6.9 20 160 23 53 270 0.036 220 0.032
Tailla 0.60 0.90 37 26 46 200 30 74 330 0.010 300 0.051
Tular Dandi 2.1 0.89 230 20 52 250 30 100 240 0.14 260 0.036
a
Data previously published by Roos (2001).
–, no data available.
nd, not detected. Limit of detection for iodine: 0.01 mg/kg (equivalent to 0.001 mg/100 g).
n = 1 pooled sample.
 J.R. Bogard et al. / Journal of Food Composition and Analysis 42 (2015) 120–133 127

Table 5
Potential contribution of fish, shrimp and prawn species in a standard portiona, to average daily RNIb,c (%) for PLWd and infants (7–23 months).

a
Standard portion is assumed to be 50 g/day for PLW and 25 g/day for infants.
b
RNI, recommended nutrient intake.
c
See section 2.5 for explanation of calculation of average daily RNI.
d
PLW, pregnant and lactating women.
e
mg RAE, retinol activity equivalent.
–, nutrient composition not analysed, therefore unknown contribution to RNI.
f
Shaded species are those that could potentially contribute to 25% of daily RNIs for PLW and/or infants for 3 or more nutrients of public health significance, if provided in a
50 g or 25 g serve, respectively.
128 J.R. Bogard et al. / Journal of Food Composition and Analysis 42 (2015) 120–133

exceeding that in fish species, with 0.49 and 1.2 mg/100 g found in (<0.1 mg/100 g) analysed in different laboratories should be made
Harina Chingri and Najari Icha, respectively; although largely with caution due to differences in the LOQ in analysis by the two
consistent with results reported for fish and seafood elsewhere laboratories. For example, 14 species were identified with
(FAO/INFOODS, 2013). Chromium was undetectable in almost all concentrations of vitamin D3 by analysis at DTU which would
species, with the exception of cultured Mola and Najari Icha which not have returned detectable concentrations by analysis at
had very low concentrations of 0.027 and 0.022 mg/100 g, AsureQuality (LOQ of 0.05 mg/100 g at DTU compared to 0.5 mg/
respectively, also consistent with data reported elsewhere (FAO/ 100 g at AsureQuality). Of the species analysed for vitamin D2
INFOODS, 2013). (n = 20) only five species were found to have detectable
concentrations ranging from 0.39 to 2.9 mg/100 g. Vitamin D2 is
3.3. Vitamin composition however, generally only considered to be found in plant-source
foods, specifically yeasts and fungi. There is evidence, however,
The vitamin A, B12, D, E and folate composition of fish and that it is found in microalgae and zooplankton, and if this forms
shrimp species is shown in Table 6. part of the diet of fish, may account for its presence (Rao and
Raghuramulu, 1996). No species were found to have detectable
3.3.1. Vitamin A concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (n = 29). This is the first
In addition to vitamin A content of 20 species originally time that vitamin D content in fish in Bangladesh has been
presented by Roos (2001), data on a further 28 species (and evaluated. The data presented here indicate that some species may
cultured Mola) are presented in Table 6. Total vitamin A was contribute significantly to dietary vitamin D intakes in Bangladesh
undetected in 11 species and ranged up to 2503 mg RAE/100 g. As and it is recommended that further analysis of both vitamin D2 and
expected, cultured Mola fish had significant concentrations of D3, using standard analytical methods be conducted.
retinol and dehydroretinol as had been identified previously in
capture Mola (Roos, 2001). Three species (all SIS): Mola, Dhela and 3.3.4. Vitamin E
Darkina were identified that could potentially contribute 25% of Vitamin E in the form of a-tocopherol, d-tocopherol and g-
RNI for PLW and infants in a standard portion. The data presented tocopherol was analysed in 20 species at AsureQuality. The form of
here support previous studies in Bangladesh which have identified vitamin E with highest biological activity, a-tocopherol, was
that some SIS such as Mola have potential to play a significant role analysed in an additional 25 species at DTU (Table 6). Across all 45
in food-based strategies to address vitamin A deficiency (Roos species, a-tocopherol was undetected in four species and ranged
et al., 2007a). up to 1.9 mg/100 g. Very limited data on a-tocopherol in fish and
seafood are available for comparison in the literature. In the
3.3.2. Vitamin B12 Australian food composition database, a-tocopherol content of fish
The vitamin B12 content in fish species ranged from 0.50 to and seafood ranges from 0.1 to 4.2 mg/100 g which is broadly
14 mg/100 g (n = 49). The highest concentration, 14 mg/100 g, was consistent with results reported here (FSANZ, 2010). It is worth
found in Majhari Thai Pangas (juvenile Thai Pangas), however, this pointing out, however, that although the same method of analysis
was not maintained in the adult Thai Pangas with a concentration was used by the two laboratories, differences in the LOQ mean that
of only 1.5 mg/100 g. Very limited data on vitamin B12 in fish and samples tested at AsureQuality were less likely to return detectable
seafood are available for comparison in the literature. In the concentrations of a-tocopherol compared to those tested at DTU
Australian food composition database, vitamin B12 content of fish (LOQ of 0.07 and 0.02 mg/100 g at AsureQuality and DTU,
and seafood ranges from 0.2 to 15.2 mg/100 g which is consistent respectively). No species analysed for other vitamin E components
with results reported here (FSANZ, 2010). For PLW and infants, 13 were found to have detectable concentrations of d-tocopherol and
and 21 species respectively, were identified that would potentially only two species were found to have detectable concentrations of
contribute 100% of the daily RNI in a standard portion. Care g-tocopherol which were Tara Baim and Shing with 0.01 and
should be taken however, when comparing results of vitamin B12 0.04 IU/100 g, respectively (0.007 and 0.03 mg/100 g, respective-
in species analysed by different laboratories due to differences in ly). This is the first time the vitamin E content of fish species in
analytical methods. This is the first analysis of vitamin B12 Bangladesh has been analysed. Considering that the daily RNI for
composition of fish species in Bangladesh, and is of particular infants ranges from 2.7 to 5.0 mg a-tocopherol equivalents/day,
public health significance given the recent estimate of a national (no recommendation for PLW), the data presented here indicate
prevalence of vitamin B12 deficiency in 22% of adult women and that some fish are a potentially important source of vitamin E,
the clear negative implications of deficiency on cognitive particularly in the form of a-tocopherol and it is therefore
development and function (de Benoist, 2008). As dietary sources recommended that further analysis, using standard methods be
of vitamin B12 are exclusively animal-source foods, of which, in conducted.
Bangladesh, fish is the most significant, increased consumption of
fish is likely to be an appropriate food-based strategy to prevent 3.3.5. Folate
and fight vitamin B12 deficiency. Folate content was analysed in 49 species and is shown in
Table 6. Folate content was below detectable limits in 17 species
3.3.3. Vitamin D and ranged up to 18 mg/100 g, consistent with results reported
Vitamin D3 was undetected in five species and ranged up to elsewhere (FSANZ, 2010). Comparisons between species of low
34 mg/100 g (n = 49). Very limited data on vitamin D in fish and folate content (<8 mg/100 g) analysed in different laboratories
seafood are available for comparison in the literature. The range should be made with caution due to differences in analytical
reported here is greater than the range of Vitamin D3 in Australian methods and LOQs (LOQ of 8 and 0.2 mg/100 g at AsureQuality and
fish and seafood at 0–20 mg/100 g (FSANZ, 2010), and similar to the DTU, respectively). For example, 20 species were identified by
range of vitamin D3 reported for selected fish and seafood in the analysis at DTU with concentrations of folate that would not have
United States at 0–33 mg/100 g (Byrdwell et al., 2013). Considering returned detectable concentrations had they been analysed at
that the RNI of total vitamin D is 5 mg/day for PLW and infants, it is AsureQuality. This is the first time folate has been analysed in fish
likely that several species could contribute significantly to dietary species in Bangladesh. Considering that the RNI for PLW ranges
vitamin D intakes. Although the same analytical methods were from 500 to 600 mg dietary folate equivalents (DFE)/day and for
used, comparisons between species of low vitamin D3 content infants, 80–150 mg DFE/day, the results indicate that all species
 J.R. Bogard et al. / Journal of Food Composition and Analysis 42 (2015) 120–133 129

Table 6
Vitamin A, B12, D, E and folate composition in fish and shrimp species.

Nutrient content per 100 g raw edible parts

Vitamin Vitamin Vitamin Vitamin Folate Vitamin A

B12 D3 D2 E (a-tocopherol)
b- 13-cis- 13-cis- All-trans- All-trans- Total
carotene retinol dehydroretinol retinol dehydroretinol Vitamin
A
mg mg mg mg mg mg mg mg mg mg mg RAEc
Inland capture
Small indigenous fish species (SIS)
Baim 1.72 1.30 0.76 nd nd 5a 1a 5a 1a 51a 27
Bele, Baillab 2.1 1.6 – 0.17 6.7 – nd nd 18 nd 18
Boro Kholisha 5.55 3.13 2.1 0.12 nd 11a 5a 5a 34a 14a 46
Chanda 6.42 11.9 nd 0.18 nd 43a 14a 51a 128a 433a 336
Chapila 6.99 4.92 nd nd nd nda 1a 21a 9a 136a 73
Chela 5.64 4.00 nd 0.11 nd 21a 25a 9a 90a 45a 132
Darkina 12.5 6.31 nd 0.84 nd 100a 63a 48a 433a 381a 660
Dhelab 4.7 0.14 – 0.24 6.6 – 15 68 28 2130 918
Ekthuteb 3.0 2.4 – 0.65 11 – 18 nd 84 nd 98
Folib 2.0 0.70 – 0.64 18 – nd nd nd nd nd
Guchi 2.47 2.29 nd 0.11 nd 110a 1a 14a 9a 133a 78
Gutum 8.75 nd nd 0.19 nd 25a 1a 9a 17a 131a 76
Jat Punti 4.01 1.29 nd 0.15 nd 13a 4a 9a 27a 49a 54
Kachki 3.55 1.5 nd 0.09 nd 15a 2a 30a 14a 122a 78
Kajuli, Bashpatab 4.1 0.091 – 0.28 2.9 – nd nd 37 nd 37
Kakila 2.89 1.4 0.66 0.40 9.2 56a 9a 12a 54a 53a 91
Koi 2.38 1.19 nd nd 11.4 74a 61a 30a 163a 171a 295
Kuli, Bhut Baillab 1.4 22 – 0.55 3.7 – nd nd 37 nd 37
Magur 4.83 nd nd 0.13 9.4 64a 4a 8a 7a 15a 25
b
Meni, Bheda 0.90 0.78 – 0.36 3.5 – nd nd 36 61 60
Mola 7.98 2.03 2.9 0.27 nd nda nda 460a 323a 4990a 2503
Mola (cultured)b 5.9 3.0 – 0.91 4.3 – 44 42 340 4590 2226
Rani, Boub 6.4 0.12 – 0.63 3.2 – nd nd nd 60 24
Shing 12.8 nd nd 0.34 nd 45a 5a 11a 11a 22a 32
Taki 1.60 nd nd 0.14 nd 22a 9a 13a 84a 104a 139
Tara Baim 5.20 nd nd 0.17 nd 135a 2a 15a 16a 120a 83
b
Tengra 3.5 0.19 – 0.23 10 – nd nd nd 29 12
Tit Punti 6.74 0.995 nd 0.16 nd 25a 4a 5a 11a 8a 21

Large fish species

Gojarb 0.55 0.42 – 0.28 2.0 – nd nd nd nd nd
Ilishb 2.3 18 – 1.7 1.5 – nd nd nd 49 20
Jatka Ilishb 2.0 9.0 – 1.9 3.2 – nd nd nd 36 14
Sholb 1.2 0.18 – 0.52 2.4 – nd nd nd nd nd

Shrimp/prawn
Harina Chingrib 1.4 0.055 – 1.6 14 – nd nd nd nd nd

Inland aquaculture
Indigenous major carps
Catlab 1.3 0.28 – 0.23 4.4 – nd nd 22 nd 22
Mrigal 5.57 0.616 0.39 nd nd nda 2a 2a 9b 9a 15
Rui 5.05 1.17 nd 0.12 nd 6a 2a 1a 9b 4a 13

Introduced fish species

Silver Carpb 0.55 0.24 – 0.49 7.7 – nd nd nd nd nd
Thai Pangasb 1.5 0.13 – 0.32 9.0 – nd nd nd 78 31
Majhari Thai Pangas b 14 0.12 – 0.10 15 – nd nd nd 31 12
Thai Sharpuntib 2.2 23 – 0.32 2.2 – nd nd 12 nd 12
Tilapiab 0.70 6.3 – 0.40 7.6 – nd nd 10 nd 10
Majhari Tilapiab 2.5 34 – 1.5 8.0 – nd nd 10 27 21

Marine capture
Foli Chandab 1.5 0.097 – 0.19 4.8 – nd nd nd nd nd
Kata Phasab 1.3 3.8 – 0.37 8.6 – nd nd nd nd nd
Lal Poab 2.0 1.3 – 0.38 7.7 – nd nd nd nd nd
Maitab 1.6 1.7 – 0.50 2.5 – nd nd nd nd nd
Murbailab 0.50 0.20 – 0.09 2.2 – nd nd nd nd nd
Taillab 0.85 13 – 0.44 3.1 – nd nd nd nd nd
Tular Dandib 1.7 0.28 – 0.26 8.7 – nd nd 20 nd 20
a
Data on vitamin A components previously published by Roos (2001).
b
Data on all vitamin components analysed at DTU, Denmark.
c
mg RAE, retinol activity equivalent.
–, no data available.
nd, not detected. Limit of detection: vitamin A components, 10 mg/100 g; vitamin D2, 0.1 mg/100 g; vitamin D3, 0.1 mg/100 g; vitamin E, 0.11 IU/100 g (equivalent to 0.074 mg/
100 g using conversion factor vitamin E(tocopherol) (mg/100 g) = vitamin E(tocopherol) (IU/100 g)  0.67; (FAO/INFOODS, 2012).
n = 1 pooled sample.
130 J.R. Bogard et al. / Journal of Food Composition and Analysis 42 (2015) 120–133

analysed would generally be considered low dietary sources of the most significant source of MUFA. The total n-3 PUFA content
folate, and therefore unlikely to contribute significantly to dietary ranged from 211 to 2034 mg/100 g, with the most significant
folate intake in Bangladesh. sources being Ilish and Parse. Total n-6 PUFA content ranged from
178 to 2157 mg/100 g, with the most significant sources being Thai
3.4. Fatty acid composition Pangas and Jat Punti. The ratio of n-6:n-3 PUFA was highest in Thai
Pangas, which is also the only farmed and omnivorous fish
All samples with a total fat content of >6 g/100 g were analysed analysed here (except for its juvenile counterpart). This may reflect
further for composition of 38 fatty acids and the results are shown differences in the diet and or environmental conditions of farmed
in Table 7 (in addition to juvenile Thai Pangas which had a total fat versus capture fish among other factors (Li et al., 2011), although
content of 1.4 g/100 g but was analysed for the purpose of this would require further investigation. A more balanced n-6:n-3
comparison with its adult counterpart). Although it is recognised PUFA ratio is more desirable in prevention of cardiovascular and
that fish species with fat content <6 g/100 g may well be good other chronic diseases (Simopoulos, 2008), however this evidence
sources of fatty acids, due to resource constraints in this study, relates to higher disease risk with low n-3 intake, rather than high
species with higher total fat content were prioritised for analyses. n-6 intake or a high n-6:n-3 PUFA ratio and as such, no dietary
Total PUFA, monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) and saturated recommendation for such a ratio exists (FAO, 2010). The
fatty acid (SFA) contents ranged from 0.5 to 3.6 g/100 g, 0.4–7.7 g/ percentage contribution to daily average nutrient requirement
100 g and 0.5–8.9 g/100 g, respectively. Ilish was the most of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) for PLW and infants (7–23 months)
significant source of PUFA and SFA, whereas Thai Pangas was from a standard portion of fish is shown in Fig. 2, and clearly

Table 7
Fatty acid composition of fish species.

Nutrienta Unit Nutrient content per 100 g raw edible parts

Ilish Jatka Jat Kajuli, Koi Modhu Parse Rani, Thai Majhari
Ilish Punti Bashpata Pabda Bou Pangas Thai Pangas

Total fat (mean) g 18.3 7.7 7.2 12.6 12.8 9.5 14.3 10.6 17.7 1.4
Total SFA g 8.9 3.8 2.2 5.4 4.8 3.6 7.4 4 7.5 0.5
Total MUFA g 6.9 2.5 2.4 5.2 5.7 4.2 4.5 4 7.7 0.4
Total PUFA g 3.6 1.6 2.5 2.1 1.9 1.7 2.7 2.7 2.6 0.5
C12:0 mg 13 32 30 65 11 20 12 180 nd nd
C13:0 mg nd nd nd nd nd 10 nd 35 nd nd
C14:0 mg 1550 710 100 580 270 150 630 430 620 52
C15:0 mg 64 36 56 100 36 98 310 160 29 nd
C16:0 mg 5780 2310 1290 3270 3270 2270 5530 2690 5180 310
C17:0 mg 36 28 88 180 55 120 160 230 31 22
C18:0 mg 1320 620 570 1120 1050 750 610 100 1560 130
C20:0 mg 25 16 28 41 39 43 26 36 35 nd
C22:0 mg 19 18 16 17 11 27 18 19 19 nd
C24:0 mg 20 22 19 42 28 41 21 42 nd nd
C14:1 mg 11 nd 28 100 14 98 63 71 11 18
C15:1 mg nd nd 15 38 nd 39 21 38 nd nd
C16:1 mg 2110 820 190 580 390 490 1930 760 160 51
C17:1 mg 10 nd 22 72 27 62 150 92 16 nd
C18:1n-6 mg nd nd nd nd 16 13 53 12 nd nd
C18:1n-7 mg 700 280 130 310 230 270 470 370 210 48
C18:1n-9 mg 3730 1240 1790 3680 4890 2850 1490 2040 7010 180
C20:1n-9 mg 250 65 32 52 120 83 30 61 210 nd
C20:1n-11,13 mg nd nd 34 15 11 41 22 120 14 nd
C22:1n-9 mg 24 nd nd nd 47 nd nd nd 23 nd
C22:1n-11,13 mg nd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd
C24:1 mg 25 15 nd nd 10 nd 12 nd nd nd
C18:2n-6 (LA) mg 120 88 1710 410 1100 760 220 440 1820 77
C18:3n-6 mg 47 16 43 33 80 25 91 31 42 nd
C20:2n-6 mg nd nd nd 25 nd 71 nd nd 77 nd
C20:3n-6 mg 57 21 46 46 65 55 27 61 110 15
C20:4n-6 mg 170 110 140 260 57 200 165 230 70 57
C22:4n-6 mg 34 20 35 53 22 32 34 56 38 29
C22:5n-6 mg 58 21 nd nd nd nd 13 nd nd nd
Total n-6 PUFA mg 486 276 1974 827 1324 1143 550 818 2157 178
C18:3n-3 (ALA) mg 24 27 150 430 81 140 370 300 140 69
C18:4n-3 mg 110 50 19 nd 18 nd 300 16 nd nd
C20:3n-3 mg nd nd nd 25 nd 28 26 55 13 nd
C20:4n-3 mg 120 44 10 81 19 13 99 48 11 20
C20:5n-3 (EPA) mg 1200 430 40 160 30 68 400 96 13 38
C21:5n-3 mg nd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd 11 nd
C22:5n-3 mg 270 94 24 120 59 53 120 84 19 24
C22:6n-3 (DHA) mg 310 230 86 190 170 100 120 120 37 60
Total n-3 PUFA mg 2034 875 329 1006 377 402 1435 719 244 211
n-6: n-3 PUFA – 0.2:1 0.3:1 6:1 0.8:1 3.5:1 2.8:1 0.4:1 1.1:1 8.8:1 0.8:1
a
SFA, saturated fatty acid; MUFA, monounsaturated fatty acid; PUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acid; LA, linoleic acid; ALA, a-linolenic acid; EPA, eicosapentaenoic acid; DHA,
docosahexaenoic acid.
nd, not detected. Limit of detection for all fatty acids: 6 mg/100 g.
n = 1 pooled sample.
 J.R. Bogard et al. / Journal of Food Composition and Analysis 42 (2015) 120–133 131

Mola in pond polyculture systems with carps, which is being

promoted throughout rural Bangladesh (Thilsted and Wahab,
2014b,c).
Table 5 also calls attention to the variation in potential nutrient
contributions of different species. For example, some species
contribute significantly to iron and calcium RNIs and less so to
vitamin A, whereas, others contribute more to zinc and vitamin A
RNIs and less so to iron RNIs. No single species is of resounding
superior nutritional value than any other single species, across all
nutrients, which emphasises the importance of biodiversity in fish
consumption for meeting population nutrient needs.

3.6. Limitations

Nutrient composition of foods, including fish, is known to vary

seasonally, depending on the stage of the life cycle, food availability,
Fig. 2. Potential contribution to daily nutrient requirementa of docosahexaenoic acid and changes in the wider environment. It was however, outside the
(DHA) from a standard serveb of fish for PLWc and infants (7–23 months). scope of this study to attempt to sample to account for these
(a) Daily average nutrient requirement of DHA for PLW is 200 mg/day and the variations. Furthermore, a relatively small size of pooled samples
adequate intake for infants is 10–12 mg/kg/day (FAO, 2010). For infants an average
was used, and in the case of analysis of fatty acids, the use of single
figure of 110 mg/day is used. This was calculated by taking the midpoint within the
maximum range of adequate intakes throughout the age period (10 mg/kg/day for a 7 replicates. In the local context and considering resource constraints,
month old of 7.6 kg and 12 mg/kg/day for a 23 month old of 12.0 kg) where weight is it was also not possible to obtain larger more representative sample
estimated at the 50th percentile according to WHO growth standards (WHO, 2006). sizes. Another limitation of this study is the use of different methods
(b) Standard serve of fish for PLW is 50 g/day and for infants is 25 g/day. for analysis of vitamin B12 and folate between species analysed by
(c) PLW, pregnant and lactating women.
different laboratories, although the methods are generally consid-
ered similar (Indyk and Woollard, 2013; Indyke et al., 2002).
demonstrates that all species, except adult and juvenile Thai Therefore, while it is recognised that these are limitations of the
Pangas would contribute 20% of daily requirements of DHA for study, given the lack of existing data on nutrient composition of fish
both PLW and infants. This is of particular interest given the species in Bangladesh, the results are still of significant value,
growing body of literature on the role of fatty acids in growth and providing time and location specific estimates for comparison with
development during the first 1000 days, and specifically, the role of future analyses.
DHA in normal retinal and brain development (FAO, 2010). The
data presented here indicate that important fish species in 4. Conclusions
Bangladesh, particularly indigenous species are a good dietary
source of fatty acids and should be considered in food-based Several species have been identified that would contribute
approaches to optimise growth and development during the first significantly to the RNIs of multiple nutrients of public health
1000 days. It is also recommended that the fatty acid composition significance. When considering the role of fish in food and nutrition
of further species be analysed. security in recent decades, research, funding and interventions
have largely focused on the development of aquaculture,
3.5. Species size, edible parts and biodiversity particularly of large carps and introduced species, with an assumed
benefit for nutrition-related outcomes, although this linkage is
When making comparisons between species on their overall dubious. The data presented here show that from a nutritional
nutritional value, it is important to consider the size of the fish, and perspective, species from inland capture fisheries, particularly
implications for what is typically considered ‘edible’ parts. SIS are small indigenous species (SIS), hold the potential to provide a
typically consumed whole with head, bones and in some cases, much greater contribution to micronutrient intakes of vulnerable
viscera, in stark contrast to large species, where edible parts groups in the population compared to common aquaculture
typically include body tissue only. The nutritional consequences of species. This is likely partially due to the way in which small fish
this can be seen when anatomical components of fish are analysed are consumed, namely, whole with head and bones. Further still,
separately. For example, in Mola, the eyes and viscera have an given the large range in nutrient composition of the different
extremely high concentration of vitamin A compared to the body species reported here, diversity in fish consumption, particularly of
tissue (Roos et al., 2002). Although separate anatomical parts have SIS, is likely to promote a more all-inclusive nutrient intake. This
not been analysed here, this trend can be seen when considering supports the compelling argument that to effectively target
the edible parts of SIS compared to that of large indigenous and malnutrition, resources should be directed towards ensuring a
aquaculture species (Table 1), and potential contributions to RNIs more balanced approach of both sustainable capture fisheries
(Table 5). When considering iron, zinc, calcium, vitamin A and management and aquaculture, including the development of
vitamin B12 requirements, there are seven species that would innovative aquaculture technologies which include nutrient-rich
contribute to 25% of RNI for PLW and six species that would species, in particular SIS. This paper significantly expands the
contribute to 25% of RNI for infants, for three or more current knowledge on the nutritional value of the large diversity of
micronutrients simultaneously, when consumed in a 50 g or fish species in Bangladesh, and demonstrates that many species,
25 g portion, respectively. These species are all SIS (except for particularly SIS and those from inland capture fisheries, have the
Najara Icha which is a prawn) and edible parts include head and potential to contribute significantly to RNIs for a variety of
bones. This underlines the importance of considering typical nutrients. In future studies, it would be useful to determine the
consumption patterns, often related to size of the individual fish, real contribution of different species to nutrient intakes of
shrimp or prawn, in design of programmes that aim to influence vulnerable groups based on consumption, to better inform
production and or consumption of fish. One promising example of programmes targeting improved access, availability and consump-
this, now gaining momentum, is the inclusion of nutrient-rich tion of nutritious foods.
132 J.R. Bogard et al. / Journal of Food Composition and Analysis 42 (2015) 120–133

1999. Nutritional rickets without vitamin D deficiency in Bangladesh. Journal of

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