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Unit 2.1 Integumentary System

The integumentary system consists of the skin, hair, and nails. It protects the body from microorganisms, radiation, and physical harm. The skin has three layers - the epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis. The epidermis contains keratinocytes, melanocytes, Merkel cells, and Langerhans cells that protect and regulate the body. The dermis contains fibroblasts, adipocytes, macrophages, blood vessels, and appendages like hair follicles and sweat glands. It provides structure, elasticity, and insulation to the skin. The integumentary system acts as a protective barrier and plays a key role in regulating body temperature and sensation.

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142 views29 pages

Unit 2.1 Integumentary System

The integumentary system consists of the skin, hair, and nails. It protects the body from microorganisms, radiation, and physical harm. The skin has three layers - the epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis. The epidermis contains keratinocytes, melanocytes, Merkel cells, and Langerhans cells that protect and regulate the body. The dermis contains fibroblasts, adipocytes, macrophages, blood vessels, and appendages like hair follicles and sweat glands. It provides structure, elasticity, and insulation to the skin. The integumentary system acts as a protective barrier and plays a key role in regulating body temperature and sensation.

Uploaded by

clain
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INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM

By: Allison Panganiban


It is the organ system
responsible for the external
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM protection of the body against
radiation, physical harm and
microorganisms

NAILS

HAIR

SKIN
Our skin has TWO (2) major tissue layers:

Epidermis

Dermis

Hypodermis
Shelters body from Protects the body
infection and from solar
harmful radiation and
microorganisms other exposures.

EPIDERMIS
(The outermost layer of the skin)

Regulates amount
Protects the body
of water released
from physical
by the body.
harm.
FOUR TYPES OF CELLS
KERATINOCYTES MELANOCYTES
The cells on the The cells on that
outermost portion of produces the pigment;
the epidermis Melanin

EPIDERMIS
(The outermost layer of the skin)
MERKEL CELLS LANGERHANS CELLS

The cells responsible The cells which


for touch sensation. prevents microbial
infection.
They produce a certain
KERATINOCYTES protein called as Keratin
for the skin.
The cells on the
outermost portion of
the epidermis They serve as the skin’s
first line of defense
against microorganisms and
radiation.

KERATIN: A protein which is extremely


insoluble. It hardens the cells on the
epidermis to create an external
protective layer.
They produce a protein
MELANOCYTES called as Melanin which
helps the body in deflecting
The cells on that excess radiation.
produces the pigment;
Melanin
Also, Melanin prodcues our
skin color.

SUNLIGHT BOUNCES OFF


MELANOCYTES, PREVENTING
PENETRATION OF THE
DEEPER LAYERS OF THE
SKIN
MERKEL CELLS
They are connected to
The cells responsible sensory nerve endings to
for touch sensation. distinguish external stimuli
received by the skin.

THE DOORBELL EFFECT:


A touch experienced by the
skin, triggers a chemical
reaction from the brain.
LANGERHANS CELLS
They are dendritic cells
The cells which
that capture and destroy
prevents microbial microorganisms on the skin.
infection.

Bacteria The cell, with its dendrites, gets


hold of the bacteria then ingests
Langerhans Cell it via endocytosis.
LAYERS OF THE EPIDERMIS

Stratum Corneum
Stratum Lucidum
Stratum Granulosum

Stratum Spinosum

Stratum Basale
STRATUM BASALE

• It is the deepest layer of the epidermis

• It contains young skin cells (Basal cells)

• It also has the Melanocytes and the Merkel cells.

*Extremely active, mitotic


keratinocytes.
STRATUM SPINOSUM

• The keratinocytes are linked together through a Desmosome, an


organelle which increases adhesion between cells.

• It contains Langerhans cells.

KERATINOCYTE KERATINOCYTE
DESMOSOME
STRATUM
GRANULOSUM

• The keratinocytes on this layer contains Keratohyalin

• The cells on this layer starts to produce more keratin


and harden a little.

A protein that drains the water


from the cell’s cytoplasm and
binds keratin pieces together.
STRATUM LUCIDUM

• It is found only on thick skin; palms, soles and fingers.

• The keratohyalin from the Stratum Granulosum transforms


into Eleidin.

• The nucleus of the cells in this layer is slowly being


removed and disintegrated.
A substance which makes the cytoplasm
hard. More like a cement filling.
STRATUM CORNEUM

• It is the outermost layer of the skin.

• It is composed of dead, keratinized skin cells.


EPIDERMIS

Dermoepidermal junction

DERMIS
THREE TYPES OF CELLS
FIBROBLASTS ADIPOCYTES
The cells which create The cells that are used
the elastic nature of for energy storage and
the human skin. thermal regulation.

DERMIS
(The thickest layer of the skin)

MACROPHAGES

The cells which


counter-attack
microbial infection.
FIBROBLASTS
They produce a protein
The cells which create called as Collagen, that
the elastic nature of acts as a adhesive for all
the human skin. the cells in the dermis.

COLLAGEN COLLAGEN COLLAGEN


FIBROBLAST
These collagen fibers resist movement and stretching.
ADIPOCYTES They are cells which stores
The cells that are used
fats.
for energy storage and
thermal regulation. They also serve as
insulation and shock
absorber for the skin.

Big bubble of fat

Tiny droplets of fat

WHITE FAT BROWN FAT


MACROPHAGES
They destroy harmful
The cells which
counter-attack microorganisms through
microbial infection. Phagocytosis.

They also have pseudopods which


capture the pathogen in pursuit.

They have large nucleus for


information storage about
different microorganisms.
The layer of the skin which stores
DERMIS connective tissues and blood vessels.

The dermis is divided into


two layers
It is the thin layer that separates
the epidermis from the dermis.

This is where the dermal papillae


is located.

* A tissue that creates ridges on the


epidermis especially on the palms, soles and
fingers.
A thick layer of connective tissues
which provide elasticity.

This houses most of the blood


vessels, sensory receptors and
appendages of the skin.
The appendages of the dermis

It is the muscle that


ARRECTOR PILI makes the hair stand
when under stress.

It creates high salt


conditions and also, SUDORIFEROUS GLAND
emits a special SEBACEOUS GLANDS Fatty acids and oil
A gland which A gland which
enzyme called layer creates a harsh
produces sweat. secretes waxy
Lysozyme. environment for
substance called pathogens.
Sebum.
LYSOZYME SEBUM
BACTERIA

The enzyme will destroy


the cell wall of the Sebum traps dead skin
bacteria, leading to its cells, dust and other
death. particles on our skin.

It prevents dehydration
of the skin cells.
The nervous structures of the dermis

A hypersensitive receptor that


senses light touch. Present
mostly in thick skin regions.

A receptor that senses cold


temperature.
The nervous structures of the dermis

Refine digital
movement and
coordination

Detects vibration
and pain
Hair shaft (The part of the hair protruding on
the outside)

Hair follicle (Holds the hair in place)

Hair bulb (Site of hair formation)

(Encases the capillaries which


Papilla gives nutrients for the hair)
Made up of a special kind of Stratum Corneum
NAILS because its cells has the hardest form of keratin.

Nail Body or Nail Plate

Lunula (The visible part of the nail matrix)


Cuticle (An extension of the Stratum Corneum of the skin)

Nail Matrix (The site of epithelial cell division)

Nail Bed (Shapes the nail accordingly)

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