INSTRUMENT LANDING SYSTEM LOCALIZER VECTOR FAR NFIELD 12

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 OTFAo.82,6
D Instrument Landing System
Systems Research & Localizer Vector Far Field
Development Service
Washington, D.C. 20591 M onitor Development
N 0.A. Baughman
1R. A. Rajnic

July 1982
Final Report

This document is available to the U.S. public

through the National Technical Information
Service, Springfield, Virginia 22161.

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DOEC 9 1982
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 NOTICE

This document is disseminated under the sponsorship of the

Department of Transportation in the interest of information
* exchange. The United States Government assumes no liability
.1 for its contents or use thereof.
 Technical Report Documentation Page
1. Report No. 2. Government Accession No. 3. Recipiont's Catalog No.

DOTIFAAIRD482/62 j
q)-//
0 5 .
4. Title and Subtitle 5. Report Date

Instrument Landing System Localizer Vector July 1982

Far Field Monitor Development 6. Performing Organization Code

\, 8. Performing Organization Report No.

• 7. Authorls

O.A. Baughman and R. A. Rajnic

9. Performing Organization Name and Address 10. Work Unit No. (TRAIS)
Westinghouse Electric Corporation
Defense and Electronic Systems Center I. Contract or Grant No.
P.O. Box 1897 DTFA01-80-C-10134
Baltimore, Maryland 21203 13. Type of Report and Period Covered

12. Sponsoring Agency Name and Address Final Report

Department of Transportation October 1980 - July 1982
Federal Aviation Administration
Systems Research and Development Service 14. Sponsor.ng Agency Code
Washington, D.C. 20591 FAA/ARD-320
15. Supplementary Notes

16. Abstruct

( Report describes efforts carried out under the contract. It covers design,
development and results of testing of the prototype Vector Far Field Monitor
(VFFM) equipment. The VFFM is a localizer monitor located in the runway approach
area on the runway centerline extended between the threshold and the middle marker
vicinity. It measures the in-phase and quadrature components of the scattered
and reflected localizer sideband radiation on the localizer course and calculates
the potential maximum course DDM disturbance using synchronous and single point
detection techniques. Problem of localizer transmitter incidental phase
modulation or quadrature modulation effect on the VFFM is dealt with through a
provision for a variable adjustment in the VFFM to tune out the corresponding
quadrature component of the signal. The report includes a review of VFFM theory,
equipment description, including installation and operating instructions, assembly
recommendations I
drawings, and circuit schematics, summaries of field test data and

17. Key Words ILS, VHF crystal filter, 18. Distribution Statement

in-phase channel, far field monitor, Document is available to the public

localizer, incidental phase modulation, through the National Technical
quadrature channel, quadrature modulation Information Service, Springfield, Va.
synchronous demodulator, static or dynamic 22151
signal interference, monitor I
19. Security Clessif. (of 0tis tlo ') 20. Security Classif. (of this page) 21. No. of Pages 22. Price

Unclassified Unclassified 136

Form DOT F 1700.7 (8-72) Reproduction of completed page authorized

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGE
1.0 INTRODUCTION 1-1
1.1 GENERAL 1-1
1.2 CONTRACT STATEMENT OF WORK DESCRIPTION 1-1
1.3 PERIOD OF PERFORMANCE 1-1

2.0 BACKGROUND AND REQUIREMENTS 2-1

2.0 INTRODUCTION 2-1
2.1 PURPOSE OF THE FAR FIELD MONITOR 2-1
2.2 NATURE OF INTERFERENCE CAUSED BY AIRCRAFT OVERFLIGHTS 2-2
2.3 MATHEMATICAL DERIVATION OF VECTOR DDM 2-2
2.4 SYSTEM ANALYSIS OF VFFM 2-9

3.0 VECTOR FAR FIELD MONITOR EQUIPMENT DESCRIPTION 3-1

3.1 DESIGN GOALS 3-1
3.2 FUNCTIONAL SYSTEM DESCRIPTION/THEORY OF OPERATION 3-2
3.2.1 RF CONVERSION 3-3
3.2.2 IF AMPLIFICATION AND SYNCHRONOUS DEMODULATION 3-3
3.2.3 SIGNAL PROCESSING 3-3
3.3 RESERVED 3-5.
3.4 DETAILED EQUIPMENT DESCRIPTION 3-5
3.4.1 RF AMPLIFIER/LOCAL OSCILLATOR (A2) MODULE 3-5
3.4.2 10.7 MHZ IF/AGC AMPLIFIER (A3) MODULE 3-15
* 3.4.3 SYNCHRONOUS DEMODULATOR (A4) MODULE 3-23
3.4.4 VOLTAGE CONTROLLED CRYSTAL OSCILLATOR (VCXO) AS MODULE 3-25
3.4.5 SIGNAL PROCESSOR (Al) MODULE 3-25
3.4.6 SPECIAL SIGNAL PROCESS FOR Q-CHANNEL ADJUSTMENT (A6) MODULE 3-29
3.4.7 CHASSIS/CABINET ASSEMBLY --, i "or - 3-32
3.5 EQUIPMENT OPERATING INSTRUCTI 3-32
3.5.1 GENERAL 3-32

0323C/7141C

, -- . - -, - •:
 PAGE

3.5.2 SITING 3-34

3.5.3 TURN-ON PROCEDURE 3-34
3.6 OPERATING PROCEDURES 3-34
3.7 CHART RECORDING 3-35
3.8 INSTRUCTIONS FOR TUNING LOCAL OSCILLATOR 3-35

4.0 VFFM BENCH TESTS 4-1

4.1 USE OF THE ILS MONITOR PRECISION CALIBRATOR TYPE FA8920X S/N 1 4-1
4.1.1 INCIDENTAL PHASE MODULATION OF PRECISION MONITOR CALIBRATOR 4-1
4.2 USE OF THE PORTABLE ILS RECEIVER (PIR) TYPE FA-9392 S/N 1096 4-5
4.3 'CHART RECORDING THE DDM OUTPUT OF THE PIR 4-5
4.4 ILS LOCALIZER SCATTERED SIGNAL SIMULATOR 4-5
4.4.1 FUNCTIONAL DESCRIPTION OF THE ILS LOCALIZER
SCATTERED SIGNAL SIMULATOR 4-9
4.4.2 OPERATION OF THE ILS LOCALIZER SCATTERED SIGNAL SIMULATOR USING
MANUAL PHASE SHIFTERS 4-13
4.4.3 OPERATION OF THE ILS LOCALIZER SCATTERED SIGNAL SIMULATOR USING
VOLTAGE VARIABLE PHASE SHIFTER 4-14

5.0 FIELD TESTING 5-1

5.1 GENERAL 5-1
5.2 BWI AIRPORT FIELD TESTS 5-1
5.2.1 BWI R/W 10 FIELD TESTING - TEST SITE 'A' 5-1
5.2.2 BWI R/W 15R FIELD TESTING - TEST SITE 'C" 5-8
5.3 FAATC Field Tests 5-11
5.3.1 FAATC LOCALIZER QUADRATURE OUTPUT MEASUREMENTS 5-16
5.3.2 R/W 13 LOCALIZER TRANSMITTER ADJUSTMENTS 5-17
5.3.3 DESCRIPTION OF THE FAA'S DIGITAL RECORDING SYSTEM 5-17
5.3.4 EXTERNALLY INDUCED FAULT TESTS 5-17
5.4 LOCALIZER CSB MISPHASING CONDITION 5-24
5.4.1 TEST PLAN 5-31

iv

0323C/7141C

...... . ~".- . . ;.
 PAGE

5.4.2 PHASING ADJUSTMENT PROCEDURE 5-31

5.4.3 RESULTS OF LOCALIZER TRANSMITTER PHASING ADJUSTMENTS 5-37

6.0 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 6-1

7.0 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 7-1

8.0 REFERENCES 8-1

APPENDIX A ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE PROGRAM FOR MICROPROCESSORS Al

,.

iV

ii 0323C/7141C

IC
 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

PAGE

Figure 2-1 Characteristic Frequency-Amplitude Distribution of

Overflight Interference to a Localizer
Far Field Monitor From a Longitudinal Pass 2-3
Fiqure 2-2A Localizer Signal Format 2-5
Figure 2-2B Vector DOM Derogation Detection 2-5
Figure 2-3 Typical Localizer Scatter Diagram and
Vector Fields Received by the FFM 2-7
Figure 2-4 DDM Variation Due to Scattered SBO 2-8
Figure 2-5 Monitor Response 2-8

Figure 3-1 VFFM Block Diagram 3-4

Figure 3-2 VFFM Chassis Wiring Diagram 3-6
Figure 3-3 RF Amp/L.O. (A2 Module) Schematic Diagram 3-7
Figure 3-4 10.7 MHz IF/AGC (A3 Module) Schematic Diagram 3-9
Figure 3-5 Synchronous Demodulator (A4 Module) Schematic Diagram 3-10
Figure 3-6 Voltage Controlled Crystal Oscillator
(A5 Module) Schematic Diagram 3-11
Figure 3-7 Signal Processor (Al Module) and Special Processor
(A6 Module) Schematic Diagram 3-12
Figure 3-8 VFFM Chassis Layout Plan 3-13
Figure 3-9 RF Amplifier/Local Oscillator PC Board Layout 3-14
Figure 3-10 109.7 MHz Preselector Frequency Response (Wide View) 3-16
Figure 3-11 109.7 MHz Preselector Frequency Response (Narrow View) 3-17
Figure 3-12 A3 Module PC Board Layout 3-19
Figure 3-13 Frequency Response for IF Filter S/N 002 3-20
Figure 3-14 Frequency Response for IF Filter S/N 003 3-21
Figure 3-15 Frequency Response for IF Filter S/N 004 3-22
Figure 3-16 A4 Module PC Board Layout 3-24
Figure 3-17 A5 Module PC Board Layout 3-26
Figure 3-18 Signal Processor Flow Chart for VFFM 3-28
Figure 3-19 Al Module PC Board Assembly 3-30
Figure 3-20 A6 Module PC Layout 3-33

vi
0323C/7141C

P .V :
 PAGE

Figure 3-21 Test Setup for Tuning RF AMP/LO in A2 Module 3-36

Figure 3-22 Alternate Test Setup for Tuning RF AMP/LO 3-38
Figure 3-23 VFFM Chassis Layout 3-39

Figure 4-1 PIR Buffer Amplifier Schematic 4-7

Figure 4-2 Test Set-up for PIR Chart Recorder Connection 4-7
Figure 4-3 ILS Localizer Scattered Signal Simulator 4-8
Figure 4-4 ILS Localizer Scattered Signal Simuilator
for Static Targets 4-10
Figure 4-5 Bench Test Setup for Localizer Scattered Signal Simulation 4-12
Figure 4-6 ILS Localizer Scattered Signal Simulator Test Setup
for Moving Targets 4-1-
Figure 4-7 Phase Shift of Voltage Variable Phase Shifter at 109.7 MHZ 4-16

Figure 5-1 BWI Airport Layout Plan 5-2

Figure 5-2 BWI R/W 10 Test Site 'A' & 'B' 5-3
Figure 5-3 BWI R/W 15R Test Site'C' 5-4
Figure 5-4 Field Test Set for BWI R/W 10 Test Site 'A' 5-5
Figure 5-5 Test Site 'A' Antenna/Tower 5-6
Figure 5-6 PIR Type 9740 S/N 1096 RF Level Calibration Curve 5-7
Figure 5-7 R/W 10 Test Site 'A' Field Test Data 5-f1
Figure 5-8 BWI R/W 15R Monitored Localizer Data.
Aircraft Overflight 5-12
Figure 5-9 BWI R/W 15R Monitored Localizer Data.
Aircraft Taxiing on T/W '0' for Takeoff. 5-13
Figure 5-10 BWI R/W 15R Monitored Localizer Data.
Aircraft Takeoff on Intersecting Runway. 5-14
Figure 5-11 FAATC Airport Layout Plan 5-15
Figure 5-12 FAATC R/W 13 Test Site 5-19
Figure 5-13 Block Diagram of RMS 5-20
Figure 5-14 Sample Output of FAA's Digital Recording System 5-23
Figure 5-15 Relative Location of Test Van of the FAATC
R/W 13 Localizer Antenna 5-26

vii

0323C/7141C
 PAGE

Figure 5-16 Test Equipment Setup in FAATC R/W 13 FF14 Shelter 5-28
Figure 5-17 Monitor Response Curves for Antenna No. 1 5-29
Figure 5-18 Monitor Response Curve for Antenna No. 3 5-30
Figure 5-19 AN/GRN-27 Localizer TX Modulator Schematic 5-32
Figure 5-20 Test Setup for Measuring Sensitivity
of Q-Signal to Carrier Phase 5-33
Figure 5-21 Plot of Q-signal to Carrier Phase 5-34
Figure 5-22 Plot of Q-signal to Sideband Phase 5-36
Figure 5-23 Optimized Tuning Procedure for Eliminating IpM 5-39
Figure 5-24 Location Points for External Phase Shifters and
Attenuators in the AN/GRN-27 Modulator Assy 5-40

viii

0323C/714TC

f ,U
 LIST OF TABLES

PAGE

TABLE 3-1 EQUATIONS FOR SQUARE ROOT ALGORITHM 3-31

TABLE 4-1 DOM OUTPUT FOR VFFM S/N 001 VS. MONITOR PRECISION
CALIBRATOR INPUT 4-2
TABLE 4-2 DOM OUTPUT FOR VFFM S/N 002 VS. MONITOR PRECISION
CALIBRATOR INPUT 4-3
TABLE 4-3 DOM OUTPUT FOR VFFM S/N 003 VS. MONITOR PRECISION
CALIBRATOR INPUT 4-4
TABLE 4-4 PIR TYPE FA-9392 DOM OUTPUT VS. MONITOR PRECISION 4-6
CAL IBRATOR INPUT

TABLE 5-1 BWI AIRPORT LOCALIZER CSB OUTPUT DATA AS MEASURED

AT TRANSMITTER 5-9
TABLE 5-2 FAATC TESTS TO DETERMINE Q-OFFSET ADJUSTMENT 5-16
TABLE 5-3 MONITOR RESPONSE TO FAATC R/W 13 TX. NO. 1 ADJUSTMENTS 5-18
TABLE 5-4 DDI VOLTAGE LEVELS FOR 150 HZ PREDOMINANT INPUTS 5-21
TABLE 5-5 DOM VOLTAGE LEVELS FOR 90 HZ PREDOMINANT INPUTS 5-22
TABLE 5-6 FAATC R/W 13 EXTERNALLY INDUCED FAULT TESTS 5-25
TABLE 5-7 NORMALIZATION OF FAATC R/W 13 FAULT TEST DATA 5-27
TABLE 5-8 BWI AIRPORT R/W 10 LOCALIZER PHASING ADJUSTMENTS 5-38

ix

0323C/7141C

k4
 1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 GENERAL
Under the auspices of Request for Proposal No. DTFAOl-8O-15302, and the
ensuing Contract No. DTFAO1-80-C-10134 dated 1 October 1980, awarded to
Westinghouse Electric Corporation, in Baltimore, Maryland, work began toward
the development of an ILS Localizer Far Field Monitor equipment employing the
principle of single point vector DDM determination. This report covers the
results of the work performed under this contract.
1.2 CONTRACT STATEMENT OF WORK DESCRIPTION
The contractor supplied the personnel, facilities, and equipment
necessary to provide the following:
A. Vector Far Field Monitor Feasibility Models
Three feasibility models were designed, fabricated and delivered on
10 May 1982 to the FAA Technical Center in Atlantic City, NJ.
B. Performance Specification
An equipment performance specification pertaining to the developed
equipment was prepared and submitted to the contract technical
officer in June 1982.
C. Field Test Engineering
Field Test engineering was provided by engineers knowledgeable in
the design of the monitors. These services were provided at
Baltimore-Washington International Airport and at the FAA Technical
Center in Atlantic City, NJ. Westinghouse engineers were
responsible for developing and carrying out the test program but
received invaluable assistance from local FAA Personnel.
D. Final Report
This document represents the results of the FAA supported work
program. Detailed descriptions of each major area of the effort is
provided including a review of the monitor theory of operation, a
detailed description of the delivered equipment, and a sunwary of
the field test data. Section 6.0 contains conclusions and
recommendations necessary for the implementation of this equipment.
1.3 PERIOD OF PERFORMANCE
The original contract called for an 18-month period of performance,
however, a six-month extension was requested and granted. This extension was
necessary in order to offset time spent in the performance required under a
contract modification and in unavoidable delays realized during part of the
field testing effort.

0323C/7104C 1-1
 2.0 BACKGROUND AND REQUIREMENTS

2.0 INTRODUCTION

Under Contract DOT-FA75WA-3689, Westinghouse performed a study to

determine the nature of ILS signal derogation an I to develop system concepts
for their detection. The resulting report described four monitor
concepts. The Vector DDM approach was selected as being the most promising
concept for an improved far field monitor. The purpose of Contract
DTFAOl-80-C-l0134 has been to develop hardware from the concepts of the
previous contract and to provide field testing demonstrations of its
effecti veness.
Although the ILS system provides both azimuthal and elevation guidance,
an immediate need exists for accurately monitoring the localizer since its
location with respect to the runway subjects its signal to a greater
susceptibility to derogation from taxiing and parked aircraft.
2.1 PURPOSE OF THE FAR FIELD MONITOR
The far field monitor is the only device which allows the localizer
transmitted signal to be sampled in its operational environment along the
critical region of approach in the possible presence of coherent and external
interference. The detection and interpretation of such interference is
necessary to provide prior warning of potentially critical situations and out
of tolerance conditions to incoming aircraft engaged in an ILS approach.
Briefly, the far field monitor must detect and evaluate alarm level
derogation due to all causes beyond the immnediate vicinity of the
transmitter. These derogations can be categorized as either dynamic or
quasi-static. The former includes perturbations due to overflight and
actively taxiing aircraft. The latter includes parked aircraft and changes
such as the opening and closing of hangar doors.
It is the presence of quasi-static derogation above specified levels
that is most likely to cause unsafe conditions and require alarm. Because
quasi-static derogation may be at an unsafe level for significant periods of
time, the aircraft guidance instrumentation has sufficient time to respond to
the perturbed guidance. An alarm must occur quickly. By contrast,
derogation due to fast moving disturbances may considerably exceed specified
limits for static derogation and yet be completely safe because of the very
brief time period of occurrence. For example, unless a derogation peak
exceeds guidance specified limits sufficiently to register on a meter
measurement with a 0.4 second time control, it is not considered out of
specification on ILS guidance.
Derogations are further categorized as ranging from gradual beam bends
to noise. Beam bends can result from reflected or diffracted energy and can
have interference envelopes of several thousand feet, whereas noise like
interference occurs in regions where reflected energy crosses the approach
path close to 900, and can create interference frequencies as high as 20 to
40 HZ.

0323C/71 26C 2-1

 2.2 NATURE OF INTERFERENCE CAUSED BY AIRCRAFT OVERFLIGHTS
The effects of scattering on ILS localizer monitoring is particularly
serious because of the vertical interference patterns which can be
generated. Because of their location, (along the runway centerline extended)
localizer antennas must maintain a low profile in order to avoid becoming an
obstruction. Localizer radiation pattern specifications restrict the
vertical radiation pattern at higher angles above the horizontal. Low
radiation levels near ground level help to minimize reradiation from aircraft
on the ground because they are not highly illuminated; however, aircraft
which are taking off or overflying the airport oass through a much greater
localizer radiation field. An aircraft taking off and flying over the
localizer can cause an overpowering level of derogation to be experienced at
a ground based monitor; however, this level of derogation as measured near
ground level does not necessarily project to the approach path. A
ground-based FFM system should be capable of projecting the actual flight
path derogation with reasonable accuracy.

Others 3 have found that the principal source of sustained overflight

interference to a localizer far-field monitor comes from aircraft making
partial or complete longitudinal passes over or near the centerline of the
runway. Previous investigations have revealed that the characteristic
frequency and amplitude of this interference is as illustrated in
Figure 2-1. The frequency of the interference is the result of the beat
between the direct and reflected signals and is symmetrical about a mid-plane
between the localizer antenna and the monitor antenna. At this mid-plane, a
zero beat occurs. In most instances, the amplitude of the interference is
maximum at the zero beat and decreases with an increase in frequency.

2.3 MATHEMATICAL DERIVATION OF VECTOR DDM

The nature of the interaction between a direct and scattered ILS signal
that leads to the referendum of Vector DDM can be understood through the
following diagrams. Consider first the runway geometry as illustrated
below. Since the direct and scattered signal propagate at noncolinear
directions, the phase relationship between the direct and scattered signals
will vary through the complete 3600 circle as the observation point, for
example, along the approach path or along a transverse cut, is moved through
a sufficient distance.

A vector diagram represents an excellent means for illustrating events

when direct and scattered signals are present at an observation point. We
can represent the ILS guidance signal as shown in Figure 2-2A. The direct
signal consists of a vector representing the CSB and a vector representing
the SBO either parallel or antiparallel to the CSB vector, depending upon the
location of the scatterer.
•----- DIRECT SI(NAL
LOCALI .EA RUNWAY' e: PROA6ArION AMGLE urr Ew
k.. __SCATTERED ANuD 0it8CM&NAL

SCATTERED SI&MAL
R EFLCETo

0323C/7126C 2-2
 FRE G4UENcY

LoCAIZERFAA FIELP
ANT WElMA M4,lrflR AwrTw*4

Figure 2-1. Characteristic Frequency-Amplitude Distribution of

Overflight Interference to a Localizer Far Field Monitor
From a Longitudinal Pass

0323C/ 71 26C 2-3

....... .-
 Because the direct and scattered signals need not have the same CSB -
SOU composition, (they will only have the same composition when the scatterer
is in a line between the localizer and the point of observation) the
composite CSB and SBO vector will not normally be parallel or anti-parallel
if significant scattering is present. Note that the composite SBO, in Figure
2-2B, has components both in-phase and quadrature with the composite CSB.

The in-phase component is detected as AM, the quadrature as phase or

frequency modulations. It is clear that if the quadrature sum of the AM and
PM components is taken, the result is the vector DDM no matter what their
relative phases are at the moment of measurement.

It is more significant to show mathematically that the magnitude of the

vector DOM so measured is the value of the DOM when the same two signals are
phased to give a maximum derogating DOM.
Because of the SBO null which exists along the runway centerline, the
direct signal to the monitor is pure CSB.

Direct Signal = SIN wt + SIN 3001'ht +SIN 180lWtmSIN wt (2.1)

carrier 150 Hz 90 Hz
m = modulation index

A scatterer will reflect approximately equal powers in both CSB and

SBO. However, the CSB scattered signal will still be very small compared to
the direct. Since the SBO on centerline is zero, any scattered SBO will be
significant.
In the scattered signal we can therefore neglect the CSB since it

produces a minor perturbation to the reference carrier.

A = CSB direct

4
B = CSB scattered
C = resultant CSB
Sof = reference at time
measurement
ARC, (8) is very small

=
Scattered signal scattered SBO

Scattered signal = [SIN 300lrt - SIN 180iWt. SIN(wt + 9) (2.2)

150 Hz 90 Hz

where OC , amplitude of scattered signal

B - phase of scattered signal, function of path length

0323C/7126C 2-4

..... *.1 . ... -

 CVso

*Figure 2-2A. Localizer Signal Format

Cs

SCATEraeD

AA oDrTEE PM4 DETECT90

COM ftMIMTIQAJ

Figure 2-2B. Vector DDt1 Derogation Detection.

2-5
We can now define DDM

-. & -ft -ft -.

DOM = Re S80 = SBO . CSB - I SBO COS 8 (2.3)
CSB I csB 12 IcsI
IDUMI 1 150 Hz total - 90 Hz total
150 Hz total + 90 Hz total

Therefore, if 150 Hz total > 90 Hz total, DDM is (+)

150 Hz total < 90 Hz total, DDM is (-)

A typical airport scattering situation and a vector representation of

the fields as seen at the far field monitor is shown in Figure 2-3. The
scattered SBO produces a variation in DDM ( a DOM) which has the
characteristics of an interference pattern along a line transverse to the
extended runway centerline as shown in Figure 2-4. At some point along the
glide path, the scattered signal will arrive with its phase angle (0)
equal to either zero degrees or 180 degrees. In this condition, the maximum
glide path distortion will occur since the total SBO scatterea signal will
contribute to the DDM variation ( DDM). Unless the existing FFM antenna was
located at the 0 = 00 or 1800 location, it cannot detect the potential
path error which exists since it can only measure:

DDM t ISBOI COS 8 (2.4)

The vector far field monitor technique measures:

DDMa
TI
TOT (2.5)

where SBOTOT = (SBO cos e)2 + (SBO sin 8)2 (2.6)

The type of monitor response expected from the existing and from the
Vector Far Field Monitor is shown in Figure 2-5. In effect, the VFFM system
functions as:

ICSBI, measured

x = ISBOTOTI cos 8 = I SBOToTIin , measured

580
y a OTT1 sin e = I SBOToT 11 , measured

ISBOTOTI z x +y2 , calculated

0DM (localizer)
D x+2 calculated

0323C/7126C 2-6

- . . -- ~- ~ #w - - . ~ -i- .' -I
 LOCALIZER

L!

Figure 2-3. Typical Localizer Scatter Diagram and

Vector Fields REceived by the FFM

2-7-

- -
-f--
in- .. . -i
 RW 5BO FROM SCATTERE
I0

Figure 2-4. DOM Variation Due to Scattered SBO

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Figure 2-5. Monitor Response

0323C/7104C 2-8
 The deficiency of the existing system can be overcome through a
multiplicity of probes along a line transverse to the extended centerline.
However, the number required to ensure that one probe is located at the
derogation peak would reduce reliability and greatly increase cost.
The system described in this report measures both the in-phase and
quadrature components of the scattered SBO and constructs the maximum
amplitude of the scattered 580 regardless of where this peak occurs relative
to the probe.
2.4 SYSTEM ANALYSIS OF VFFM
The functional block diagram of the vector far field monitor is shown on
Figure 3-1. Basically, it consists of an RF front end followed by a channel
designed to separate and detect the quarature component of the scattered SBO
and another channel to detect the in-phase component of the scattered SBO.
These are combined in a processor which drives a threshold detector for
alarm. The system analysis is given by:
Signal received at the antenna = direct + scattered = S.R.
SR=(I+m sinfo 50 t+m sinfgot)sin wtj(sinfl 5ot-sinfgot) sin(wt+e[t]) (
• - (2.7)
CSB SBO
where m = modulation index
amplitude of scattered SBO
=
O(t) = phase of scattered SBO
SR=(sin wt+(sinflsot+sinf9 t)(msin wt)4((sinf 15 ot-sinf9 0 t)sin(wt+e(t)] (2.8)

In the quadrature channel, let SR be phase detected using a slow acting

PLL with cos wt as the reference:

S(quad) z sin wt cos wt + (sinfl 50 t + sinf 9 ot)m sin wt cos wt +

04(sinfl 50 t - sinf 9 ot) sin(wt + e(t)) cos wt (2.9)
filtering terms in 2 wt:
sin wt cos wt - 0
cos2wt - sn 2wt - 1/2
Then:
S(quad) - C/2(sinfl 5 ot - stnfgot) sin 0(t) (2.10)

0323C/7126C 2-9

, . - i - "
 Also let SR be phase detected using sin wt as the reference:
S(in Dhase)=1/2+m/2(sinf 150 t+sinf90 t)+ 49/2(sinf 1 50 t-sinf 90 t)cos 0(t) (2.11)

S(in phase)=I/2+(m/2-W4/2 cos@(t) )sinfgot+(m/2+112 cos 0(t) )sinf 15 0 t (2.12)

Separating those components with filtering and taking the absolute value:

S(quad) 9 0 = 1 sin 9(t) (2.13)

S(quad) 150 = sin e(t) (2.14)

S(in-phase) 9 0 = (m -d.cos 0(t)) (2.15)

S(in-phase) 15 0 "(m + -cCos 0(t)) (2.16)

These signals are passed through low pass filters with wc (cutoff freq.)

chosen to limit accepted target velocity.

The processor forms the following combinations:

S(in phase) 50 - S(in phase) 90 = 2 'A*cosS3ISBOTTI u (2.17)

S(in phase) 15 0 - S(in phase) 90 = 2m/maICSBI (2.18)
S(quad) 15 0 + S(quad) 9 0 = 24.4 sin 8 ISBOTOTIL (2.19)
SB T2OT 1 + ISBOT 2 = 2Mir
IrSBOToTl (2.20)

This goes to a threshold detector for alarm.

The DOM is calculated:
ISBOITOT IDDMI (2.21)
ICSBI m

A comparitor examines the sign of SBO to determine the modulation

sense of IDOMI.
convention; + (150 Hz), - (90 Hz).

The SDM is calculated from this relationship.

S(in Dhase) 15 0 + S(in phase) 90 = amr (2.22)

The implementation into hardware form of this system analysis is described in

Section 3.

0323C/71 26C 2-10

*---...- - . -
 3.0 VECTOR FAR FIELD MONITOR EQUIPMENT DESCRIPTION

This section describes in detail the equipment which was designed and
developed under contract DTFAO-80-C-10134. This includes a functional
description of equipment operation, detailed circuit description, assembly
drawings, schematic diagrams, and equipment operation procedures.

3.1 DESIGN GOALS

In general, the equipment design was onsistent with the system approach
described in the VFFM technical proposalg. Where possible an attempt was
made to select off-the-shelf circuit modules which met the requirements of
the functional modules. Specific performance parameters which were designed
to and achieved included:

Temperature Requirement: Environment II (-10°C to +500 C).

Construction: Chassis mounted modules for 19 inch rack or cabinet
mounting.
RF Input Impedance: The RF input of the receiver is matched to 50 ohms
(nominal) unbalanced transmission line with a VSWR of 1.3:1 maximum.
RF Sensitivity: The equipment can operate over an RF input voltage
range of two microvolts (-101 dBm) to 10 millivolts (-27 dBm).
Signal to Noise Ratio: The noise level in the receiver output signal
must be at least 20 dB below the output signal-plus-noise level.
Primary Power: 120 VAC 1 Phase, 60 Hz.

Desensitization: For a desired input signal of five microvolts

modulated 30 percent at 150 Hz, a four-volt signal at +4 MHz from the
desired signal must cause a loss of gain of no more than two d8.

Selectivity: Performance requirements must be met over the following

ranges from the assigned channel frequency:
10 KHz minimum at -6 dB points
35 KHz maximum at -60 dB points
60 KHz maximum at -90 dB points
Image and IF Rejection: The image and IF rejection must be at a minimum
of 90 dB below the carrier level.
Cross Modulation: For a desired input signal of five microvolts, an
unwanted signal at 60 dB + 50 KHz away modulated at 50 percent will
cause a maximum of 10 perceit distortion.
Frequency Response: The audio output amplitudes must be within +0.1 dB
of each other over a 3 KHz bandwidth for equally 20 percent modulated 90
Hz and 150 Hz tones.

0066C/7135C 3-1

S.•-
 Percent Modulation: The AC output must vary linearly from zero to 60
percent modulation. The DC output must not change appreciably as the
percent of modulation is varied.
Audio Output: For a 20 microvolt input signal, 20 percent modulated at
9 -Hz, the output must be adjustable from 0 to at least 125 percent of
the minimum required for the monitor input.
Synchronous Demodulation: Synchronous demodulation techniques must be
employed to detect the in-phase and quadrature components of the direct
CSB and scattered SBO ILS signals received. Sufficient isolation must
exist between the in-phase and quadrature channels.
AGC Characteristics: The receiver must have essentially flat AGC
characteristics. The value of the carrier voltage at the input of the
detector stage must be maintained constant within +1 dB for input signal
variations from 5 to 10,000 microvolts.

Spurious Response: All spurious responses, including responses to image

frequencies, must be such that the input signal required to lock up the
receiver at any specific frequency shall be at least 60 dB stronger than
that required to lock up the receiver at 108-112 MHz.

Monitor Performance: The monitor channel signal processing circuits

must determine the magnitude of the DDM resulting from both in-phase and
quadrature components of the scattered SBO output.
3.2 FUNCTIONAL SYSTEM DESCRIPTION/THEORY OF OPERATION
The VFFM consists of a superheterodyne receiver group for reception,
demodulation, and detection of localizer signals and a monitor group to
provide processing and fault detection of the detected audio signals from the
receiver. The receiver group consists of four functional modules:
A2 - RF amplifier/local oscillator
A3 - 10.7 MHz IF amplifier
A4 - Synchronous Demodulator
A5 - Voltage controlled crystal oscillator

These modules serve to convert the localizer RF input signal to an audio DC

output for input to the monitor channel. The monitor group consists of the
following functional modules:
Al - Signal processor
A6 - Special signal processor for Q-channel adjustment

0066C/7135C 3-2

" - - -- -- 3-w --- J~-

 A functional block diagram of the VFFM system is shown in Figure 3-1.
Each of the receiver group modules are contained in RF shielded enclosures
with interface provided by semirigid coax with SMA connectors. Access to the
printed circuit boards within the enclosures is provided without removing the
modules from the chassis. The monitor modules consist of double sided
printed circuit boards which are directly connected to the chassis with
standoffs.

3.2.1 RF CONVERSION

The localizer input signal (108-112 MHz) is converted to a 10.7 MHz IF

frequency in order to provide low spurious conversion. This standard
frequency provides a wide selection of standard IF filter components.
Suppression of adjacent channel interference is provided by using RF and
mixer sections with a wide dynamic range and by preselection.

3.2.2 IF AMPLIFICATION AND SYNCHRONOUS DEMODULATION

IF amplification is provided to supply sufficient gain to meet the two

microvolt input signal requirement.
In-phase and quadrature synchronous detection allows the scattered
signal (SBO) to be isolated from the direct signal (CSB) by means of
processing at base band. The in-phase channel provides detection of the
direct signal and also the in-phase component of the scattered signal. The
quadrature channel provides rejection of the direct signal but responds to
the quadrature component of the scattered signal. A block diagram of the
synchronous demodualtion hardware is shown in Figure 3-. A slow acting PLL
locks the VCXO in quadrature with the output of a limiting amplifier. The
output consists of a carrier with phase modulation components at 90 Hz, 150
Hz, and at harmonics of these frequencies. A slow acting PLL loop locks the
VCXO in quadrature with the carrier component without tracking the phase
modulation which is primarily the result of scattered signals. The phase
modulation error signals at the mixer output port, therefore, remain large
and are directly applied to the processor quadrature channel input.

The in-phase mixer output contains a DC component proportional to the

carrier strength of the direct signal, modulation components of the signal
which are equal at the center of the localizer beam, and scattered signals
which are phase dependent. The scattered signals in the two channels have
phase dependence that is in quadrature. This allows the magnitude of the
scattered signal to be extracted by processing.

3.2.3 SIGNAL PROCESSING

The signal processor performs three major functions: (1) it provides
Q-channel compensation for localizer transmitter incidental phase modulation;
(2) it regulates the modulation sideband levels in the processor by control
of the IF amplifier gain; and (3) extracts the magnitude of the scattered
signal and outputs the results to the panel meters and chart recorder
output. The I&Q inputs to the signal processor (Al) module contain 90 Hz and
150 Hz components which are separated by digital filters, which are designed

0066C/7135C 3-3
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frequencies are detected with peak and envelope detectors. The sum and
differences of the detected modulations are formed in the in-phase channel.
The sum term of the in-phase channel represents the SDM level. The
-quadrature channel is similar to the in-phase channel except that only its
sum term is computed. The sum term of the Q-channel is combined vectorlally
with the difference term from the I-channel to form the magnitude of the
scattered signal, independent of reflection phase. These two componnts aV
then formulated in the square root of the sum of the squares (%/I1+Q4)
to produce the magnitude of DDM which is ultimately displayed.

3.3 RESERVED

3.4 DETAILED EQUIPMENT DESCRIPTION

Three prototype VFFM units (S/N 001, 002 and 003) were designed, built,
and delivered under this program. The unit consists of a chassis mounted
receiver and monitor group which was slide-mounted inside an equipment
cabinet. The overall dimension of the unit is 17 inches x 19 inches x 9
inches. The equipment was designed for field testing purposes only. An
operational far field monitor system would also include an auxiliary power
source, AC/DC converters, and combination circuitry to interface with a
remote indicator/control unit. The equipment can be used with the
four-element MX-9026/GRN-27 yagi antenna and has been successfully used with
the PIR half-wave dipole antenna. In addition to the antenna feed, the only
item required for equipment operation is a 120 VAC 1 Phase 60 Hz power
source. The VFFM is an all solid-state single channel monitor used to
evaluate the localizer course (CSB) signal -or equal amplitudes (0 DDM) to
ensure proper guidance signal tolerances within prescribed limits.

3.4.1 RF AMPLIFIER/LOCAL OSCILLATOR (A2) MODULE

The schematic diagram for this module is shown in Figure 3-3. This unit
consists of a narrow band crystal preselector, a low noise RF amplifer, a
double balanced mixer and stable crystal controlled local oscillator. The
circuitry is mounted on a 2.65 x 4.70 inch double-sided printed circuit
board. The RF preselector is a two-crystal, half lattice design which
provides a smooth frequency response across the desired inband range and very
high rejection to out-of-band signals. The attenuation at the image
frequency is greater than 90 dB. This filter is a plug-in 2-1/2 x 1 x 1/2
inch module. The input and output impedance of this filter Is 50 ohms.

The preselector is followed by a low noise Watkins Johnson broadband RF

amplifier. This amplifier provides 13 dB of RF gain and has a noise figure
of less than 5.5 dB over the desired 108 MHz to 112 MHz frequency range.
This unit is a wide dynamic range, linear amplifier providing a third order
intercept point of +39 dBM and is therefore, capable of handling the maximum
inband signals without requiring a voltage variable attenuator preceeding
this amplifier.

0066C/7135C 3-5

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double-balanced mixer. This mixer converts the RF signal to a 10.7 MHz IF
signal. The local oscillator injection to this mixer is provided by a model
MC308Xl McCoy crystal oscillator. The amplifier/oscillator circuit board
requires +15 VDC at 90 ma nominal current drain. The PC board layout drawing
is shown in Figure 3-9.

3.4.1.1 DESCRIPTION OF RF PRESELECTOR

The frequency of operation within the localizer band is determined by
the crystal in the local oscillator and the frequency of the preselector
filter. The operating frequency of VFFM S/N 001 is 109.70475 MHz and for
S/Ns 002 and 003, it is 109.10475 MHz. The preselectors are nontuneable and
were designed for the specific test frequencies of the localizer systems
interfaced with during the performance of the contract.

The constraints which were faced in the approach to this filter design
were that it should have low insertion loss, reject the image at twice the IF
by 90 dB, yield 40 dB at +4 MHz and be compact. At this frequency, the
latter two requirements dictated a quartz crystal resonator filter because
other high Q-resonators (L-C, cavity, helical) are very large. Such a design
would have met the first two requirements, but the drawback was that
conventional designs suffer from the effects of large close-in spurious
responses in overtone quartz crystal resonators. These damage the response
in two ways: first, because these spurious responses always occur above the
desired resonance of the crystal and the conventional frequency of this
resonance is below the passband, then the latter is ruined by very sharp
ripples or "snivets"; second, these spurious continue to occur out into the
stopband and ruin the upper skirts by creating big holes in the desired
response. The first effect would defeat the purpose of VFFM by introducing
errors in the relative level of the sidebands and the second would have
prevented the filter from rejecting stopband frequencies if they fell into
one of the spurious "holes".

To satisfy the requirements of the VFFM system, a unique filter was

developed for which Westinghouse has applied for patent. It is a design
which negates both of the bad effects of crystal spurious responses. Simply
put, it is a filter realized as a cascade of as many single crystal
half-lattices as there are desired poles in the filter. Thus, a three-pole
filter would be realized as a cascade of three half-lattices each having a
single crystal in one of its arms. Further, the half-lattices are so coupled
that the crystal frequency is above the passband, not below it. The benefits
of this configuration are:

1. There are no spurious-caused ripples in the passband.

2. What spurious are present are located further down the upper skirt
of the filter thus causing less disturbance of the stopband.

0066C/7135C 3-8

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 3. The cascade of half-lattices introduces a situation where spurious
responses in any half-lattice are rejected by the other units in the
cascade.
4. All the crystals are identical.
Under the contract, two-pole filters with this technique were made.
These filters displayed insertion loss less than 2 dB, 70 dB at +4 MHz, 100
dB rejection of the image, and smooth, ripple-free passbands. Us~ng tuneable
transformers and TO5 crystal holders yielded a package volume of 1 cubic
inch. These filters were built to be plug-in units by configuring the base
terminals as a cluster with a weld screw in the middle; the terminals mate
with sockets mounted in the mother board and are firmly seated by driving a
nut onto the #4 weld screw. This is a convenient arrangement for changing
the frequency of the VFFM receiver--one merely plugs in a new filter and new
local oscillator to change from one frequency to another.

Alternate methods of designing this filter were investigated, but none

were found to be satisfactory. Particularly attractive was the idea of
making a single, tuneable filter to cover the band 108.1 to 111.95 MHz.
Presently, there is no way known to make high Q ( > 1000), tuneable,
reasonable size (1/10 cu. in.) resonators or filters by any technique.
Alternatives intestigated included L-C (Qr70), helical (QN200, large), BAW
(untuneable) and SAW (high insertion loss and untuneable). It is, therefore,
recommended that the preselector method which has already been proven, v.i.z,
the new overtone quartz crystal cascade outlined above, be utilized until new
breakthroughs in resonator technology become available. The frequency
response curves for 109.7 MHz preselector filter is shown in Figures 3-10 and
3-11. The plug-in preselector is contained in the A2 module. Appendix B to
this report contains the invention disclosure for this filter.

3.4.1.2 LOCAL OSCILLATOR MODULE

The A2 module also contains an MC308XI multifrequency crystal controlled
local oscillator. This plug-in unit provides a +8 d8m signal level to the
balanced mixer for any desired frequency between 97.3 MHz to 101.3 MHz
(RFfreIFfren). The desired frequency of operation of the L.O. is
selectod by plug-in W-6 McCoy crystals and simple adjustments of two trimmer
capacitors. The L.O. will provide frequency stability of +20 PPM over the
temperature range of -200 C to 600 C which is well within" Environment II
specifications.
3.4.2 10.7 MHZ IF/AGC AMPLIFIER (A3) MODULE
The schematic diagram for this unit is shown in Figure 3-4. The input
signal is coupled from Jl to a 10.7 MHz IF filter. The input and output
impedance of this filter is 50 ohms. This filter is described in detail in
paragraph 3.4.2.1. The output of the 10.7 MHz filter is coupled to a
Motorola MC1590, AGC controlled IF amplifier. This amplifier is followed by
another identical amplifier which together with the first produces 80 dB gain
at 10.7 MHz. The output of the first amplifier (Ul) is applied to the input

0066C/7135C 3-15
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consisting of C9, ClO, Cll and L3. The output of the U2 amplifier is matched
to the 50 ohms input of the final IF amplifier (U3) with a tuned matching
network C18, C19, C21 and L4. The IF output amplifier is a Watkins Johnson
model A-79 as described in the RF/OSC section. This amplifier will provide
the 0 dBm drive level required for the Synchronous Demodulation circuit board
(A4).

Gain control of the IF amplifier stages is accomplished by applying a DC

voltage to PIN 2 of amplifiers Ul and U2. Each amplifier stage will provide
70 dB of gain control as the AGC voltage is varied from +1.5V to +10 VDC.
The AGC voltage applied to E4 varies from +0.6V to 0.85V as the RF input
signal is varied from luV to lOmV. AGC amplifier U4, provides sufficient DC
gain to the DC input signal at E4, to hold the IF output level between 0 dBm
and +1 dBm over RF input range of -107 dBm to -27 dBm.
The 10.7 MHz IF amplifier circuitry is mounted on a 5.6 inches x 2.6
inches double-sided printed circuit board. The printed circuit board is
mounted inside a 3-inch x 6-inch shielded module with SMA input/output
connectors and feed-through terminals provided for DC voltage and AGC signal
inputs. The 10.7 MHz IF amplifier operates from +15 VDC at 130 ma current
drain. The PC board layout drawing for the A3 board is shown in Figure 3-12.

3.4.2.1 IF CRYSTAL FILTER

The VFFM measures the relative amplitude of a pair of close-set

sidebands. It is obvious that the receiver's passband characteristic should
be as flat as possible so that it does not yield measurement errors. This
passband characteristic is determined by the combined response of the
preselector and the IF filter. The preselector is very wide relative to the
spacing of the sidebands; its bandwidth is about 20 KHz whereas the sideband
spacing is about 100 Hz. The IF filter at 10.7 MHz is very narrow (4 KHz),
therefore, any high amplitude ripple in the passband, whether part of the
design or due to component errors, is unacceptable. Our design, therefore,
was a Butterworth or maximally flat filter characteristic. Network synthesis
transformation procedures can be used to apply this well-known characteristic
to quartz crystal resonator filters; specifically, we used these techniques
to transfer it to a quartz crystal ladder. This is a particularly desireable
filter configuration because all the resonators (in this case four) are
identical and interchangeable. Furthermore, there are no inductors or
variable capacitors required in a crystal ladder filter; this contrasts with
the commonly made half-lattice crystal filter where differential balanced
transformers and several variable capacitors are used. A ladder is simply
quartz crystals and fixed capacitors. The advantages are that the filter is
compact, stable, and inexpensive. Over the expected temperature range
experienced by this equipment measurements show that the distortion of
sideband levels introduced by filter drift will be less than 0.02 dB. The
filter has a smooth passband shape that monotonically approaches the stopband
with no ripples due to component errors, design or spurious crystal
responses. The power insertion loss is less than 1.5 dB and the stopband
attenuation exceeds 70 dB exhibiting no spurious crystal responses. Figures
3-13, 3-14, and 3-15 present the frequency response curves for IF filters S/N
002, 003, and 004 respectively.

0066C/7135C 3-18
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The Synchronous Demodulator schematic is shown in Figure 3-5. The 10.7

MHz IF signal from IF amplifier A3 is applied to a two-way hybrid power
splitter (Ul) at 0 dBm power level. The output of Ul, pin 1 is applied to
the R-port input of a double balance mixer and the output of Ul, pin 2 is
applied to the R-port of another double balanced mixer U2. The output of a
VCXO, mounted on module A5, is applied to A4-J3 input and is amplified by an
RF driver unit U5. The output of U5 is applied to a phase shift network C23
and L2, which drives the L-ports of U2 and U3 in a quadrature relationship.
The AM modulated RF signal applied to the R-ports of U2 and U3 mixes with
10.7 MHz signal injected at the mixer L-ports to produce the 90 Hz and 150 Hz
modulation components at the output of both U2 and U3. Mixer U2 acts as a
phase detector and a portion of U2 output is fed to the VCXO frequency
control input through amplifier U7 allowing the phase locked loop (PLL) to
lock the 10.7 MHz carrier input to the VCXO reference. Since the U2 and U3
mixer injection signals have a 900 phase relationship, the outputs at El
and E2 are locked in quadrature. The output tones at E3 are locked in phase
to the VCXO and the output tones at El, which represent the scatter signals
are 900 out of phase with the E3 output signals as well as the incoming
carrier signal. Resistor pads R36 through R38 and R33 through R35 provide
isolation between the in-phase (1) channel mixer and the quadrature (Q)
channel mixer as well as assuring the required impedance at the mixer L-ports.

When the PLL is in the unlocked condition threshold comparator U4A, U48
and flip-flip U6 will generate a ramp which is applied to the VCXO control
line through amplifier U7. This slow acting ramp function will cause the
VCXO frequency to change until it moves within lock range of the incoming
10.7 MHz carrier. When the PLL is in the locked condition, the output level
at pin 4 of the in-phase channel mixer (U3) will produce a positive OC
voltage. This positive voltage appears at the input of comparator U8 and
produces a logic "LOW" at analog switch U9 enable (Pin 9). When U9-9 input
is low, the analog switch U9 will remove the ramp generator from the loop and
cause the PLL to operate in a conventional manner. The threshold of
comparator U8 is determined by a resistor divide network R29 and R30. The
comparator threshold is set for +0.2 Vdc which, therefore, prevents the PPL
from locking until the DC level at U8 pin 4 exceeds 0.20 Vdc. Since the DC
level at U8 pin 4 is directly proportional to the magnitude of the 10.7 MHz
carrier signal, the PLL will not lock until the 10.7 MHz carrier level
exceeds approximately 0.2 Vdc. The comparator (U8) analog switch (U9) and
the ramp generator (U4, U6), therefore, will function to prevent the PLL from
locking to low level sideband signals.

It should be noted in discussing the circuitry that although the ramp

generator, analog switch and threshold comparator function especially well in
preventing false locking of the PLL, there is a tendency for the PLL to lose
lock if the input signal is momentarily disturbed. Perturbations to the
input signal is a typical condition resulting from low flying aircraft as was
discovered during recent fiel6 tests. It is recommended that this circuitry
be modified to maintain a longer hold time when the PLL goes from a locked to
an unlocked condition. The A4 module PC board layout drawing is shown in
Figure 3-16.

0066C/7135C 3-23
 o
£1~~ Ho =3 O - 6-

0:0

Id C10 (E

L~LLI

00

0~5
Old
LI]z1a:
-- --.-.- Ito
3.4.4 VOLTAGE CONTROLLED CRYSTAL OSCILLATOR (VCXO) A5 MODULE

The VCXO on this circuit board forms part of the phase locked loop as
described in paragraph 3.4.3. The schematic for this unit is shown in Figure
3-6. The DC frequency control input from the A4 module is applied to Ul pin
3 from terminal E7. As the PLL ramp generator sweeps the control voltage
from -5Vdc to +5Vdc, the VCXO frequency will swing from 10.696 MHz to 10.704
MHz. The VXCO output frequency from Ul pin 2 is applied through coupling
capacitor C7 to the output connector A5-Ji. Capacitor C16 forms part of the
PLL filter to sufficiently attenuate the AM sideband signal commponents.
The in-phase (1) channel and quadrature (Q) channel inputs are applied
to this circuit board on terminals E4 and E5 from the Synchronous Demodulator
(A4) circuit board. These inputs are applied to the inputs of two low pass,
active filters, U2-A&B and U3-A&B. Since the analog signals on the I&Q
channel outputs are coupled to a digital signal processor, the filters are
required to prevent alliasing.

Amplifier U2-A, C4, C5, C7, RI and R2 form a three-pole active low pass
filter for the Q-channel signal. Amplifier U3-A, CIO, Cll, C12, R9 and RIO
form another identical filter for the I-channel signal. These filters
produce approximately 44 db of attenuation to signals equal to or greater
than 3 KHz. Amplifier U2-B, U3-B and associated resistors provide sufficient
gain and drive level to interface the I&Q channels with the digital signal
processor.

The A5 module PC board layout drawing is shown in Figure 3-17.

3.4.5 SIGNAL PROCESSOR (Al) MODULE

The Signal Processor Circuit (Al) Board uses in-phase and quadrature
inputs which contain 90 Hz and 150 Hz components. These signals are
processed to produce Sum of the Depths of Modulation (SDM), Difference in the
Depths of Modulation (DDM), direction indicator of DOM, and fault indicator
lamp drivers. The schematic diagram for the Al board is shown in Figure 3-7.

The processing is done in firmware in Intel's 2920 Signal Processing

IC. The inputs to the chip are dc-blocked (C17, C189) and clamped at 3.9
volts (VR4-VR7) to prevent overload at the 2920.

The SDM output is filtered by an adjustable low pass filter (R3, R9,
C15) with a cut-off frequency from 2-20 Hz. It is then buffered (U2A) and
sent to both a chart recorder output and also to a SDM meter output. A gain
adjust (R12) is available for the meter.

The D output from the 2920 goes through another adjustable low pass
filter (R4, RIO, C16) of the same range. The signal is buffered by (U2B),
but it also contains a meter damper (C20). At this point the DDN level goes
to three places. The first is to a connector to provide a chart recorder
output. The second is for fault detection. A comparitor (U3A) signals an
error if CAT I DOM maximum limit is exceeded and can be adjusted by R21.
Likewise U3B signals an error if CAT Ii DOM maximum limit is exceeded. These
signals are level shifted (QI, Q2) and latched into a flip-flop (U58, UA).

0066C/7135C 3-25

-Ll -I_
 R17 R16 R15

4J)

S C)

R13 R"

C 4 @EIO

O3C12 m[I
0C
R1 3 O-C=-OR I
) ~ R19

3-26
 The buffered DOM signal also controls a meter which reads DDM in two
ranges (0-20 uA and 0-200 uA). There is a zero meter adjust (R37) and also
gain adjusts for both the 0-20 uA). There is a zero meter adjust (R37) and
also gain adjusts for both the 0-20 uA range (R35) and the 0-200 uA ranqe
(R14).

A "LOCK" signal from the IF signifies a lock condition in the phase lock
loop circuitry. This signal is compared to a reference (U4A) and latched in
a flip-flop (U5A). A fourth flip-flop (U7B) reads all other fault indicators
and drives a "NORMAL" lamp. A reset button clears all flip-flops and also
performs a lamp test (S3, CR7-CR9).

Three regulators (VRI, VR2, VR3) regulate the +15 volt supply to +5
volts and + 1.2 volts for use on the board.

The calculations performed in the 2920 are shown in the flow chart in
Figure 3-18. The program used is pv'esented in Appendix A under 2920 #1.

Both in-phase and quadrature inputs are filtered for both the 90 Hz and
150 Hz components. Each of the outputs from these filters go through
envelope detectors which involve absolute value, peak detector, and averaging
algorithms. The sum of the 90 Hz and 150 Hz in-phase components are output
as SDM and the difference is used as the in-phase component of the DOM. The
90 Hz and 150 Hz quadrature components are added to produce the quadrature
component of the DOM. These two components are then formulated in the square
root of the sum of the squares to produce the magnitude of DOM which is then
output after a level shift. The square root algorithm uses a piece-wise
linear approximation.

The final value output from the 2920 is the sign of the DDM and is the
sign of the in-phase difference amplified to full scale.

The 2920 uses a 5 MHz clock and operates at a 6.5 KHz sample
rate/program loop execution rate.

The analog microprocessor was selected to perform the major functions

required of the signal processor and the output circuitry. There were
several advantages of this approach over the conventional analog approach:
(1) the microprocessor is more versatile in that any parameter changes
required during the development phase could easily be implemented by simple
keyboard entries; (2) improved accuracy over the proposal approach was also
realized since all calculations are performed numerically for sums,
differences, and the square root of (12 + q2 ), etc.; (3) test time was
minimized, since the filtering functions were accomplished with digital
filters which required no hardware adjustments.
The INTEL 2920 analog microprocessor was selected to perform most of the
functions required of the Signal Processor and output circuit board. The
2920 contains a sample and hold, A/D converter, MUX, digital microprocessor,
UV erasable program ROM, RAM, D/A, and output MUX. It contains circuitry to
handle four analog inputs and eight user specified audio or digital outputs.

0066C/7135C 3-27
 CHART
SIGNAL PROCESSOR FLOW1
(Lables in parenthesis are program variable names)

IN-PHASE INPUT QUADRATURE INPUT

(IN 0) At PROCESSOR (N1

(PHSIG) QIG

RAND PASS FILTER BAND PASS FILTER BAND PASS FILTER BAND PASS FILTER

4 POLE, 1 ZERO 4 POLE, 1 ZERO 4 POLE, I ZERO 4 POLE, 1 ZERO

FO -90HZ FO - 150 HZ FO -90OHZ FO - 150HZ

(IN 90) (IN 150) (QD 90) CQD 150)

ABSOLUTE ABSOLUTEABOUEBSLT
VALUE VALUE I I VAUVLE

(NEW 90) (NEW1150) (NEWf90) (NEW 150)

PEAK ~ PEAK
X EX
DETECTOR DETECTOR DETECTOR *DETECTOR

(PKIN 90) (PKIN 150) (PKQD 90) (PEQO 150)

EVLP OEENVELOPE ENVELOPE

DETECTRCTOR DETECTOR DTCO

(ENVIN 90) (ENVIN 150) (ENVQD 90) (ENVQD 150)

jISQ I (QDSQ

(OUT 0) j(OUT 2)
I (DDK)
A&MOCESWR OU 1

Figure 3-18. Signal Processor Flow Chart

for VFF4
3-28
 Since the contractor had the software support package (simulator,
assembler, prom programmer) available in-house, the decision to go with
digital process was simplified. It should be noted that improved system
reliability has been achieved by keeping the number of analog circuits in the
signal processor to a minimum. Processing is performed in real time with a
400 nanosecond sample update rate. The PC board layout drawing for the Al
module is contained in Figure 3-19.

3.4.5.1 DERIVATION OF SQUARE ROOT ALGORITHM FOR THE SIGNAL PROCESSOR

The algorithm which had bee n tndgd to be used in order to compute the
magnitude of the scattered ( i( + q) signal independent of reflection
phase, was found to have a maximum three percent error depending on phase.
In order to improve upon this, a piecewise linear approximation was made for
the r/ in the form MX+B where M and B are constants determined by the
region of the phase curve they arrived at. This approximation had to be made
compatible with the INTEL 2920 program since no branching or loopinq is
possible, all calculations must be made in a straight through pass, several
equations with low percent error were found, but the biggest problem was that
the segments had to be broken into powers of two (conditional only on one bit
at a time of x). Segments were then chosen as l-1l/2, I/2--*I/4, 1/4--04/8,
1/8-40/16, etc. Small vajues were predominant since under normal conditions
(no scatterers) produce il + q2 = 0. This resulted in so many equations,
that calculating each set of equations conditionally would take over 80
program steps, which was entirely too many. Plots were generated and curves
shifted until only two equations were needed, and all further calculations
were merely a shift by powers of two. This was an operation easily performed
on the INTEL 2920. Table 3-1 lists the equations used for the square root
algorithm. As can De seen all of these calculations are shifts by powers of
2. Also, once Ml, M2 Bl, and 82 are calculated, the final answer is easily
obtained by shifting the previous calculation by powers of 2. This can be
done in just one program step per segment of the curve. With the piecewise
linearization broken down to the above a equations a maximum error over the
entire range is 0.83 percent with an average error or 0.5 percent well below
the three percent error produced by the former algorithm. All of these
calculations can be done in 31 program steps. The computations are done in
the order listed with each equation being computed only if that particular
bit of x is set (0-8 respectively).

3.4.6 SPECIAL SIGNAL PROCESS FOR Q-CHANNEL ADJUSTMENT (A6) MODULE

This schematic diagram for the (A6) module is also shown on Figure 3-7.
This board essentially represents the work that was performed under contract
modification No. 3 to incorporate a design feature which would provide
adjustment for localizer transmitter incidental phase modulation (IpM).
The A6 board interfaces with the Al board in order to provide a DC offset
input at the sum output of the Q-channel. This voltage adjustment is
provided by a pot (RI) located on the front panel of the VFFM unit. This
board contains a separate 28 pin INTEL 2920 microprocessor, a 5 MHz crystal
(Yl) and a buffer amplifier (U2). Resistors (R4) and (R5) are

0056C/7135C 3-29

- . . -.. w- - -. . - ,---- w
 0

p+C20c~

R~ IA

02l R29 cCI

~a .
~ R3 I IIR2a
flc -
1 o-CHo
OIUZ R7C V~RO_
U3 w 9 V2

o-cC-oE-I
R4~

R28~ U4a

~~R3 EE 6R3A

c agO-C-OfS
R2331

3-330
 TABLE 3-1. EQUATIONS FOR SQUARE ROOT ALGORITHM

FOR X M B

04 X 4 1/256 0 0

1/256 < X < 1/128 M/ B1 X 2-3

1/128-< X < 1/64 M2 B2 X 2-3

1/64<_ X _ 1/32 Ml X 2-1 BI X 2-2

1/32< X < 1/16 M2 X 2- 1 B2 X 2-2

1/16< X-: 1/8 MI X 2-2 B2 X 2-1

1/8e X <1/4 M2 X 2-2 B2 X 2-1

1/4 < X 1/2 Ml X 2-3 B1

1/2 < X I M2 X 2-3 B2

where = Mx+B

and MI=2 2+2 1 +2- 1 +2 3

6.625

and M2=2 2 +2-1+2- 2 = 4.75

and BI=2-2+2-4+2-6 = 0.296875

and B2=2-2+2-3+2-5+2-7 = 0.4140625

0323C/7135C 3-31
connected to the front panel pot to make up a voltage divider network with an
adjustment range of +1.2 Vdc which is fed to UlX pin 13. All components are
mounted on a 3x4 incli double sided printed circuit board which is mounted to
the chassis with standoffs. The board can be removed from the chassis by
disconnecting the 23 pin connector (P1) and removing the four #4-40 mounting
screws. The assembly language program used to program U2X is given in
Appendix A under 2920 No. 2. The flow chart for the special signal processor
is also contained on Figure 3-18. The A6 PC board assembly diagram is shown
in Figure 3-20. The assembly program is given in Appendix A under 2920 #2.

3.4.7 CHASSIS/CABINET ASSEMBLY

3.4.7.1 CHASSIS
The chassis assembly drawing is shown in Figure 3-8 and the chassis
wiring diagram is provided in Figure 3-2. The chassis is a 17 X 17 X 3 inch
irridited aluminum assembly which is predrilled to mount the four RF modules,
two signal processor modules and one power supply. A type N bulkhead feed
through connector (Jl) serves as the RF input and is mounted on the rear of
the chassis. The rear chassis panel also contains a 9 pin minature connector
(J2) for the chart recorder output, and an AC input connector (P2).

3.4.7.2 FRONT PANEL

A 19 X 7 X 1/8 inch panel is attached to the chassis. The front panel
contains the AC power switch (Sl), .5 amp SLO BLO fuse (Fl), DOM meter (Ml),
SOM meter (M2) power on lamp (DSl), 0DM range toggle switch (S2), mode toggle
switch (S4), alarm reset pushbutton switch (S3), Q-offset adjust pot (Rl),
and six LED panel lamps (CR-I through CR-6).
3.4.7.3 EQUIPMENT CABINET
The chassis is slide mounted inside a 20 x 18 x 10 inch equipment
cabinet. Mounting hardware is provided to lock the chassis in place.
Carrying handles are provided on the sides of the cabinet.
3.5 EQUIPMENT OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS

3.5.1 GENERAL
Turn on, operating, and turn off instructions for the VFFM, which may be
used for unattended operation are given. Once the equipment is turned on and
the lamp and meter indications are checked, no additional operating checks or
adjustments are required. Dual DOM alarm limit adjustments are provided.
These alarm limits have been factory set to cause the DOM alarm light to come
on at approximately 15 microamps for CAT I and 10 microamps for CAT II. In
order to change the alarm setting, it is necessary to set the voltage
reference levels for comparitors U3A (CAT I) and U3C (CAT II) on the Al
board. Variable resistors R21 and R23 provide this adjustment. The "zero"
DOM adjust has also been factory adjusted using the Precision Monitor
Calibrator as the reference. If it should become necessary to "zero" adjust

0066C/7135C 3-32

-- -"-AN
 -

00
j U)

cDU _

3-33
the D1 reference level, variable resistor R37 is provided. The gain
adjuctment for the OM meter Xl and X.1 ranges are provided by variable
resi 'irs R14 and R35. The SON meter has been calibrated to indicate the
total modulation level. Variable resistor R12 (Al) is provided if any
adjustment becomes necessary.

3.5.2 SITING
The VFFM is designed to operate on the extended ILS runway centerline in
the vicinity of the middle marker beacon station. This location is typically
3000 to 4000 feet from the runway threshold. The elevation of the monitor
antenna should be of sufficient height to provide a minimum of 20 microvolt
input signal level to the monitor, without violating the obstruction
clearance criteria. The maximum distance from the receiving antenna to the
monitor input should not exceed 200 feet. The VFFM requires some convection
cooling during normal operation. The rear of the equipment cabinet should
not be obstructed.

3.5.3 TURN-ON PROCEDURE

(a) Plug power cord into 120 VAC 1 Phase 60 Hz source.
(b) Set AC power switch to on position.
(c)Slide chassis out of cabinet to expose Al board.
(d) Measure dc voltage present on pin 13 UIX of Al board. Adjust
"Q-Adjust" pot on front panel for 0.0 + .002 Vdc at pin 13.
(e)Return chassis to closed position.

3.6 OPERATING PROCEDURES

(a) Connect antenna feed cable to RF input port at rear of chassis.
Requires type N connection.
(b) Radiate CSB only signal from localizer, dummy up sideband.

(c) Verify that receiver is locked onto signal by observing S0M meter.
With no RF signal the meter should read zero. When the receiver is
locked, the meter reading should be 40 + 4 percent.
(d) Set OM range switch to Xl position.

(e) Set DOM mode selector switch to "Q" position.

(f)Observe reading on DOM meter. It should read the amount of
localizer quadrature signal which must be compensated for.
(g) Adjust Q-Adjust pot to zero the D)M meter. Tighten locking knob on
this pot after adjustment is made.

0066C/7135C 3-34
 (h)Radiate normal localizer signal CSB + SBO.
(i) Set selector switch to "I" position. The reading should be
essentially the same as measured on PIR.

(j) Set selector switch to "I&Q" position. The equipment is now in the
vector far field monitor mode.

(k) Press the "RESET" button on the front panel. With button depressed,
all four lamps should glow. With button released, only green normal
lamp should glow, unless the indicated 0DM exceeds an alarm level
setting.

3.7 CHART RECORDING

A nine-pin miniature female connector is mounted on the rear of the

chassis. A mating male connector/cable assembly is also supplied with each
of the three VFFM units. Monitor outputs are available for the following
parameters: (The second pin number is the return wire)

PIN NO. (J2) PARAMETER

Signal Return
5 4 DDM (I&N data)
3 1 SDM
6 7 A (I-channel only data)
8 9 (Q-channel only data)

The signals at the recorder outputs are single ended with voltage swing
less than +5 Vdc.

3.8 INSTRUCTIONS FOR TUNING THE LOCAL OSCILLATOR

Although the VFFM receiver frequency cannot be changed without inserting

a preselector filter corresponding to the desired localizer frequency, the
following procedures are given for checking the output of the RF
amplifier/local oscillator module (A2). Refer to Figure 3-21 for test setup.
(a) Remove front panel screws and slide chassis out of cabinet far

enough to expose A2 module. AC power switch off.

(b) Disconnect semirigid coax cable between A2/J2 and A3/Jl.

(c) Remove lid of the A2 RF shielded module by removing 10 screws.

(d) Connect signal generator output to RF input port on rear chassis

panel. Set signal generator to desired localizer frequency and
input level as shown on Figure 3-21.

0066C/7135C 3-35

. .d
,
 FIC -10
C,

6,-L a . Co 7

RF IT I* TQJ3

AZ
R~~R
AAM/L CMNnL-0.

S;~
en~o*~
0: Co~ecov- S.Pec-tromi Apio ls*er
g~or
H-P800 bUV0-w HF857C2A o - E5 ow/ent
Output 4'? Sdt to LOC C*Cte-Ir 10.-7/nHZ
Output Ieve: Sd
5- fm RF /eve/ 0 IB
f'2dult~i NoJt reyu'-cO Frae, spav. -;2 K~j-~

Figure 3.21 . Test Setup for Tuning RF AMP/LO in A2 Module

3-3,6
 (e)Connect A2/J2 to spectrum analyzer RF input port.
(f) Turn on VFFM AC power switch. Ensure that ball clips are connecteu
to El and E2 of A2.

(g) Measure IF output frequency and level on spectrum analyzer.

Frequency should be 10.7 MHz + 20 Hz. Level should be -47 dBm (min)
with -50 dBm in (minimum of 3 dB gain). If adjustment is required
remove lid of U3 to expose trimmer capacitors.
(h) To coarse adjust RF level (required if signal is down in the noise)
adjust "out" trimmer for maximum indication.
(i) To fine adjust RF level adjust "OSC" trimmer for maximum indication.

(j) To adjust output frequency adjust "FREQ TRIM".

(k) Replace lid on U3 and note change in level or frequency. Readjust

if necessary to compensate for shielding.

Note: When cover is removed from U3 check L.O. crystal Yl for

correct frequency marking (Loc. Freq. -10.7 MHz) and proper
pin alignment.

(1) Remove power and restore equipment connections to normal.

If a spectrum analyzer or signal generator are not available for tuning,

the L.0, the L.O. unit can be tuned satisfactorily using an RF voltmeter and
a frequency counter as described in Figure 3-22.
The layout of the equipment on the chassis is shown in Figure 3-23.

0066C/7135C 3-37

' * WP u.
 TUNING PROCEDURE, M3C08X1

I. Test Set Up:

S. Procedure:
Tuning

1. Set up equipment as Indicated In Part I.

2. Adjust "Osc." trimmer for maximum indication on R.F. meter.

3. Adjust "OUT" trimmer for maximum indication on R.P, meter.

4. Repeat steps 2 and 3 for maximum indication on R.F. meter.

5. Adjust "TRIM' for frequency adjustment.

Figure 3-22 Alternate Test Setup for Tuning RF A+P/LO

3-38
Figure 3-23. VFFM Chassis Layout
3-39
 4.0 VFFM BENCH TESTS

4.0 VFFM BENCH TESTS

The VFFM equipment was subjected to extensive bench testing in the
engineering laboratory during the design phase and prior to beginning field
tests. The primary purpose of this testing was to determine the operating
parameters of the receiver and processor circuits such as signal sensitivity,
bandwidth, AGC action, selectivity, etc. This testing was carried out with
the use of standard contractor supplied test equipment and special FAA
furnished test equipment.
As an example of the important role which thorough bench testing played
during the VFFM development, it was determined that highly accurate DDM
calculations in the signal processor were extremely dependent upon good
signal transfer characteristics (within 0.2%) between the rf input and the
detected audio output.

4.1 USE OF THE ILS MONITOR PRECISION CALIBRATOR TYPE FA8920X S/N 1
This equipment was supplied under this contract as GFE and was used
extensively during receiver alignment and calibration of the in-phase
channel. This unit is a high quality signal generator that produces an rf
carrier having adjustable and known modulation characteristics. It is used
to verify correct response and proper alarm limit settings for ILS monitors
and receivers. This equipment was used as the standard to which the Vector
Far Field Monitor units were tested and aligned.
The calibrator was used only in the localizer mode which has an rf
output range from +10 dBm to -90 dBm. The percent modulation level was
adjustable from .002% to greater than .300% per tone and the DDM output level
was adjustable from 0 to at least a .250 DDM for either 90 or 150 HZ tone pre-
dominance. The calibrator was limited in that it did not have a separate SBO
output, as was required for fully testing a phase sensitive receiver. This
deficiency was overcome by designing the ILS signal simulator described in
paragraph 4.4.
4.1.1 INCIDENTAL PHASE MODULATION OF PRECISION MONITOR CALIBRATOR
The CSB output of this test equipment displayed high residual phase
noise (incidental phase modulation) which resulted in a large qauadrature
component as measured on the VFFM Q-channel. This resulted in a DDM output
as great as 80 microamps and decreased during equipment warm-up to a minimum
of 40 microamps. The phase noise present in the Monitor Precision Calibrator
was the initial indication of a potentially similar response from a localizer
transmitter. This suspicion was later confirmed and is discussed in
paragraph 5-4. Bench test data was taken for each of the VFFM units relating
DDM input from the calibrator versus DDM output as displayed on the VFFM DDM
meter. Tables 4-1, 4-2, and 4-3 contain this data for VFFM S/N 001, S/N 002,
and S/N 003, respectively.

0323C/7127C 4-
 TABLE 4-1.
DD4 OUTPUT FOR VFFM S/N 001 VS. MONITOR PRECISION CALIBRATOR INPUT

MONITOR PRECISION CALIBRATION INPUT VFFM S/N 001 OUTPUT

DDM D014 (D'A)

Predominant Predominant
90 HZ 150 HZ 90 HZ 150 HZ
0 2 2
0
.003 4 3
.003
.005 5.5 5
.005
.010 .010 11 10.5
.015 15.5 15.5
.015
.020 20 20
.020
.025 .025 25 25
.030 29.5 30.5
.030
.035 .035 34 36
.040 .040 39.5 42
.045 44.5 49
.045
.050 .050 49 56

.060 .060 60 65
.070 .070 69 80
.080 80 92
.080
.090 .090 92 105
.100 .100 101 119

Frequency: 109.7 MHZ

Input Level: -50 dBm

0323C/7127C 4-2
 TABLE 4-2.
DOM OUTPUT FOR VFFM S/N 002 VS. MONITOR PRECISION CALIBRATOR INPUT

MONITOR PRECISION CALIBRATION INPUT VFFM S/N 002 OUTPUT

DOM DM (rA)

Predominant Predominant
90 HZ 150 HZ 90 HZ 150 HZ
0 0 0 0
.003 .003 0 3
.005 .005 0 5
.008 .008 4 9
.010 .010 6 10
.013 .013 9 13
.015 .015 11 15
.018 .018 14 19
.020 .020 16 21
.023 .023 17 24
.025 .025 20 27
.028 .028 22 30
.030 .030 24 32
.040 .040 32 44
.050 .050 44 58
.060 .060 55 69
.070 .070 63 84
.080 .080 74 95
.090 .090 86 110
.100 .100 96 121

Frequency: 109.7 MHZ

Input Level: -50 dBm

0323C/7127C 4-3

• # U.
 TABLE 4-3.
DOM OUTPUT FOR VFFM S/N 003 VS. MONITOR PRECISION CALIBRATOR INPUT

MONITOR PRECISION CALIBRATION INPUT VFFM S/N 003 OUTPUT

DM DOM (pA)

Predominant Predominant
90 HZ 150 HZ 90 HZ 150 HZ
0 0 0 0
.003 .003 4 1
.005 .005 7 4
.008 .008 10 6
.010 .010 12 8
.013 .013 15 11
.015 .015 16 13
.018 .018 19 16
.020 .020 20 18
.023 .023 22 20
.025 .025 25 22
.028 .028 26 25
.030 .030 28 27
.040 .040 36 38
.060 .060 55 58
.080 .080 72 80
.100 .100 90 105

Frequency: 109.7 MHZ

Input Level: -50 dBm

0323C/7127C 4-4
4.2 USE OF THE PORTABLE ILS RECEIVER (PIR) TYPE FA-9392 S/N 1096

This equipment was supplied under the contract as GFE and was used
during both the bench testing and field testing work. The PIR is a
completely solid-state, battery operated, portable VHF/UHF receiver used to
measure the signal characteristics of an ILS. It is the standard test
equipment used by FAA maintenance personnel to set and recheck DON levels,
both at the localizer station and at remote tests points in the localizer
radiation field. It is to be noted that a tracking error existed between the
digital DOM display on the Monitor Precision Calibrator and the analog DDM
meter on the PIR. Table 4-4 illustrates the deviation between these two GFE
test equipments. The gain values in the software for the microprocessors and
the gain pots for the meter driving circuits in the VFFM units were set to
approximate the DDM output levels of the Monitor Precision Calibrator. In
order to utilize the PIR at the proposed test sites the PIR was outfitted
with the following crystals:
TEST SITE LOCALIZER FREQ. PIR L.O. FREQ.

BWI R/W 10 109.7 MHZ 67.4 MHZ

BWI R/W 15R 111,7 MHZ 68.4 MHZ
FAATC R/W 13 109.1 MHZ 67.1 MHZ

4.3 CHART RECORDING THE DDM OUTPUT OF THE PIR

The PIR was a valuable tool during the performance of both bench and
field testing. The PIR is similar to the MX9o26/GRN-27 FFM in that It can
only detect the contribution of the in-phase component of the SBO signal
arriving at the monitor site. A means of simultaneously chart recording DOM
outputs from both the VFFM units and from the PIR was essential. A DOM
output was not directly available from the PIR unit. A buffe- ampllfler
module was dcsigned and built in order to interface between the PIR output
and the chart recorder input in order to avoid loading down the PIR DDM meter
as a result oil a direct connection. Figure 4-1 depicts the circuit contained
in the buffet amplifier module. The test set up used to obtain chart
recording data from the PIR is shown in Figure 4-2.

4.4 ILS LOCALIZER SCATTERED SIGNAL SIMULATOR

In order to fully demonstrate the technique of quadrature detection a

means of introducing a signal representative of a scattered SBO signal was
required. Since the Monitor Precision Calibrator did not have a SBO output
it could not serve its intended purpose entirely. What was needed was a test
set-up which could generate and combine two signals; (1) the signal format
of the localizer direct radiation pattern (CSB), and (2) a signal
representative of SBO localizer energy such as would be re-radiated from a
scatterer. In addition to simulating these described signals the signal
levels had to be in the magnitude range of those which would be experienced

0323C/7127C 4-5
 TABLE 4-4.
PIR TYPE FA-9392 DDM OUTPUT VS. MONITOR PRECISION CALIBRATOR INPUT

MONITOR PRECISION CALIBRATION PORTABLE ILS RECEIVER

D DISPLAY DOM DISPLAY

Predominant Predominant
90 HZ 150 HZ 90 HZ 150 HZ
.000 .000 .002 (150) .002 (150)
.005 .005 .002 .007
.010 .010 .008 .012
.015 .015 .013 .018
.020 .020 .018 .023
.030 .030 .027 .033
.040 .040 .037 .044
.050 .050 .046 .055
.075 .075 .065 .082
.100 .100 .089 .112
.125 .125 .110 .142
.150 .150 .130 .170
.200 .200 .165 .235

Frequency: 111.7 MHZ

Input Level: -52 dBm
Date Measured: 2/24/82

0323C/7127C 4-6
 -- Ik- -

100K1
*Conviect to PI R

P-717OPAI'W CONSISTS OFa- 791 UNIT5

Figure 4-1. PIR Buffer Amplifier Schematic

, 4 iONTO~ ECOU DER

PJr-ONIebr ToALE

RFigr 4-.TsIu
PIR o APCatReodrCnctn
zap) -ic ~ -i; 1RUS /4.7
Figure 4-3. ILS Localizer Scattered Signal Simulator

4-8
at a far field monitor test site. To determine ty ical signal levels, RF
level measurements were made at the proposed BWI test sites and found to be
on the order of 350 microvolts for R/W 15R and 10 millivolts for R/W 10.
With these parameters in mind a test set-up was designed and constructed
using standard test equipment, RF components, connectors, and coax cable.
Figure 4-3 shows the simulator layout. Phasing adjustments in the SBO line
were provided by four 110 MHZ 900 trombone phase shifters which were loaned
to the contractor from the FAA Techncial Center in Atlantic City, New
Jersey. All of the rf subassemblies and cables were mounted on a 19 inch by
21 inch steel panel for convenient interface with the major test equipment
and monitor units. A block diagram of the ILS localizer scattered signal
simulator is shown in Figure 4-4.

4.4.1 FUNCTIONAL DESCRIPTION OF THE ILS LOCALIZER SCATTERED SIGNAL SIMULATOR

The function of this test set-up is to provide a test signal to the VFFM
receiver and to the portable ILS receiver for bench testing and calibration
purposes. It can be used over the entire localizer band.
A. Carrier Generation.

The carrier is generated by a synthesized VHF signal generator capable

of at least + 10 dBm rf level output. No external or internal modulation of
the signal generator is required. The required CSB and SBO signal formats
are developed through the use of Merrimac PD-20-500 power dividers. These
devices provide low insertion loss (typ. .5 dB), high isolation between
outputs (min. 30 dB) and excellent phase and amplitude equality
characteristics (within 10 and .1 dB respectively). As shown in the test
set-up, Figure 4-4, the devices are used both in the forward mode as signal
splitters and in the reverse mode as signal combiners.
B. Sideband Generation.
Carrier modulation is achieved through the use of double balanced mixers
which are used to mix the carrier and a local oscillator input. The rf input
signal to mixer No. 1 (L Port) is double sideband modulated by a lower
frequency signal (90 HZ) applied to the I port. The mixer output (R port)
contains the carrier signal and the + 90 HZ sideband signals. Mixer No. 2
operates exactly the same way but with 150 HZ signal applied to the I port.
The local oscillator signals were derived from Monsanto 3100A Frequency
Synthesizers which are externally synched to a I MHZ source in order to keep
the relative audio phasing of the 90 HZ and 150 HZ tones in-phase lock. The
modulation level is controlled by adjusting the amplitude level of the
synthesizers.

0323C/7127C 4-9
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4-10
 C. Derivation of the C+SB Signal.
The CSB signal is representative of what exists at a far field monitor
location in the absence of derrogatlons in the ideal case. The localizer
direct signal contains only CSB and is given by:

- -0; f ;0 f410so

CSB (I + m SIN f 150 t + M SIN f90 t) SIN wt

In order to simulate this signal format a sum and difference hybrid (Hl)
was used. This device has the property that simultaneous application of
signals to both the H port and E ports results in their vector addition at
port 1 and vector subtraction at port 2. The phase balance of HI is 00+10
with sum port (H port) feed and 1800+10 with difference (E port) feed. The
CSB signal is derived from port I where it is routed to PCI and combined with
the carrier only from PDL. Variable attenuator RI is used to adjust the
carrier level with respect to the sidebands. Phasor P1 consists of 2 - 900
line strechers to ensure that the carrier and SBO inputs are initially
in-phase.

D. Derivation of SBO Signals.

In order to simulate the effect of a derogation, a signal representative

of the SBO signal which can be varied in both amplitude and phase is
generated. The signal format for the SBO signal is given by:

T-4o 4P90

where: 0, a scattered amplitude

0 - scattered phase
SBO -. (SIN f15 0t - SIN fg0 t) SIN (wt + 0 (t))

0323C/7127C 4-11

I- - --- !-- .- ..
 CL

4-12,
 Output port 2 of Hi is a suppressed carrier (40 dB) SOO signal with 90
HZ and 150 HZ sideband signals of equal amplitude but 1800 out of phase.
This signal is routed through R3 which is a variable attenuator used to vary
the SBO amplitude and phasor P2 which is used to vary the SO phase. This
signal is ultimately fed to PC2 where it is combined with the CSB signal for
application to the monitor receivers.

4.4.2 OPERATION OF THE ILS LOCALIZER SCATTERED SIGNAL SIMULATOR USING

MANUAL PHASE SHIFTERS

The CSB and SO output signals of the simulator can be regarded as the
sources of coherent signals having a constant amplitude and phase ratio
between them. This condition simulates interference as would be found in an
airport environment such as the presence of static or slowly moving objects
in critical locations. In order to demonstrate the VFFM principal of
operation the equipment was connected as shown in Figure 4-4.

A. Feed test signal to both the PIR and the VFFM.

B. Adjust R3 for full attenuation; scattered SBO signal dummied up.

C. Switch VFFM selector switch to Q only position. Adjust phasor PI

and attenuator Rl to minimize Q channel indication on 0DM meter.
This adjustment provides proper carrier to SBO phasing.

D. Vary Q-Adjust to zero out any quadrature component remaining.

E. Switch VFFM selector switch to I-only position. PIR and VFFM DDM
indication should be the same. Adjust audio output amplitude of Fl
and F2 to vary DOM output.

F. Restore audio adjustment for 0 DOM indication.

G. Introduce scattered SBO signal by reducing Rl attenuation. Take out

enough attenuation to achieve at least .100 DOM.

H. Adjust phasor P2 with VFFM in I-only position. The PIR and VFFM DDM
should vary with change in SBO phase. With VFFM in the I&Q position
only the PIR 0DM output should vary with change in-phase. The VFFM
output should remain constant but the predominant frequency
indicator lights will alternate each time the SBO vector rotates
through quadrature. This test demonstrates the ability of the VFFM
to measure both in-phase and quadrature components of a scattered
signal.

I. Adjust phasor P2 until quadrature is achieved. This condition will

be recognized when the 90 HZ and 150 HZ indicator lights on the VFFM
are both flickering. Adjust attenuator Rl. The PIR DOM output
should remian constant and the VFFM DOM output should change with
the magnitude of the SO signal.
This test demonstrates when an SO scattered signal arrives in
quadrature with the CSB signal, it is not detected by a monitor
system which can only measure the in-phase component.

0323C/7127C 4-13
4.4.3 OPERATION OF THE ILS LOCALIZER SCATTERED SIGNAL SIMULATOR USING
VOLTAGE VARIABLE PHASE SHIFTER

In order to demonstrate the ability of the VFFM system to receive and

process scattered signals of a dynamic nature, such as might be induced by
aircraft overflying the localizer, it was necessary to modify the simulator.
This modification is shown in Figure 4-6. Phase shifter P2 was replaced with
an electronic phase shifter whose phase can be rapidly varied with the
application of an external d.c. voltage. This phase shifter was able to
introduce up to 1400 of phase shift at a rate corresponding to the sine wave
output of the HP 203A function generator. Figure 4-7 illustrates the
response of the voltage variable phase shifter which was used for this
demonstration.

0323C/7127C 4-14

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0 JC OLE KTRON 0-VPS-100-120
-100- E AT 109.7 MHz (-10 d8m)
X AT 120.0MHz (-10 dBm)

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Figure 4-7. Phase Shift of Voltage Variable Phase Shifter at 109.7 MHz

4-16
 5.0 FIELD TESTING

5.1 GENERAL
Field testing of the VFFM was conducted at BWI Airport, Baltimore,
Maryland, and at the FAA Technical Center in Atlantic City, New Jersey.

5.2 BWI AIRPORT FIELD TESTS

BWI Airport was selected as a test site primarily because of its
proximity to the contractor's plant (Westinghouse has its own taxiiway
leading into the airport complex). The layout plan of BWI Airport is shown
in Figure 5-1. However, in addition to the convenience which this provided,
BWI has four ILS equipped runways 10/28 and 15R/33L, and a variety of
localizer configurations. Initially, three test sites were proposed to be
utilized at BWI. These test sites are shown in Figure 5-2 and 5-3. However,
test site 'B'was not employed except for field strength measurements. Field
testing began at BWI in June of 1981 and continued through December of 1981.

5.2.1 BWI R/W 10 FIELD TESTING - TEST SITE 'A'

Runway 10 is a CAT II ILS runway which is instrumented with a dual
frequency AN-GRN/27 localizer system and an MX 9026-GRN/27 Far Field Monitor
System. The existing monitor antenna is located approximately 1000 feet from
the runway threshold and offset approximately five feet south from the R/W 10
centerline extended. The associated monitor equipment is colocated inside
the inner marker beacon shelter. The VFFM test antenna was installed on a 20
foot triangular steel tower which was capable of being folded over when not
in use. Figure 5-5 depicts the antenna/tower in the folded down mode. This
antenna was a four element yagi which was supplied as GFE under the contract
and is identical to the FFM antennas presently in use. The test antenna was
located 50 feet inbound of the existing antenna and approximately two feet
lower in elevation. DDM outputs from the two monitor channels of the
existing FFM were not readily available for correlation purposes and access
to the FFM equipment was restricted because of its commissioned status. The
PIR was used extensively for comparative measurements. Both the PIR and the
VFFM were fed simultaneously from the test antenna. Signal phase and
amplitude equality to each receiver were assured through the use of a two-way
power divider. The test equipment was rack mounted inside of the
contractor's test vehicle. The test equipment configuration in the test van
is shown in Figure 5-4. Initial measurements were made of the carrier signal
surength level at the test site. The rf level meter reading was 67 which
corresponds to approximately 10 millivolts input signal level as indicated in
Figure 5-6. This provided approximately a seven millivolt input level to the
PIR and the VFFM units after signal splitting. Excellent PIR and VFFM
I-channel DD output correlation existed as measured with both transmitters
No. 1 and No. 2 radiating; however, the VFFM Q-channel output displayed a
large quadrature output which was of a static nature and obviously not
attributable to multipath interference. This was confirmed when the

0323C/7128C 5-1
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Figure 5-6. PIR Type 9740 S/N 1096

RF Level Calibration Curve

5-7
condition persisted with the transmitter SBO output dummied up. Measurements
on a spectrum analyzer displayed sideband amplitude imbalance at the test
site and led to the decision to measure the CSB output of the localizer
course signal directly at the transmitter. Table 5-1 lists the data for all
four BWI localizer transmitters as measured at the transmitter CSB output.
Although only runways 10 and 15R were designated test sites, data on all four
localizers was valuable in determining the extent of the audio signal
misphasing problem. As can be seen from the data, I channel and PIR outputs
display satisfactory agreement. The Q-channel output varied from as low as 7
microamps for R/W 15R Tx. No. 2 to as much as 150 microamps for R/W 28 Tx.
No. 1. The cause of this quadrature output and the solution are described
fully in paragraph 5.4. This condition led to the decision to compensate for
the localizer quadrature output within the VFFM equipment.

During the period that the VFFM signal processor was being modified to
provide a quadrature offset adjustment, field testing continued on R/W 10. A
fixed offset was programmed into the microprocessor which corresponded to the
amount of quadrature component as measured at the transmitter course CSB
output. Measurements were made to determine the stability of the Q-channel
output as measured at the transmitter on September 29, 1981. During a
two-hour period transmitter No. 2, which was fully warmed up, had a Q-channel
output of 32 microamps with excursions not exceeding +3 microamps. Tx. No.
1, which was brought up cold, measured a Q-output of 45 microamps +5 over a
20-minute period.

Field testing efforts on R/W 10 were limited by localizer system

availability. Erection of the test antenna was obviously not permitted
during CAT II operations and system radiating time was much less than on the
opposite runway end. When field test data was taken, efforts were
concentrated primarily on aircraft ground movements; however, disturbances
created by flying aircraft such as the helicopter overflight trace as shown
in Figure 5-7 were recorded. This illustrates the envelope detection
technique of the I and Q channels versus the I channel only oscillatory
response of the PIR. Figure 5-7 also illustrates a problem with the VFFM
receiver created by flying aircraft either landing or taking off regarding
loss of lock of the carrier signal. This receiver sensitivity problem was
definitly related to both the size and speed of the aircraft involved. A
small single engine aircraft would not perturbate the input signal strength
enough for the VFFM to become unlocked; while a large four engine jet
aircraft passing through the transmitter/receiver line of sight would almost
always create a loss-of-lock up condition. This condition is believed to be
related to the phase lock loop holdtime and is more fully described in
Paragraph 3.4.3.

5.2.2 BWI R/W 15R FIELD TESTING - TEST SITE 'C"

R/W 15R is a 9519 foot long CAT I ILS runway. The localizer system is a
single frequency dual transmitter TV-30, loca-'ed 1575 feet from the stop end
of the runway. The test site for the VFFM was initially located on the
approach light tower located 2900 feet from the R/W 15R threshold but was
later relocated to the approach light tower 3,000 feet from the threshold. A
six element triple driven yagi antenna was used for field testing. It was

0323C/7128C 5-8
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Figure 5-7. R/W 10 Test Site 'A Field Test Data

5.10
attached to the top of the light tower at an elevation of 141 feet MSL. The
distance from the localizer antenna to the VFFM test antenna was 14,100
feet. RF level at this site was measured at 55 on the PIR which corresponds
to approximately 150 microvolts as shown in Figure 5-6. The taxiway layout
for R/W 15R/33L was more typical than that which existed on R/W 10/28. A
parallel taxiway with a 550 foot T/W centerline to R/W centerline
displacement exists along most of the runway length. This site was more
conducive to field testing than R/W 10 since the R/W 15R ILS system is in use
during most BWI operations. An escort to the test site was not required
since it was located outside of the airport restricted area. The detected
quadrature output from the runway 15R localizer was low enough to permit
field testing without using a fixed offset in the signal processor Q-channel
input. The localizer transmitter which was on the air was identified by
monitoring the character spacing of the R/W 1SR localizer identification code
as detected through the audio output of the PIR with a headset.
Monitor data on R/W 15R was obtained from various types of aircraft
movement such as takeoffs and landings on the monitored ILS runway, takeoffs
and landings on the intersecting runway (10/28), taxiing aircraft at the
approach, midfield and rollout end of the monitored runway. In addition,
disturbances caused by helicopters intercepting the localizer guidance signal
were observed. The most significant data was related to taxiing and parked
aircraft on TWY close-up "0". Figure 5-8 represents VFFM versus PIR chart
recording data taken during the take-off from R/W 28 of a single engine
aircraft. A DDM disturbance of approximately 15 microamps persisted for at
least 13 seconds longer on the VFFM after the PIR response returned to
normal. Figure 5-9 illustrates data obtained while two twin engine aircraft
taxiied along T/W '0' in preparation for takeoff on R/W 15R. Figure 5-10
contains a sample of a DDM disturbance believed to be created by a DC-9
aircraft taking off on R/W 28 and intersecting the monitored R/W 15R runway.
R/W 10/28 intersects R/W 15R/33L at approximately a 48 degree angle with
respect to the R/W 15R/33L centerline. A VHF mobile communications
transceiver was used to monitor the ground cont-)l (121.9 MHz) and approach
control (119.7 MHz) frequencies. The field testing effort required data
correlation between aircraft/vehicle movement on the airfield and the monitor
response as measured at the test site. This was accomplished via
communications between the test equipment van and an observer located with
full view of the test runway.
5.3 FAATC Field Tests

Field testing of the Vector Far Field Monitor at the FAATC in Atlantic
City, NJ was conducted during a two-week period beginning on 5/10/82. The
equipment was colocated within the existing R/W 13 FFM/MM equipment shelter.
The R/W 13 localizer is a MARK III two frequency system operating on a course
transmitter frequency of 109l.047 MHz. The localizer antenna consists of a
course array, clearance array, and a parabolic reflector. The airport layout
plan for the FAATC facility is shown in Figure 5-11. The three existing far
field monitor antennas were used during the field testing effort. These
antennas were the four element yagi's used with the MX-9026/GRN-27 FFM
system. They were mounted on approximately 30 foot high wood poles which
were located along the R/W 13 centerline extended and spaced 200 feet apart.

0323C/7128C 5-11

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Figure 5-8. BWI R/W 15R Monitored Localizer Data. Aircraft overflight

5-12
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Taviing on /3'O for Takeoff

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The three developed VFFM units S/Ns 001, 002 and 003 were used during the
field testing effort; however, it was only possible to operate two units
simultaneously since only two 109.1 MHz RF AMP/Local oscillators were built
under the contract. Although the FAATC R/W 13 localizer system is a
commissioned CAT I facility, traffic conditions allowed for a greater
fletibility in terms of adjustments to the localizer transmitter system and
system availability. Additionally, the three existing FFM antennas provided
the potential for testing the effectiveness of the single point monitor far
field monitor technique. The three VFFM units used during the FAATC field
tests contained a built-in quadrature offset adjustment.
This capability was not available in time for use at the BWI Airport
test sites.

5.3.1 FAATC LOCALIZER QUADRATURE OUTPUT MEASUREMENTS

Once the monitor units were installed at the test site, preliminary data
was obtained relative to determining the incidental phase modulation of the
localizer transmitter. This data was obtained both at the test site and at
the transmitter. The results are shown in Table 5-2.
TABLE 5-2. FAATC TESTS TO DETERMINE Q-OFFSET ADJUSTMENT

TX VFFM Location I Q IaQ SDM FFM Antenna Radiation Config.

Microamps S/N-002 A Mod
+ SBO
1 at FFM 0 45 45 40 3 CSB
1 at FFM 0 45 46 40 3 CSB Only
1 at FFM 0 46 46 40 1 CSB Only
+ SBO
2 at FFM 0 42 42 37.5 1 CSB
2 at FFM 0 42 42 37.5 3 CSB + SBO
2 at FFM 5(150) 42 44 37.5 3 CSB Only
2 at FFM 5(150) 42 43.5 37.5 1 CSB Only
1 at Loc. 0 48 48 40 N/A CSB Only
2 at Loc. 0 43 43 37.5 N/A CSB Only

The results of these tests indicated that a quadrature offset equivalent

to approximately 48/43 microamps for transmitters Nos. 1/2 respectively would
be required in order to eliminate Q-channel signal caused by transmitter
IpM. During these tests, the clearance transmitters were cycled on and off
without any change in VFFM output. A Q-channel stability test was performed
on TX. No. 1 on 5/12/82 between the period of 5:30 to 10:10 PM. An rf pickup
element was inserted into the course transmitter wattmeter body and the
sampled rf signal was fed to the VFFM S/N 002 rf input. The measured Q
output was chart recorded. Except for some receiver loss of lock problems
which persisted for the first half hour of operation, the Q-slgnal well as
measured at the CSB output remained within three microamps. This was
within what can reasonably be expected in terms quadrature output stability.

0323C/7128C 5-16

' '
- - - - - IP -1- -,W ",--'I .. .
5.3.2 R/W 13 LOCALIZER TRANSMITTER ADJUSTMENTS

Comparative field test data was obtained between two VFFM units, two
existing FFM units, and the PIR readout while transmitter adjustments were
made to cause CAT I and CAT II alarms. The results of this testing is shown
in Table 5-3. Each of the VFFM units were connected to a separate antenna.
Antenna No. 1 was approximately 3260 feet from the R/W 13 threshold with
antenna No. 3 approximately 400 feet further out. The elevation and
alignment of these antennas were essentially identical. Figure 5-12 shows
the antenna alignment at the FAATC test site.
5.3.3 DESCRIPTION OF THE FAA'S DIGITAL RECORDING SYSTEM
In order to record sampled data from the VFFM units and the existing FFM
units, the FAA's Remote Maintenance Monitor Group ACT-IOOL located at the
FAATC provided invaluable assistance. A Remote Monitor Subsystem (RMS)
previously designed and built by ACT-IOOL personnel for a different program
was modified in order to provide a data collection package which had a one
second data update rate for use during the VFFM test program.

A block diagram of the RMS as used during the VFFM field test is shown in
Figure 5-13. The RMS had an eight-channel capability. Three of the channels
were used to output the dc voltage levels corresponding to the existing FFM
channels. Four channels were required to collect data from two of the VFFM
units. These were dc voltage levels corresponding to the 0DM and SDM
outputs. The final channel was intended for inputting the PIR DDM signal;
however, the PIR output voltage level was too high for the AID board and was
not used. In order to analyze the data which was recorded, it was necessary
to translate the voltage levels outputted from the monitor to DDM. This was
done by using the Precision Monitor Calibrator to feed a known DO input
signal to both the VFFM unit and an existing monitor unit simultaneously and
measuring the dc voltage level output. The corresponding DDM levels/voltage
levels for 150 Hz predominant signals is shown in Tables 5-4 and 5-5 lists
resulting voltage levels for 90 Hz inputs from the PMC. In order to
correlate monitor response data with cause of the disturbance, an observer
was located in the ASDE tower with direct communications to the test site. A
log was made of aircraft activity during the field tests. A sample output of
the FAA's digital recording system is shown in Figure 5-14.
5.3.4 EXTERNALLY INDUCED FAULT TESTS
In order to determine if a signal scattering situation could cause a
substantial DDM difference between the existing monitors, the PIR and the
VFFM, an experiment was conducted to purposely disturb the localizer
radiation pattern. A test van was borrowed from the FAATC MLS group which
was driven in the vicinity of the localizer antenna as measurements were made
at the test site. The van was approximately 20 feet long but was lower in
height than the antenna elements. VFFM SIN 002 was connected to FFM antenna
No. 1 and SIN 003 was fed from antenna No. 3. The PIR was alternatively fed
from each of these antennas. The three existing MX 9026/GRN-27 monitors were
each connected to a separate antenna. The Q-channel of each of the VFFM

0323C/7128C 5-17

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TABLE 5-4. DM VOLTAGE LEVELS FOR 150 HZ PREDOMINANT INPUTS

0DM OUTPUT
PMC Input FAAIFFM FAAIFFM VFFM VFFI4
No. 2 No. 3 No. 2 No. 3
150 Hz VcVc-V ' dc

0 -. 026 -3.46 +.146 -3.56

.003 +.042 -3.39 +.27 -3.6
.005 +.090 -3.33 +.365 -3.58
.008 +.167 -3.23 +.492 -3.5
.010 +.202 -3.18 +.589 -3.42
.013 +.278 -3.14 +.71 -3.36
.015 +.318 -3.08 +.793 -3.28
.018 +.398 -3.01 +.92 -3.21
.020 +.453 -2.95 +1.03 -3.15
.023 +.513 -2.86 +1.163 -3.08
.025 +.574 -2.82 +1.241 -3.03
.028 +.636 -2.74 +1.363 -2.99
.030 +.690 -2.69 +1.45 -2.93
.040 +.908 -2.46 +1.85 -2.69
.050 +1.164 -2.20 - -
*060 +1.4 -1.96 +2.73 -2.21
.070 +1.66 -1.70 - -
.080 +1.9 -1.45 +3.62 -1.68
.090 +2.14 -1.2 - -
.100 +2.38 -. 93 +4.5 -1.15

0323CI7128C 5-21

- ,. w . .j- - --- -
 TABLE 5-5. DDM VOLTAGE LEVELS FOR 90 HZ PREDOMINANT INPUTS

DOM4 OUTPUT
PMC Input FAA/FF4 FAA/FFM VFFV4 VFFM
No. 2 No. 3 No. 2 No. 3
90 Hz 7rc a- TC r-
0 -. 023 -. 134 -3.46 -3.57
.003 -. 089 -. 021 -3.48 -3.47
.005 -. 135 -. 071 -3.44 -3.42
.008 -. 200 -. 189 -3.40 -3.36
.010 -. 244 -. 283 -3.32 -3.31
.013 -.318 -. 398 -3.27 -3.24
.015 -.369 -.496 -3.22 -3.21
.018 -.434 -. 595 -3.14 -3.15
.020 -.485 -.694 -3.10 -3.12
.023 -. 545 -. 823 -3.06 -3.06
.025 -. 600 -.930 -3.00 -3.01
.028 -.660 -1.04 -2.96 -2.98
.030 -.710 -1.14 -2.91 -2.92
.040 -.934 -1.56 -2.72 -2.70
.050 -1.19 - -2.49 -

.060 -1.41 -2.43 -2.28 -2.28

.070 -1.63 - -2.11 -

.080 -1.86 - -1.90 -

.081 -- 3.36 - -1.88

.090 -2.08 - -1.66 -

.100 -2.30 -4.21 -1.48 -1.46

0323C/7128C 5-22
 e -FAAIFM- 1 -VF
SPMw DPM 0DM tFLOAT1W '5DM DX S0M Dom
iV3 M. 3 M02 #0 A-

4-3e
0.133 fl0t104-+*-.996 t227----F6-+-.-B-342

0-5r 014
tV,± OT.!0 M~998 +Z.267 -3*544 +2.279 S3.02
* TIME:11:.07:32
-- ~3~ -~iAh-O
A IVA4-9~82T65-3.5531 +.304 -3 -T405--
TIME' 11:07:033

TIME:011:07:*34

TT ML 't :0 7:'#35
-- 0,.312 + Y-48-4-0-.0 9 + 4.-96 -+2.25 2 -3-70- +2 . 9
TIME:11*:07:*36
--0.3 05 _+GI5T +0 - 0 9. ~4 .S962-6 -,ta +T2 1--- 3--3-73-
TIME: 11 :07:37

TIME: 11:07:.38
-VI387-1v5 +.77+ ;9 +.25 3;56 230t-3-9
TIME: 11:07:39

TIME: 11:#0_7:41
-4.38
t4 -+0 -0 09 +, 96-+2.a6 35-6-+2-.-264
-.- -3i359----
TIME: 11:#07:42
--0. 310 - 01 4 - *0. 102 +A.9??6 +2.262- -3-i570- +2-i-294 -3f336 -
T:[MEZ: ii:07: 43

TIME :11:07:44
-0.38b +;0.1':6+0.097-+4.996 +2.262 -3.549 +2v-209---3.#378-
TIME4#1i :07:45

TIME: 11:'07:46

TIME:11 :07:*47
TIME011 :07:48
TIME: 11:*07:049
0.302 +0.1 8- ie.097 +4.996 4-.7 3.495 .0-r*-
TIME*11*o7:50
-0 .380 &-451-+0-d-04 14.996 1 74--3.*568O 12.*296--3-35r4--
TIME: 11:07:051
0~3 ~-+0.-t5_3 -+0 9I59_+4r.96 -3 .500t+52284--3 2--
TIME:11*007:52
-0#385 +0.131 +0.080 +4.996 +2.257 -3,556 +2.286 -3.388
TIME: 11:07:53

Figure 5.14. Sample Output of FAA's Digital Recording System

0323C/7128C 5423
 units was zeroed out to provide IpM compensation. The data taken during
this test is given in Table 5-6 and the relative location of the test van
with respect to the localizer antenna is shown in Figure 5-15. In order to
utilize the data taken and provide a baseline for plotting, it was necessary
to normalize the data as shown in Table 5-7. The results of these tests
indicate good correlation between in-phase DOM for all three types of
receivers. Faults Nc*s. 8, 11, and 12 induced a relatively large Q output
readings on the VFFM units which were not detected by the existing monitors
.- or the PIR. As expected, the magnitude of the measured DOM (I and Q) was
close to being the same as measured from either antenna No.. 1 or No. 3. The
VFFM I or Q channel readings should not necessarily correlate between the two
antennas, the fact that they did must be attributed to the probability that
the disturbance created by the parked test van was of a beam bend nature
rather than a higher frequency interference. Figure 5-16 shows two of the
VFFM units on the right and the MX-9026/GPN-27 FFM on the left. A plot of
the normalized monitor response is shown in Figure 5-17 for the monitor units
connected to the front (No. 1) antenna. Figure 5-18 is an identical plot for
the rear (No. 3) antenna. The crosshatched areas represent points where the
monitor alarm limits were exceeded. Note the large Q-signal for faults 8,
10, and 11.

5.4 LOCALIZER CSB MISPHASING CONDITION

Optimally, the localizer CSB signal (the carrier as modulated by the 90
Hz and 150 Hz tones) is adjusted for 0 DDM with the sidebands nominally of
equal amplitude and in-phase. The VFFM being a phase sensitive receiver
requires that the CSB signal be so adjusted that no CSB quadrature modulation
components appear as a result of misphasing. The PIR and other ILS receivers
are insensitive to CSB misphasing being only responsive to in-phase
modulation of the carrier. The VFFM on the other hand detects both in- and
out-of-phase signal components in order to accurately determine with a single
antenna the scattering effects on the localizer signal created by multipath
interference of the SBO signal. With the cooperation of BWI FAA personnel,
the CSB outputs of the six localizer transmitters were sampled with a
spectrum analyzer and the VFFM Q-channel. The six outputs displayed varying
degrees of phase modulation components. The sideband levels as measured on
the spectrum analyzer were unequal apparently in order to compensate for the
misphasing. In order to overcome this problem, it was considered necessary
to attempt to minimize the quadrature contribution to the CSB by inserting a
phase shifter in the BWI R/W 10 localizer modulator assembly. The effect of
the proposed adjustments on other system parameters, i.e., modulation, course
alignment, and width would likely be minimal. In fact, it was believed that
the effective radiated power necessary to achieve the useable distance
requirement could be significantly reduced. The continuation of the VFFM
test plan was doubtful unless the misphasing problem was overcome. It should
be noted that none of the localizer transmitter misphasing conditions alluded
to in this report are detrimental to system performance nor are they a
reflection on the ability of the personnel assigned to maintain this
equipment. The design of the phase sensitive VFFM equipment made it
necessary to adopt such accurate transmitter alignment procedures in order to
field test the equipment.

0323C/ 7128C 5-24

. - . . ...... -- .". -k - .. .... .

 TABLE 5-6. FAATC R/W 13 EXTERNALLY INDUCED FAULT TESTS

Test Van Existing FFMs PIR (D1M) VFFM (A)

Location No. 1 No. 2 No. 3 Ant. 1 Ant. 3 S/N 002 Ant. 1 S/N 003 Ant. 3
I I I I T-" I Q I&Q I Q I&Q

Normal +1.5 +.5 +.10 +.0055 +.005 +5 2 +5 +5 2 +5

1 +2.5 +1.5 +2.0 +.009 +.002 +10 2 +11 +3 2 +3.5
2 +2.5 +1.5 +2.0 +.009 +.0075 +10 3 +10.5 +10 3 +10.5
3 -2.0 -1.5 -2.0 -.002 -.0025 -4.5 2 -5.5 -5.5 2 -6
4 -.5 -.5 -1.0 0 -.001 -3 2 -4 -3 2 -4
5 +2.5 +1.0 +2.0 +.0085 +.0065 +7 0 +7 +5.5 0 +5.5
6 +.5 0 0 +.003 +.002 +1 0 +1 0 0 0
7 0 0 -.5 +.0015 0 +1 0 +1 0 0 0
8 -1.0 -1.0 -1.5 0 -. 00175 -3 14 -16.5 -3 16 -17
9 -3.5 -2.5 -3.5 -. 00175 -. 002 -1.5 3 -3.5 -4 2 -5.0
10 -2.0 -1.5 -2.0 -. 0015 -. 003 -1 0 -1 -2 0 -2
11 +2.0 +1.5 +2.0 +.0075 +.0075 +4 24 25 +4 24 +25
1, -2.0 -1.0 -1.5 -. 002 -. 002 -9 16 -19.5 -9 15 -1
13 +.25 0 0 +.0035 +.002 +3 2 +3.5 +2 2 +3
Normal +1.5 +.5 +1.0 +.0055 +.0045 +5 2 +5 +4 2 +5

Notes: R/W 13 TX. No. 1

Q-channel compensation

0323C/7128C 5-25

- b,--
 REFI-ECTOR

CLEAR~ANCE
W 7 ARRAY

E~TEST VANI LOATIOt4

Figure 5-15. Relative Location of Test Van to the FAATC

R/W 13 Localizer Antenna

5-26
 TABLE 5-7. NORMALIZATION OF FAATC R/W 13 FAULT TEST DATA

Numerical Changes from Reference (Normal)

FF4 (F) FF4 (R) PIR VFFM (F) VFFM (R)

(#1) (#3) (F) (R) S/N 002 S/N 003
Absolute I I I I I Q I&Q I Q IWQ
Normal +1.5 +1.0 +5.5 +4.5 +5 2 5 +4 2 5

#2 (Fault) +1 +1 3.5 3 5 1 5.5 6 1 5.5

3 -3.5 -3 -5.5 -7.0 -9.5 0 10.5 -9.5 0 -11
4 -2 -2 -5.5 -5.5 -8 0 -9 -7 0 -9
5 +1 +1 +3 +2 +2 -2 +2 +1.5 -2 +.5
6 -1 -1 -1.5 -2.5 -4 -2 -4 -4 -2 -5
7 -1.5 -1.5 -4.0 -4.5 -4 -2 -4 -4 -2 -5
8 -2.5 -2.5 -5.5 -6.0 -8 +12 -21.5 -7 +14 -22
9 -5.0 -4.5 -7 -6.5 -6.5 +1 -8.5 -8 0 -10
10 -3.5 -3 -7 -7.5 -6 -2 6 -6 -2 -3
11 +.5 +1 +2 +3 -1 +22 +20 0 +22 +20
12 -3.5 -2.5 -7.5 -6.5 -14 +14 -24.5 -13 +13 -24.5
13 +1.0 -1.0 -2 -2.5 -2 0 -1.5 -2 0 -2
Normal 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

CAT I FFM (#1) PIR VFFM (#1,F) VFFM (#3,R)

Alarm limits + -4.5 -10.5 -11 -10
(from normal) - +4.5 +11 +10 +11

F = Front antenna
R a Rear antenna

0323C/7128C 5-27

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5-28
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5-30.
 5.4.1 TEST PLAN
The contract technical officer made a request for and obtained a test
modification from the Airway Facilities Division Chief, AEA-400. It was not
known at that time how much of the problem was a result of sideband to
carrier misphasing or from sideband to sideband misphasing. Sideband to
carrier phasing in the AN/GRN-27 localizer is controlled by an existing
sideband phasor (A12A2). See Figure 5-19 for the schematic of the AN/GRN-27
modulator. If sufficient range were not available within this module, it was
planned to insert an external phase shifter in series with cable WIO. A
sideband to sideband phasing adjustment is not built into the modulator
equipment. It was planned to make this adjustment by installing an external
phase shifter -between the output of either the 90 Hz or 150 Hz sideband
generator and the corresponding input to the sideband recombination bridge.
The schematic diagram of the modulator assembly indicated than an SMB
connector was available in each of these lines. Once the amount of phasin,'
adjustment was determined, a cable length of equivalent phase length wuld be
made and left in place.

5.4.2 PHASING ADJUSThENT PROCEDURE

The condition experienced with the BWI localizers specifically the R/W
10 transmitter was simulated in the engineering lab in order to better
understand the problem and to estimate the amount of phase adjustment which
would be necessary in order to eliminate the quadrature component in the
transmitter CSB output. This work took place while the request for equipment
test modification was being processed, and was carried out using the ILS
scattered signal simulator.

A. Bench Test of Sensitivity of Q-channel to Carrier Phase.

A measurement was made to determine how sensitive the quadrature
component (Q-signal) of the VFFM output was to changes in RF carrier phase.
This measurement was conducted in order to determine the amount of phase
adjustment which would be required in the BWI R/W 10 localizer transmitter.
The test circuit used to perform these measurements is shown in Figure 5-20
Phaser I was initially adjusted to eliminate the incidental P14 inherent in
the RF signal. generator. Phaser 2 was adjusted to optimally align the SBO
components from the hybrid junction such that when it was combined with the
carrier there was no quadrature component present. The amount of phase
difference introduced by phaser 2 was measured with a vector voltmeter.
Measurements of Q-signal in microamps versus change in carrier phase were
made at three different RF input power levels. The results are shown in
Figure 5-21 which indicates that the sensitivity (slope) is approximately 7
microamps per degree of carrier phase, and that this sensitivity is
essentially independent of RF level.

0323CI7128C 5-31

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 150 - o= 111.7 MHz
- P =+ ddm
-N ~ 140

130

- RF INPUT (-52.2 d~m)

120

110

a-100
< ~SLOPEqs6.7uAMP/DEG.
RF INPUT -23.2 dBm

cc 80
-j

70

t. 6 RF INPUT (-61.5 d~m(

LL 6
.1.

50

40

30

20

10

50100 150 20250

PHASE DIFFERENCE RELATIVE TO CARRIER

Figure 5-21. Plot of 0-Signal to Carrier Phase

5.34
B. Bench Test of Sensitivity of Q-signal to Sideband Phase.
In order to determine the magnitude of Q-signal which could be expected
from sideband to sideband misphasing, phaser 2 was inserted between the
output of the 150 Hz mixer and the H Port of the hybrid junction. All other
parts of the circuit shown in Figure 5-20 remained the same. Both phasers
were initially set to minimize Q-signal indication measured by the VFFM. The
vector voltmeter was used to measure the phase of the 150 Hz sideband
relative to the carrier. The results of this measurement is plotted in
Figure 5-22. The Q-signal was found to be almost twice as sensitive as
above, i.e., the slope was 16 microamps per degree phase. The conclusion of
these measurements was that RF phasing in the localizer transmitter must be
aligned much better than the 20 degree tolerance (Cat I and II) to minimize
Q-signals if meaningful VFFM reflection measurements were to be made in the
field.

C. Calculation of Cable Length.

In order to prepare for tuning the localizer transmitter at BWI R/W 10

special SMB connectors were obtained in order to interface the test phase
shifters in the modulator assembly. The estimated amount of cable length
required to minimize 80 microamps of Q-channel output was calculated:
fo = 109.70475 MHz
cable type = RG - 316
dielectric type = PTFE
£ = 1.5

C -- 29979.3
Afs; -T-
(2.54) I0g.70475
1f= 107.59 inches
3fs 107.59
XRG_316 m,,

ARG-316 m 87.85 inch13600

XRG-316 - 1 inch/4.1 0

D. Phasing Adjustments at Test Site 'A'.

In order to ensure that the phase relationship between the course CSB
and the course SBO signals was not responsible for the high VFFM Q-channel
output, the VFFM receiver was connected to the existing FFM antenna and the
rf phase shifter (1A29A2) was adjusted. This phasor was adjusted by as much
as 130 with a corresponding reduction in Q-channel output of only 5
microamps. This test verified that although the VFFM was sensitive to rf
phasing, the phase modulation component as measured at the far field test
site was inherent in the CSB signal only.

0323C/7128C 5-35
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5-36
E. Phasing Adjustments at the R/W 10 Localizer Transmitter Site.
Attempts were made to minimize the VFFM Q-channel output by making
phasing adjustments within the R/W 10 Localizer transmitter modulator
assembly. These adjustments were made only to TX. No. 2 since it displayed a
much lower Q-signal (+30 microamps). Two types of phasing adjustments were
made: (The results are shown in Table 5-8).

1. Adjustment of carrier to sideband phase. This was carried out by

manually varying the existing carrier to sideband phase shifter
(A12A2) which resulted in reducing the TX. No. 2 Q-output from 38 to
20 microamps.
2. Adjustment of the sideband to sideband phase. After the carrier to
sideband phase was optimized, a 90v phase shifter was installed in
the output leg of each 90 Hz digital phase shifter. These phase
shifters were adjusted for minimum Q-channel output as displayed on
the VFFM. This resulted in a slight reduction of Q from 20 to 19.5
microamps; however, the in-phase channel increased from 1 to 3
microamps, (150 Hz predonmninant). The pair of 900 phase shifters
were then removed from the 90 Hz digital phase shifters and inserted
in the output of the 150 Hz units. A greater reduction in Q-output
resulted (18 microamps min.); however, the I-channel increased to
4.2 microamps.

3. Adjustment of Sideband to Sideband Amplitude. After analyzing the

results found in step 2, it was obvious that equalizing the sideband
signal levels was necessary. Although nonphase shifting attenuators
were available, a suitable insertion point could not be located in
the modulator, even though connectors were shown to be available as
shown on the schematic.
5.4.3 RESULTS OF LOCALIZER TRANSMITTER PHASING ADJUSTMENTS
The minimum Q-channel output achievable during the tuneup of TX No. 2
was 18 microamps. It was possible to equalize the amplitude level of either
the upper or lower 90 Hz or 150 Hz sidebands by inserting external phase
shifters; however, it was not mechanically possible to insert attenuators to
equalize the 90 Hz sideband amplitudes with respect to the 150 Hz sidebands,
since the inputs to the sideband recombination bridge are internal to the
stripline boards. The procedure outlined on Figures 5-23 and 5-24 would have
completely eliminated the incidental phase modulation of the CSB signal;
however, the insertion of the indicated components would have required a
major circuit modification to the AN/GRN-27 modulator assembly. Realizing
that the resolution to this problem were better handled by providing
Q-channel compensation within the VFFM equipment a contract modification was
issued. The signal processor of the VFFM was extensively modified both in
hardware and software form in order to compensate for localizer transmitter
IpM corresponding to as great as 60 microamps with no loss of receiver
sensitivity or processor linearity. The resulting modification is fully
described in Section 3. During the described transmitter adjustments

0323C/7128C 5-37

- ~ * -q V
 TABLE 5-8. BWI AIRPORT R/W 10 LOCALIZER PHASING ADJUSTMENTS

Location: BWI R/W 10

System Type: AN/GRN-27
Frequency: 109.70546 MHz
Transmitter: No. 2
Date: 9/14/81

Sideband Levels Relative

Condition To Carrier VFFM PIR
150 L 90 L 90 u 15 0u I Q I&Q

Normal -19.7 -19.7 -19.6 -19.5 1.5(150) 28.0 28+ .002(150)

Optimized
A12A2 - - - - 1.5(150) 20 21+ .002(150)
Phase Shifters in
90 Hz Lines -19.8 -19.7 -19.7 -19.5 3(150) 19.5 20+ .0035(150)
Phase Shifters in
150 Hz Lines -19.9 -19.7 -19.6 -19.6 4.25(150) 18 20+ .0045(150)

0323C/7128C 5-38
 A.+t f+.
1. ~~ 90HAhnlcnrl
A13Ave Ardl dutA o qulapi elvl

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5. Reinstal 50HZ channel control card. Ajs lfreulapiuelvl

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7. Adjust thean Pceto moul adatoCntrl A13A2et

for h 900% souain
a
ameasured on the VFF4 tt4 Mete.

Note: Install either P4 or P5, both not required.

Location of ocmponents in AN/GRN-27 Modulator Assembl1y

Al and P1 - In output 6f -1450HZ Digital Phase thifter A8W2P1
A2 and P3 - In output of -90HZ Digital Phase shifter A6W2Pl
P2 - Existing carrier to sideband, phase shifter A12A2.
P4 - Output of MMt Power Divider.
P5 - At input 37 of sideband adder bridge.

Figure 5-23. Optimized Tuning Procedure for Eliminating 1P.

0323C/7128C 5-.39
 -T

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0323C/7128C 5-40
procedure, the usefulness of the VFFM as a precision piece of test equipment
was illustrated. The unit can be used for localizer aligment procedures
requiring phasing adjustments including:

(a) Sideband to carrier phasing adjustments in the CSB signal

Jb) Modulator DD phase shifter adjustments.
c Modulator SON phase shifter adjustments.
(d) Course SB to SCB phasing adjustments.
In effect, the VFFM performs the functions of the PIR but also is
caable of determining SON level and quadrature phase detection.

0323Cl7128C 5-41

-- - ~ -.*,. -. ~~ --.- ~-----.----- --

 6.0 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This program has in effect followed through on some of the

recommendations which were indicated in Report No. FAA-RD-79-70 1 under
contract DOT-FA75WA-3689. A prototype version of a phase sensitive receiver
and microprocessor was developed and field tests were conducted in an actual
airport environment, under a variety of derogation conditions. This
experimental program served to evaluate the feasibility of an executive
localizer far field monitor and to determine the optimum monitor system
configuration. The most significant findings which were determined include:
(a) The peak of the interference pattern on the localizer course can be
determined from a measurement of the interference pattern envelope
by using a single point measurement technique.
(b)Artificially induced radiation pattern disturbances conducted at the
FAATC resulted in sizeable quadrature channel disturbances as
measured by the VFFM system but which were undetected by the
existing FFM system.
(c) The nature of the Vector Far Field Monitor DOM output can be used to
discriminate between overflight and slow ground traffic
disturbances; however, it was not possible to successfully filter
out all interference caused by overflying aircraft.

(d) The VFFM equipment, in its prototype form, has the potential for use
as a piece of test equipment for aligning the localizer transmitter
to provide optimum sideband-to-sideband and carrier-to-sideband
phasing. The test equipment presently used by the sectors makes
this alignment difficult.
(e) Incidental phase modulation (IpM) is probably inherent in all
localizer transmitters but can be effectively compensated for in the
VFFM equipment.
(f) Although it does not appear feasible to entirely eliminate a monitor
alarm time delay, it can be substantially reduced.
Based on the results of these findings, certain recommendations are in
order:
(a) Adaitional field testing is recommended under a controlled type of
experiment in which target aircraft can be strategically maneuvered
within the localizer critical area.
(b) In order to correlate the VFFM response to localizer course
disturbances on the glide path, a validating flight check of the
localizer course structure should be performed. This test will also
serve to confirm that there is a definite relationship between the
monitor response as measured at ground level and actual disturbance
along the glide path.
(c) Through close liaison with FAA Air Traffic Control develop a
strategy for the display of VFFM data.
0323C/7138C
6-1
 7.0 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Local FAA personnel at the test sites have extended every measure of
cooperation to Westinghouse Electric Corporation engineers involved in this
project. This working relationship has resulted in timely and affordable
engineering results. Those people primarily responsible for this assistance
include:
SWI Airport - Airway Facilities Sector AFS 812
Mr. A. Aquilano Sector Chief
Mr. H. Hanson Assistant Sector Chief
Mr. A. Scisione Navaids Supervisor
Mr. J. Vinck
Mr. D. Anders Technicians
Mr. W. Williams

Atlantic City Airport - AFSFO 823.6

Mr. R. Davis Chief
Mr. G. Davidson Assistant Chief
Mr. A. Most Technician
FAATC - RMMS Group ACT-1OOL

Mr. R. Reyers Group Leader

Mr. G. Horton Engineer

0323C/7139C
7-1
 8.0 REFERENCES

1. Westinghouse Electric Corporation, Aerospace and Electronic Systems

Division, "Far Field Monitor for Instrument Landing Systems," Contract
DOT-FA75W-3689, Final Report, November 1979.

2. GEC - Marconi Electronics Limited, Response to proposal, No.

WAR-4-0508, June 1974.
3. Marschall, F. W., "Localizer far field monitor efforts, conclusions and
suggestions," ANA-310 FAA-NAFEC, March 1973.
4. Horton, G. J., "A Low-Drift ILS Monitor," ACT-IOOL FAA-FAATC, May 1982.

5. Westinghouse Electric Corporation, Command and Control Division,

"Proposal for a Vector Far Field Monitor," RFP No. DTFAOl-80-R-15302,
August 1980.

0323C/7140C
f 8-1

... o ..
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