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BATTISTA ANNIVERSARIO
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 CONTENTS

Features
14 Cover Story – Battista 46 BusWorld Turkey 2020
Anniversario
60 Off-Highway – Volvo
18 Special Feature: ADAS Construction Equipment

27 Design Concepts

44 Guest Column – Next Generation

Radio and Audio Streaming

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The Battista Anniversario Cover 2 ALTAIR
Vol : 7 Issue : 2 April - June 2020 Free Distribution

BATTISTA ANNIVERSARIO
ADVANCED DRIVER ASSISTANCE SYSTEMS
BUSWORLD TURKEY 2020
25 SMALLEY

Cover 3 SAEINDIA

Cover 4 COMSOL

BAJA SAEINDIA 2020

Mobility Engineering JUNE 2020 1

CONTENTS

Departments
3 Editorial EV News
43 Fast, Right and Competitive

SAEINDIA News
4 Vehicle Dynamics Techtrends
5 Faculty Development Program 33 Recent trends in motor development
7 Karakuri Competition 37 Quantum Computing

Innovation Technology Report
26 Tesla’s ADAS 58 Volvo Polestar
31 Solar Powered charging hubs
Aviation
Reports 62 Dreamliner 787-9
9 Award
10 BAJA SAEINDIA Photo Feature
11 REEV 64 Airbus’ Maveric

Technology News
28 Car-to-Cloud Service
29 Securing Automotive Navigation
32 IESA-Li-ion cell
42 Euro 7
63 5G in Automotive

Sales & Marketing

K. Venkataraj, SAEINDIA
No.1/17, Ceebros Arcade, 3rd Cross,
Kasturba Nagar, Adyar, Chennai - 600020, India
(T) 91-44-24411904, (E) [email protected]

© SAEINDIA reserves all rights .

No part of this publication and/or website may be reproduced, stored in

a retrieval system or transmitted in any form without prior written
permission of the Publisher. Permission is only deemed valid if approval
is in writing. SAEINDIA buys all rights to contributions, text and images,
unless previously agreed to in writing. In case of Address / addressee
not found return to SAEINDIA, No 1/17, Ceebros Arcade, 3rd Cross,
Kasturba Nagar, Chennai -600 020. Telefax: 91-44-2441-1904,
Phone: 91-44-4215 2280.

STARLINER’S NEXT MISSION – A SECOND

UN-CREWED ORBITAL FLIGHT TEST TO
DEMONSTRATE OUR COMMITMENT TO CREW
SAFETY AND THE SUCCESS OF NASA’S
COMMERCIAL CREW PROGRAM - BOEING

2 JUNE 2020 Mobility Engineering

EDITORIAL

Dear Member, SAEINDIA

BoARD OF DIRECTORS
Thank you for your constant support during the challenging times of COVID-19. The next Dr. Bala K. Bharadvaj
President
twelve months are going to be trying times for the Indian Automobile Industry. SAEINDIA
Dr. R. K. Malhotra
expects the snowball effect on its activities as well. Immediate Past President
Mrs. Rashmi Urdhwareshe
The COVID-19 pandemic has no doubt thrown all of us into the state of unprecedented Senior Vice President

lockdown in the country, but also offers us an opportunity to go ‘digital.’ Organizations are Mr. I. V. Rao
Vice President
doing more with less by minimizing travel, new investments, and new hiring and by deferring Mr. Deepak Sawkar
Secretary
investments to conserve cash. Multiple industries have been affected by the lockdown with
Mr. S. Sriraman
a severe dent on the economy. In this background, your society is organizing technical Treasurer
conferences to deliver value to you. Dr. Arunkumar Sampath
Member
Advances in Design, Materials, Manufacturing and Surface materials (ADMMS), AeroCON, Mr. N. Balasubramanian
Member
(Aerospace Conference) Functional Safety (with a focus on ISO26262 applications), Mr. Dinesh Shyamsundar
International Symposium on Fuels and Lubricants, and Vehicle Dynamics to name a few. Member
Mr. Munirathnam Javaji
(saeindia.org for further details). Member
Dr. D. Muruganandam
AeroCON 2020 is a premier International Aerospace (Commercial / Military / General Aviation, Member
Space, and UAVs) Conference in association with SAE International, One-Stop source for Ms. Pamela Tikku
Member
Aerospace Standards. AeroCON 2020 focuses on the exchange of ideas and information on Prof. Prakash B Joshi
the Latest Technologies, Trends, and Expertise to reimagining the Aerospace Industry in these Member

turbulent times of COVID-19. Mr. Prakash Sardesai

Member
Mr. Purushottam Panda
Functional Safety conference aims at sharing best practices in the adaptation of functional Member
Safety across all activities during the lifecycle of safety-related systems of electrical, electronic, Dr. SSV Ramakumar
Member
and software components.
Dr. R. Rajendran
Member
There is an increase in demand for virtual training for skill-building, knowledge acquisition, and Mr. S. Shanmugam
technology adoption. A quick shift to a digital-first world with virtual classroom formats and Member

online professional engagement is the new-normal post COVID-19 scenario. Thus SAEINDIA Dr. K. C. Vora
Member
is also investing in skilling our staff in the digital space, association software, and event Mr. Subodh Morye
Member
management software. We have appointed a Digital Connect Officer in Chennai to drive more
Mr. R. Velusamy
digital initiatives. We have witnessed the benefit of improvement in 12000 new visitors to our Member
website in less than 75 days.
Representing SAE International
Given the ‘new-normal’ due to series of COVID-19 lockdown situations, we guarantee you Dr. David. L. Schutt
Chief Executive Officer
more webinars and hybrid conferences. We are already in discussion with FISITA to launch our Mr.Murli M. Iyer
first virtual conference within the next two months. Continue to look for frequent updates in Executive Global Advisor, Global
Affairs Office of the Chief Executive
saeindia.org and our social media platforms. Officer

Stay Home. Stay Safe. Presented by SAEINDIA

Branding and Communication
Board
Dr. Arunkumar Sampath
Chair
Dr. Manish Jaiswal
Member
Mr. Sirish Batchu
Member
Mr. N. S. Rao
Member
Dr. Shankar Venugopal
Member
Mr. Nitin B. Dhande
Member
Mr. Subodh Morye
Member
K. Venkataraj Mr. Nitin Agrawal
Member
EDITOR Mr. U.D. Bhangale
Member
Dr.Satyanarayanan R Chakravarthy
Member
Dr.G.M. Kamath
Member

Mobility Engineering JUNE 2020 3

SAEINDIA
News
WORKSHOP, 14 & 15 AND 06 & 07, FEB & MARCH 2020, AHMEDABAD &
SOLAPUR

TEAM - WORKSHOP

A Two-Day Workshop on “Vehicle Dynamics” by Mr. Following points were covered in this part of the lecture
Ravindra Kolhe, Director, NB Technologies, Chinchwad, was on Day 1:
organized by SAEINDIA Western Section (SAEIWS) on 1. For industries: What is an Engineer? What is a
February 14 - 15, 2020 at LD College of Engineering, Designer? Quick learning process; How human brain
Ahmedabad and March 06 - 07, 2020 at N. K. Orchid works.
College of Engineering and Technology, Solapur. SAEINDIA 2. Fundamental Reviews of MUST TOPICS: Engg.
Professional members and students were invited for this Physics / Engg. Mechanics & overall Mech.
program. A total of 60 students at Ahmedabad and 24 stu- Engineering fundamentals.
dents along with 10 faculty members participated in the 3. Product design & development process: Preparing
Two-Day Workshop at respective locations. At both the TARGET product specifications, Benchmarking,
locations Mr. Kolhe spoke on basics of Vehicle Dynamics Concept designing, Detail designing, Design
with slide presentation. Verifications, Virtual CAE Simulations, Product Testing

4 JUNE 2020 Mobility Engineering

 SAEINDIA
News
and validation into laboratories, Field Testing. characteristics, calculations for max power / torque
4. Vehicle Dynamics: SAEINDIA Co-ordinate system & from max engine power / torque specifications.
related terminology, Understanding various loads act 2. Actual detail vehicle dynamics design calculations for
ing on the vehicle, Preparing free body diagram and one each of 2 / 3 / 4 wheelers.
arbitrary force diagram for vehicle body, understand 3. Introduction to HYBRID & ELECTRIC vehicle
ing the basic calculations of Vehicle Dynamics. technology.
5. Understanding the Automotive transmission and its 4. Generic working of automotive industries, guidelines
role in vehicle engineering, engine fuel map curves to fresh engineers to be a good employee in automo
and its significance, vehicle steady state performance tive industries.
calculations, gradeability calculations, etc.
The lecture ended with Question and Answer session.
Following points were covered in this part of the lecture Representatives from participants spoke on their impres-
On Day 2: sion about the speaker & workshop on both the locations.
1. Decoding the vehicle specifications in detail, accelera Mr. Sudhir B Vaidya, Manager, SAEIWS proposed Vote of
tion and deceleration calculations, calculation of vehi thanks.
cle wheel power / torque requirement as per the road

FACULTY DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM, 24 - 28 FEBRUARY 2020, PUNE

INAUGURATION OF THE EVENT

Mobility Engineering JUNE 2020 5

SAEINDIA
News

GROUP PHOTO

A Five-Day Faculty Development Program on “Design & The 3rd session was on the topic “Vehicle Dynamics and
Development Of Electric And Hybrid Electric Vehicle Traction System” by Mr. S. Chidhanand, Eaton who ex-
Technology” was organized by Faculty Development plained about the basics of Vehicle Dynamics, introduction
Committee SAEINDIA and SAEINDIA Western Section to Traction Systems and finally about Transmission
(SAEIWS) with support from AICTE New Delhi from 24th Systems. The Final session on day 1 was handled by Dr.
to 28th February 2020 at Bhau Institute of Innovation Hall, Sushil Ramadasi, ARAI on the topic “Fuel Cell Technology”
Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of covering Basics, Types and Applications of Fuel cells.
Engineering Pune (COEP). About 44 faculty members reg- On Day 2, the 1st session was on the topic “IoT for EVs” by
istered for the program. The program was inaugurated by Dr. Dhananjay Kumar of COEP who explained in details
lighting of the lamp by Prof. Prakash Joshi, Chairman, about Internet of Things (IoT) and its applications in EVs
Faculty Development Committee SAEINDIA and Founder, like Battery Monitoring Systems, Geographic Information
Joint Managing Trustee MIT Group of Institutions; Mr. Systems (GIS) and Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA).
Sanjay Nibandhe, Chairman, SAEIWS and Dr. M. R. The 2nd session was about “Automotive Standards and
Nandgaonkar, HOD, Mechanical Engineering COEP. The Testing” by Mr. Anand Vijaykumar, TML who explained
welcome speech was given by Dr. M. R. Nandgaonkar fol- about Global & Indian standards in practice including ISO &
lowed by Prof. Prakash Joshi and Mr. Sanjay Nibandhe ad- SAE standards for EVs too. The 3rd session speaker was by
dressing the participants about the program. Mr. Rushabh Jariwala, EATON on “EV Safety” where he ex-
On the day of the inauguration the first session was on the plained about vehicle outlook, Power Electronics,
topic “Overview of EV and Indian Scenario” by Mr. Kapil Architecture and Functional Safety of EVs. The Final ses-
Baidya, TML who explained about the future of Hybrid sion speaker of day 2 was Dr. Vinita Kale, MIT on the topic
Vehicles, its classification and challenges in implementa- “Finance for Engineers” covering Basics, Reading the
tion of EV Program. The 2nd session was on the topic “EV Balance Sheet and Sources of Finance available for
System Design and Architecture” by Dr. Dhananjay Kumar Electric And Hybrid Electric Vehicles.
of COEP who explained the primary components of EV On Day 3 the participants were taken for industrial visit to
Systems, architecture and battery systems and its types. industries namely ARAI, MVML and Octillion. On Day 4 the

6 JUNE 2020 Mobility Engineering

 SAEINDIA
News
1st session speaker was Mr. Ashwin Subramanian and Mr. Mr. Punamchandra Kulkarni, John Deere on “Battery and
Anand Subramaniam of ARAI on “EV Power Systems and Battery Management System (BMS)” explaining types of
Controls” where they explained the various aspects of batteries, details of BMS, State of Charge (SoC) and Cell
power systems from design to operation and maintenance. Interconnect etc. The Final session was conducted by Mr.
The 2nd session was conducted by Mr. Dileepkumar Cheni, Shyam Kulkarni, Motovolt Mobility on the topic
Eaton on the topic “Hybrid Vehicles (HEV) and Drive Train” “Diagnostics and Problem Solving and Advanced Electrical
covering all aspects of HEV. The 3rd session speaker was Storage System” explaining the terms related to
Mr. Suresh Perinjery, PTC on “CAE Analysis” explaining the Diagnostics including On-board & Off-board diagnostics.
Design requirements for EV and CAE solutions for those. The five-day program ended with the valedictory function
The final session on day 4 was by Cdr. Dr. Shishir Sahay, graced by Dr. B. B. Ahuja, Director, College of Engineering,
KPIT on “Autonomous Vehicles” explaining the ADAS. Its Pune as chief guest followed by felicitation of chief guest
features, pillars of Autonomous Driving and Robot by Mr. Sudhir B. Vaidya, Manager, SAEIWS. The faculties
Operating System (ROS). from participants were also given a chance to speak about
On the final day the 1st session was conducted by Mr. overall organization of this five-day faculty development
Manohar Patil, TCS on “EV Charging Sources and program. The certificates were awarded by Dr. Ahuja, Dr.
Infrastructure” explaining charging methods, modes, stan- Nandgaonkar and Mr. Sudhir B. Vaidya. The vote of thanks
dards and connectors. The 2nd session was conducted by was proposed by Dr. M. R. Nandgaonkar.

KARAKURI COMPETITION, 06 MARCH 2020, AURANGABAD

INAUGURATION OF THE EVENT

The Competition on “SAEINDIA KARAKURI 2020” was held Western Section (SAEIWS). The event started with light-
on 6th March 2020 at International Center of Excellence in ning of lamp by the chief guest Mr. Shrikant Marathe,
Engineering and Management (ICEEM), Waluj, Aurangabad Former President SAENDIA & Former Director, ARAI, Pune,
organised by SAEINDIA Aurangabad Division of SAEINDIA and Guest of Honor Mr. Ramesh Pasarija, Dy. Director,

Mobility Engineering JUNE 2020 7

SAEINDIA
News

WINNERS OF THE COMPETITION

SAEIWS. the event. During the valedictory function Mr. Ravi Kharul
had given valuable speech and thanked on all for making
Many important things of life and science were told by the
competition successful. Mr. P. B. Chaudhari proposed vote
chief guest in his speech. Mr. Ramesh also gave a motiva-
of thanks followed by felicitation of Dr. C. P. Padmawat,
tional speech to the participants and co-ordinators. The
Principal, ICEEM for their support to make this program
program had Mr. Vivek Korunglekar and Mr. J. P. Yawalkar,
successful. The awards were given to:
as judges of the event. Mr. Ravi Kharul, Chairman of
Aurangabad Division; Dr. U. B. Shinde, Vice Chairman, Category Award Name of the Insitution /
Aurangabad Division, Mr. Pavan Chaudhari, Secretary Industry
Aurangabad Division and Dr. C. S. Padmavat all from
M/s Yeshshree Industries,
SAEINDIA Auranagabad Division were present for the Platinum
Chakan
event. Mr. Pavan Chaudhari and Mr. Shishir Rathod from Industry
ICEEM and Mr. Sanket Kawade took efforts for execution M/s Metal man industries,
Gold
of the competition along with volunteers from Chh. Shahu Aurangabad
College of Engineering (CSCOE).
Platinum Deogiri college, Aurangabad
The competition was conducted in two categories namely Academia
Industry and Academic category. There were about 7 Gold CSCOE, Aurangabad
teams in Industry and 5 teams in Academic categories of

8 JUNE 2020 Mobility Engineering

 award
ARAI’S RASHMI URDHWARESHE CONFERRED 2019 NARI
SHAKTI PURASKAR
Rashmi Urdhwareshe, Director of the Automotive Research industries which
Association (ARAI), India’s premier automotive R&D testing are coming up.
organisation, has been conferred the 2019 Nari Shakti ARAI is positioning
Puraskar, on March 8, International Women’s Day. She re- itself as the testing
ceived the prestigious award at the hands of President Ram and validation arm
Nath Kovind, at a function held at the Rashtrapati Bhavan for various organi-
Cultural Centre. The Nari Shakti Puraskar, instituted by the sations. With in-
Ministry of Women and Child Development, is a ‘National centives, there are
Award in recognition of exceptional work for women empow- good opportunities
erment’ conferred every year on March 8 as a mark of respect for start-ups here.
and recognition for those who have demonstrated exemplary We can give all the
courage and stellar contribution towards empowerment of technologies de-
PRESIDENT RAM NATH KOVIND PRESENTING
women. Rashmi Urdhwareshe is one of 15 exemplary women veloped inside THE NARI SHAKTI PURUSKAR FOR THE YEAR
who received the award this year. ARAI to start-ups, 2019 TO RASHMI URDHWARDESHE, ON THE
which will enable OCCASION OF THE INTERNATIONAL WOMEN’S
ARAI’s newsmaker DAY, AT RASHTRAPATI BHAVAN, IN NEW
them to scale up DELHI. THE UNION MINISTER FOR WOMEN &
Rashmi Urdhwareshe, an Autocar Professional News Maker of their production.” CHILD DEVELOPMENT AND TEXTILES, SMRITI
2019, has literally broken the glass ceiling in the male-domi- IRANI IS ALSO SEEN. (PIB)
According to her,
nated Indian automotive industry. An electronics engineer and
vehicle safety, regulated emission and environmental-friendly
exponent in sitar, this 60-year-old industry veteran has been
fuels are the primary focus areas for the premier testing and
the director of ARAI since 2014.
certification agency of the country.
She has rich experience in automotive R&D, testing and ho-
Urdhwareshe, who joined ARAI as a trainee engineer, will re-
mologation, framing of test standards and regulations. She
tire by the end of this month. In an interview with Autocar
helped develop electronic controls of hydraulic testing ma-
Professional on the occasion of Women’s Day, she shared her
chines and contributed towards emission measurements un-
experience about her 36-year “exciting and eventful” career in
der which the first-ever emission laboratory was formed in
the automotive industry.
India. Urdhwareshe, who has undertaken creation of the
National Automotive Technology Museum, has also co-au- She reminisced that “36 years in the automotive industry have
thored a book on total quality management. been both exciting and eventful. During this period, I have
handled technological transformations, was instrumental in
With rich facilities at ARAI and experienced expertise avail-
pushing rapid growth of safety and emission regulations,
able, she is the driving force behind the organisation, which
worked through the global competitive scenario along with
has been in the thick of BS VI action, certifying vehicles com-
Indian Industry and lots more. I am now in the phase of con-
pliant with the new and upgraded emission technology. In her
solidation of my thoughts, wisdom and experiences. With a
30-year stint with the ARAI, Urdhwareshe has been part of
rapid pace career nearing completion, I am planning to allow
many path-breaking initiatives by the apex certification body.
myself some peace and personal space.”
Her sterling contribution towards developing new emission
regulations in the country has been laudatory. Commenting on the unique qualities that a woman profes-
sional brings that add value to any project and organisation,
As India Auto Inc upgrades to new emission and safety norms,
she says: “Women bring a very different perspective to their
while also drawing the e-mobility roadmap, the role of testing
work and projects. After all, 50% of the world belongs to
and validation becomes even more vital. Urdhwareshe has
them! Management must be mindful of this aspect and exploit
been at the forefront of ARAI’s efforts at lightweighting, de-
it to the fullest in the larger interest. Women are also extreme-
veloping new propulsion technologies, and driving towards an
ly committed, focused and majority of them are ethics orient-
integrated transportation system. “We have developed an alu-
ed – immensely critical for building up strong and successful
minium superstructure for buses, which provides about 30
organisations. Being able to multitask, it offers them an excel-
percent weight reduction and contributes greatly to vehicle
lent opportunity to excel and score over their male col-
electrification. This technology is now available and is being
leagues!”
discussed with several manufacturers. We are also working on
suspension and some other components. We are also pushing And, does she have any project / plan in mind after her 31-
for development of alternate materials,” she said. year innings with ARAI, here’s her answer: “Yes, most certain-
ly, but break ke baad!”
Active engagement in electric mobility is also on ARAI’s radar.
Commenting on localising EV technologies, she said: “I think Courtesy: Autocar Professional
more than a hurdle, it’s an opportunity. There are different

Mobility Engineering JUNE 2020 9

EVENT
Report
BAJA SAEINDIA 2020 AT CHITKARA UNIVERSITY
CAMPUS, CHANDIGARH

The 13th edition of Mahindra BAJA SAEINDIA was held at Their endurance race too was successfully flagged off on
two locations - Pithampur and Chandigarh. The second the penultimate day of the event.
one took place from March 5 to 8, 2020 at Chitkara But, the very important task was to execute the event suc-
University, Chandigarh. The national level competition for cessfully under heavy rain and storm at the event site.
engineering undergraduates, which kick started thirteen Meanwhile, due to COVID-19, it was important to complete
years back in 2007, brought forth ATVs from over 200 en- the event without any delay. The event started with the
gineering colleges competing for the title of the overall explanation of the safety and necessary measures to be
champions and awards worth lakhs of rupees. The event taken at the site during this pandemic situation and unfa-
attracted participation from 80 teams for the mBAJA, from vourable climate. The inclement weather during the event
all over India. made it more adventurous and thrilling. The dedication of
The event, like previous years, was divided into various the SAEINDIA, BAJA Organizing Committee and the
stages which started from the technical evaluation of the Chitkara University staff and most importantly, the stu-
vehicles followed by static events, dynamic events and fi- dents’ dedication, made it a grand success.
nally the most awaited Endurance Race. The first day start- The final showdown of the endurance race took place on
ed with the registration process for all the teams and pro- the last day of the event. Veer Surendra Sai University of
ceeded towards the all-important technical evaluation lev- Technology, got the Engineering Design 1st Prize of
els. Apart from the overall inspection of the vehicle by the ` 50,000. Bannari Amman Institute of Technology com-
specially trained judges from the automotive industry, the pleted the Sledge Pool task in just 18.3 sec which is the
rules also constituted of engine check and the brake test. minimum of this category. Team Junkyard Warriors, from
The entire process also continued into the second day as Sant Longwal Institute of Engineering and Technology, was
teams strived to clear their technical evaluation and be- awarded the Pride of Punjab award. The race concluded
came eligible for the dynamic events at the site. Alongside with Team Phoenix, Guru Gobind Singhji Institute of
this process were running the static rounds of design, Engineering and Technology, Punjab and grabbing the title
sales, cost etc., all of which witnessed changes in their of the ‘Overall Winners’ for mBAJA 2020 Chandigarh
methodologies. The dynamic events were opened to the Event. The valedictory ceremony brought an official close
teams on the first day and went on till the third day. In ad- to the event on March 8, 2020, with various prizes being
dition to the existing range of dynamic events, was the distributed to the teams.
new armour of Sledge Pull, parallel to the entire course.

10 JUNE 2020 Mobility Engineering

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REEV – A NEW GENERATION
A first of its kind student competition, Range Extended
Electric Vehicle (REEV) helps Indian Engineering students Mr. Basavaraj Bommai
Hon. Home Minister,
in experiential learning in the area of electric mobility.
Karnataka
February 8, 2020 witnessed the REEV finals, the culmina-
tion of 3 years of efforts of over 10 Engineering college I appreciate the efforts of
SAEINDIA Bengaluru
teams, at Bangalore.
Section and REEV team
REEV for undertaking the initia-
tive of conceptualization
REEV or “Range Extended Electric Vehicle” is the first-of- and execution of the
its-kind collegiate competition that requires the partici- competition. I assure my
pants to build an extended range plug-in electric vehicle. support in upscaling mo-
The competition was envisioned to “Create an elite engi- bility electrification by
neering platform which can enhance the knowledge and facilitating corpus funds,
especially for Karnataka
skills of students through experiential learning in electric,
Engineering College stu-
hybrid and other energy efficient urban mobility solutions”. dents.

Dr. Bala K Bharadvaj Participating colleges

SAEINDIA President
1. Acharya Inst. of Tech. Bangalore
Appreciate the relentless
efforts of students, who 2. Amrita Engineering College, Coimbatore
over the past year burnt 3. B.M.S Inst. of Tech., Bangalore
the midnight oil, faced
innumerable challenges 4. Dayananda Sagar College of Engineering., Bangalore
and ensured to make it to
5. JSS Academy of Technical Education, Bangalore
the REEV finals
6. Malnad College of Engineering, Malnad
7. Presidency University, Bangalore
8. Sri Shakthi College of Engineering, Coimbatore
9. Christ University, Bangalore

Grand Finale
REEV is set apart from other collegiate level competitions
in terms of the expectations from the students. More than
the team’s ability to build the vehicle, the judges scruti-
nized the way the teams could Conceptualize, Design, and
Execute the vehicle build. The participants were also
judged for adherence to the competition’s constraints as
well as planning and managing the program from start to
finish. For REEV, innovation is paramount. Therefore, it was
essential that the teams keep innovation in the heart of
their design, while going forward with the conceptualiza-
tion. STUDENTS IN ONE OF THE BRIEFING SESSIONS

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Competition
The final REEV competition was held at Meto Kartopia
racetrack at Devanahalli. The two-day competition saw the
culmination of industry volunteers, respective teams, col-
lege mentors and industry volunteer mentors. After various
levels of scrutiny 6 colleges made it to the final competi-
tion. First day saw the teams fine-tuning the vehicles to
meet various static evaluations mainly Vehicle Structure
Integrity and Electrical Integrity. Technical panels compris-
ing of industry experts evaluated each team based on Rule
Book requirements. Each module of the vehicles was thor-
oughly inspected for build and safety. Safety being the top
priority, special attention was given to the safety aspect of
each vehicle as well as safety precautions to be taken
during the race. Teams meeting all the requirements were
cleared for Dynamic Event the next day.
Inauguration
HON. HOME MINISTER ADDRESSING THE GATHERING
Final Event was graced by Hon’ble Home Minister of
Karnataka Shri. Basavaraj Bommai as the Chief Guest. Various dignitaries appreciated the excellent commitment
Being a mechanical Engineer and an ardent automotive showed by the student community and the industry contri-
enthusiast, having served top automobile companies in bution in driving key skills. Convener of the program Mr.
India, the Hon’ble minister expressed that the mobility in- Javaji Munirathnam highlighted the excellent confluence of
dustry is close to his heart. He appreciated the efforts of efforts from industry partners and academic institutions in
SAEINDIA Bengaluru Section and REEV team for undertak- making this a unique event, which fosters skill develop-
ing the initiative of conceptualization and execution of the ment of students for future mobility solutions like electric
competition in Bangalore. Hon’ble Minister has assured his mobility.
support in upscaling mobility electrification by facilitating
corpus funds, especially for Karnataka Engineering College
students. Mr. Brian McMurray
VP - Engineering and
Operations
General Motors

Purpose of REEV is to take the challenges of society

and mobility combined with the expertise and learn-
ing potential of universities. By collaborating with
industry, this competition encourages experiential
learning and creativity to inspire students and to
make them industry ready to solve real world engi-
neering problems for India.

DR. BALA WELCOMING THE HON. HOME MINISTER

12 JUNE 2020 Mobility Engineering

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Post inauguration, the action shifted to the racetrack. invited for Technical interviews at their office premises.
Hon’ble Minister Shri. Basavaraj Bommai drove the first Mr. Dhanasekaran R from Faurecia expressed his satisfac-
REEV vehicle built by the industry in association with tion for all the students going through Vehicle
SAEINDIA and kick-started the final proceedings. All the Development process and extended his best wishes. Sunil
dignitaries took time visiting each team pit, interacting Gupta from GM-TCS expressed that, “Building a vehicle
with the students and complimenting their efforts. from ground up is no easy task and the competition
During the Dynamic evaluation, each vehicle was evaluated judged how well you can come together, people from dif-
for acceleration, braking, hybrid mode, energy efficiency. ferent disciplines, to make these vehicles.”
Each team was also evaluated through a detailed presenta- Mr. Rakesh Bidre from GM-TCS expressed that “Passion &
tion on the overview of their vehicle development, energy level demonstrated by the students is really com-
Specifications, Safety, Energy Efficiency, Marketability and mendable and well resonated with the core purpose of this
Physical inspection by a panel of Industry volunteers. experiential learning platform.”
Awards were presented to the teams in various categories
– Vehicle Build, Presentation, Hybrid Mode, Overall
Championship. JSS Academy of Technical Education was
judged as the Overall Winner and Sri Sakthi College of
Engineering were awarded the First runner up of the First
edition of REEV.
The competition successfully achieved the holistic purpose
of introducing students to the rigors of a disciplined and
structured vehicle development culture as prevalent in the
Automotive Industry, focusing on safety, innovation, quality
and sustainability”. The active participation of Sponsors,
Industry volunteers, Professors, Universities and Students
made the First addition of REEV a grand success!

INAUGURAL DRIVE BY HON. HOME MINISTER

OVERALL CHAMPIONS – JSS ACADEMY OF TECH EDU.

STUDENT VEHICLE IN THE TRACK

Faurecia, TVS, ASM Technologies, SAEINDIA, and many

organizations conducted interviews and shortlisted the
students through Technical Tests. Selected students were FIRST RUNNER UP – SRI SAKTHI COLLEGE OF ENGG.

Mobility Engineering JUNE 2020 13

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AUTOMOBILI PININFARINA UNVEILS BATTISTA
ANNIVERSARIO
In April 2018, Anand Mahindra, Chairman of Mahindra & Mahindra, Paolo
Pininfarina, Chairman of Pininfarina SpA, and Dr. Pawan Goenka, Chairman
of Mahindra Racing, launched the new car brand, Automobili Pininfarina with
Michael Perschke, CEO of Automobili Pininfarina at the Rome Formula E race.

The fully-owned Mahindra & Mahindra company, of everything that the brand has stood for in the past and
Automobili Pininfarina is the result of a trademark licence which we now strive for in the future, creating a new pin-
agreement signed between Pininfarina S.p.A and M & M. nacle of desirability for sustainable and luxurious electric
Pininfarina S.p.A and Automobili Pininfarina are two sepa- cars,” Michael Perschke, CEO, Automobili Pininfarina. (As
rate entities with two different missions. Pininfarina is the of going to press, we hear that Perschke has resigned as
legendary design house founded in Torino, Italy, by CEO and will be replaced by Automobili Pininfarina COO
Battista Pinin Farina in 1930, worldwide known as designer Per Svantesson as interim CEO. Svantesson has previously
of many Ferrari, Alfa Romeo, Maserati, etc. worked with Volvo and EV specialist NEVS).
In March 2020, Automobili Pininfarina unveiled the ulti- Paolo Pininfarina, Chairman, Pininfarina SpA says, “My
mate expression of the world’s first luxury pure-electric grandfather always had the vision that one day, there
hyper GT, the Battista Anniversario, which celebrates 90 would be a stand-alone range of Pininfarina-branded cars.
years since Battista ‘Piniin’ Farina created the legendary The Battista Anniversario, named in his honour to mark 90
Pininfarina coachbuilder and design house, and is the most years of the carrozzeria that he started, is a glorious way
powerful sports car ever to be designed and built in Italy. to link our past with the future of motoring.”
Battista Anniversario cars will be hand-crafted in The car
Cambiano, Turin. Just five cars will be created and each
The Battista Anniversario delivers an added level of dy-
priced from Euro 2.6 million, making the Battista
namic ability and a bespoke heritage-inspired anniversary
Anniversario one of the world’s most exclusive automo-
livery. Each of the five Anniversario cars is finished in a
biles.
combination of three signature colours: Bianco Sestriere,
“For 90 years, the Pininfarina name has been at the fore- the never-seen-before Grigio Antonelliano, and Automobili
front of automotive design and performance, and the Pininfarina’s signature Iconica Blu. Skilled artisans in
Battista perfectly encapsulates these values. This ultimate Cambiano take several weeks to paint each car, building up
expression of Battista, the Anniversario, is the distillation the finish layer-by-layer and colour-by-colour – all by hand.

14 JUNE 2020 Mobility Engineering

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The Anniversario shares its technical underpinnings with
the Battista. Its carbon fibre monocoque chassis and body
provide the strong foundation and backbone of the hyper
GT, with its four electric motors generating 1,900 hp and
2,300 Nm torque, apportioned to each wheel by the most
advanced torque vectoring system. This delivers a level of
performance that is unachievable today in any road-legal
sports car with an internal combustion engine. Faster than
a current Formula 1 car in the sub-two second 0-100 km/h
sprint, the Battista accelerates from 0 to 300 km/h in less
than 12 seconds.
These levels of performance are delivered alongside a ze-
The body is disassembled and reassembled three times so ro-emissions range of over 500 km, thanks to the car’s 120
pinstripes in the three separate colours can be hand-paint- kWh battery pack, mounted within a strong T-shaped car-
ed directly onto the body. bon frame low down in the chassis.
Luca Borgogno is the Chief Design Officer at Automobili The reveal of the Battista Anniversario comes as the dy-
Pininfarina. He says, “Battista Anniversario features one of namic testing phase of Battista accelerates, with impres-
the most complex paint finishes in the world. The process sive early results: powertrain prototypes are already
of creating such a finish is akin to a great artist completing achieving 80% of their performance capability, with further
an Old Master painting. The result is more than just a visual tests scheduled in the hands of legendary racer Nick
work of art. Styling, balanced with ultimate performance, Heidfeld, now Development Driver with Automobili
produces a genuine Pininfarina: the beauty of power and Pininfarina.
the power of beauty.”
Nick Heidfeld is the Test and Development Driver at
Battista Anniversario is also equipped with the ‘Furiosa’ Automobili Pininfarina. “I have piloted the quickest road
package, now available to specify with any Battista, com- and race cars in the world. I’ve never driven anything as
prising a revised carbon fibre front splitter, side blades and powerful as the Battista. The Battista is faster than many
rear diffuser. Exclusively on the Anniversario, these parts race cars, but it is not a pure racing machine. Drivability in
are finished in a two-tone combination of exposed signa- all situations is its primary focus. We will now concentrate
ture carbon and carbon tinted in Iconica Blu with pin our time testing and developing Battista to deliver a car
stripes in Bianco Sestriere. Besides the exclusive livery, a that’s at the forefront of technological possibilities and in-
bespoke rear wing, rear aero fins and other bespoke de- novation,” says Nick.
tails are unique to the Battista Anniversario. The aerody-
namic enhancements enabled by the Furiosa exterior During the summer of 2020, a very limited number of po-
changes deliver increased downforce and greater stability tential customers will also have the opportunity to experi-
at higher cornering speeds and a more dynamic balance to ence the Automobili Pininfarina Battista’s thrilling perfor-
the car. mance at special drive events created around the world.
Overall no more than 150 Battista hypercars, including five
The Anniversario’s handling dynamism is further sharp- Battista Anniversario cars, will be hand-crafted in Italy and
ened by a reduction in unsprung weight of almost 10 kg, are expected to enter into production and be with first
thanks to a new wheel design which features centre-lock owners by the end of 2020.
forged aluminium wheels. The rear wheels grow from 20-
inch to 21-inch. Together with the performance-oriented “Beginning with the launch of the first ever Pininfarina-
tyres, the new rims enable the car to achieve its top speed branded hypercar in 2020, our expert team will in the fu-
of 350 km/h (217 mph). The optional ‘Impulso’ wheels ture deliver a range of high-performance electric vehicles
complement the options programme available for Battista. offering design purity, unparalleled beauty and innovative
technology at their core. We are excited that we are em-
Further bespoke details include Anniversario’s unique barking on a mission to realize the dream of Pininfarina’s
seats, finished in sustainably crafted black leather and founder; Battista “Pinin” Farina. Battista’s ultimate ambi-
black Alcantara. In addition, the limited-edition hypercar tion was to see the Pininfarina name exclusively adorn the
features an engraved chassis plate, headlight engraving, body of a sports car. Automobili Pininfarina is now taking
‘Anniversario’ script on the side wings, black anodized the opportunity to realise a beautiful dream of the past, in
dedication door plaques with a homage to the founding of the shape of the hypercar of the future,” says Silvio Pietro
Carrozzeria Pinin Farina in 1930, signature ‘Pininfarina 90’ Angori, CEO, Pinifarina S.p.A.
logos, and a specially engraved chassis plate between the
seats. Nikhil Raghavan

Mobility Engineering JUNE 2020 15

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CREATING A BENCHMARK IN AUTO AND INDUSTRIAL
DESIGN
It was on 22nd of May, 1930 that Battista Farina signed the deed for incorporation
of Carrozzeria Pinin Farina. Shortly thereafter, the first official Pinin special, the
Lancia Dilambda rolled out of the factory in Corso Trapani, Turin.

Almost a century later, the company has a global presence, ning designs of famous car brands – including Ferrari, GM,
a supreme expression of automotive styling and engineer- Peugeot and Alfa Romeo. Started 85-years ago by founder
ing, and an established reality in industrial design and ar- Battista ‘Pinin’ Farina, the company is the Italian symbol
chitecture. for jaw-dropping car designs. It has designed almost 1,000
cars across brands over the years.
As Pininfarina kicks off their official 90th anniversary cele-
brations, Chairman Paolo Pininfarina who heads the epon- The company’s enduring relationship with Ferrari began
ymous firm since 2008, comments, “Identity-wise, the when ‘Pinin’ Farina and Enzo Ferrari met in 1951. Farina de-
Pininfarina of 2020 is the same as it was in the 1930s – the signed the first Ferrari, the 212, followed by the tremen-
centrality of design, an aesthetic sense capable of creating dously popular 250 GT. Farina’s breath-taking designs took
timeless beauty, the obsession with quality, the force of a Hollywood by storm, too, inspiring the film ‘Sabrina’ star-
tradition that combines industry, technology and stylistic ring Audrey Hepburn, William Holden and Humphrey
research, the propensity for long-term collaboration.” Bogart, along with the Spider that Farina designed.
A leading player in the luxury industry, the Pininfarina Pininfarina’s legendary brand status will allow Tech
Group has been moving dreams since 1930. Icon of the Mahindra powerful access to relationships the iconic de-
Italian design in the world, it has contributed to write the signer has nurtured with the best in the world over its 85-
history of the global automotive industry. Through a long year history, including with Ferrari, Alfa Romeo, Maserati
process of growth and transformation, ideas and creativity, and Peugeot. This will mean an opportunity for Tech
Pininfarina has evolved from an artisan concern to an inter- Mahindra to influence product conceptualization and de-
national service Group. “Our uniqueness as a global service sign & styling through Europe’s best-in-class design house.
provider is the ability to create value for companies by
New E-mobility Solutions
building new customer experiences,” says Silvio Pietro
Angori, CEO, Pininfarina S.p.A. This year, Bosch, Benteler and Pininfarina have started a
strategic collaboration to provide car manufacturers with
On December 14, 2015 Tech Mahindra Limited, a leading
new modular electric vehicle platforms. Combining their
provider of IT, Networks and Engineering solutions and
vehicle integration expertise allows them to jointly face
BPO services, and Mahindra & Mahindra, part of the global
market with a complete package. “Benteler understands
$16.9 billion Mahindra Group, have jointly entered into an
the requirements that rolling chassis places on products
agreement with Pincar S.r.l., to purchase a controlling stake
and systems in the automobile industry and is responsible
in Pininfarina S.p.A..
for mechanical integration. Bosch brings in electrical and
Pininfarina is a styling company best known for its stun- electronic components and subsystems which includes

16 JUNE 2020 Mobility Engineering

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software and systems integration and services for safety
and security. Pininfarina will provide top hat unique style
and engineering, successfully integrating the upper body
structure with the chassis,” informs Giuseppe Bonollo, Vice
President, Sales and Marketing, during a telephone inter-
view.

ects, new challenges.

Besides automotive designs, please let us know the ini-
tiatives in the aviation and nautical areas.
Since the 80’s we have established ourselves as one of the
world’s leading designers in the aviation sector, designing
interiors for private jets and commercial aircrafts. AMAC
Aerospace is a world leader in Maintenance and
Completion services for both narrow and wide-body VIP
aviation. AMAC Aerospace and Pininfarina have presented
at EBAC, an innovative cabin concept for the Airbus
Corporate Jets 350XWB aimed to innovate the onboard
experience.
As a result of a partnership between Princess Yachts, the
British Luxury motor yacht manufacturer, Olesinski, the
design and naval architecture studio and Pininfarina, we
have rewritten the rules of yacht design. Our Chairman
Paolo Pininfarina explained it thus: “With the X95 and the
Y85 we wanted to challenge the norm by realizing a prac-
tical yet beautiful design approach that is easily perceived
as both Princess and Pininfarina. The approach was simply
to offer more to the customer in both form and function.”
The Y85 incorporates onboard life comparable to much
Mobility Engineering spoke to Silvio
larger craft with expansive and comfortable social spaces,
Pietro Angori:
a full-beam owners’ stateroom, clever galley configuration
Could you elaborate on the Electric that offers guests privacy, and its flybridge is an irresistible
Hypercar Battista which has been de- invitation to al fresco entertainment.
signed for Automobili Pinifarina?
The presentation of these two innovative yachts at “boot
For us, Automobili Pininfarina is a cli- Düsseldorf” provides the possibility to appreciate this new
ent, exactly as Ferrari, BMW, etc. We design language and partnership between Pininfarina and
provide to Automobili Pininfarina de- Princess.
sign and engineering services. In fact, we designed for
What is the thrust of the 90th year celebrations?
them the Battista and we will also hand-build a limited se-
ries in our atelier in Torino. (See elsewhere for article on We kickstarted a grand chain of events during this year,
Automobili Pininfarina and the Battista Anniversario). but most of it has to be postponed due to the Corona
Virus outbreak. Internally, all the plans are alive and hope-
A special version, the Battista Anniversario, which
fully, by the latter part of this year, we should be able to
Automobili Pininfarina has developed to celebrate
resume the celebrations.
Pininfarina’s 90th anniversary, debuted this year. And they
asked Pininfarina to build 5 units of this masterpiece in its Nikhil Raghavan
atelier in Cambiano. The car that bears our Founder’s
name, sets the seal on this important anniversary and
takes us with great optimism towards new goals, new proj-

Mobility Engineering JUNE 2020 17

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AUTOMATED DRIVING TECHNOLOGY IS ON THE FAST
TRACK OF DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION
The world is swiftly moving towards an electrified automotive environment and
Electric Vehicles are fast appearing on many of our roads.
driven ones.
In the following pages we present to you the efforts and
developments from companies as varied as Tata Elxsi,
AEye, AVL, Horizon, HERE, Continental and Elektrobit.
Their software applications and innovations as well as sys-
tems have reached a high level of R&D and trials that,
many automobile manufacturers are already testing their
new models in various market environments to fine-tune
and perfect them for mass consumption in the days to
come.
On the one hand, as automated driving technology ad-
vances fast, consumer trust lags behind. To ensure mass
The decade just begun has seen positive and encouraging
market adoption of driver assistance and driving automa-
signs of Electric Mobility and keeping pace with this, the
software (and hardware) technologies are galloping for- tion across OEM fleets, consumer familiarity and confi-
dence needs to increase. On the other hand, current devel-
ward to make the users’ life easy, as they navigate through
highways, city roads and streets. Terms like ADAS - opments and ambitions for the future of road transporta-
Advanced Driver Assistance Systems, HUD – Heads Up tion are now working towards higher levels of automated
Display, HAD – Highly Automated Driving and several oth- driving.
ers are cropping up in the world of automobile industry, as Nikhil Raghavan
battery-powered vehicles are keeping pace with fossil fuel

INCREASED SAFETY THANKS TO ANTICIPATORY

TECHNOLOGY
The Continental eHorizon and PreviewESC Systems know the route and surface
conditions of the road ahead and interacts with the control system. PreviewESC is
a further element in achieving accident-free driving.
terrain, routes and weather conditions – all of which are un-
predictable, it requires maximum concentration and unwav-
ering attention. To ensure safety, comfort and up to date in-
formation, drivers expect effective support from their vehicle
and the vehicle’s intelligent information systems.
Technology company Continental has developed a function
that enables cars to take pre-emptive action against poten-
tial risks. Thanks to matched sensors, data processing, and
assistance systems, the vehicle knows exactly how fast to
travel to ensure a journey that is both speedy and safe, as it
anticipates what to expect from the bends and road surface
conditions ahead.
Continental eHorizon functions as an anticipatory, virtual
sensor
For drivers of cars and other automotive vehicles, especially To achieve a new level of safety and towards a vision of acci-
on long distance travel on highways, unfamiliarity with the dent-free driving, Continental is now networking several

18 JUNE 2020 Mobility Engineering

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well-established technologies. The Road Condition Observer, goods. Founded in 1871, the technology company offers safe,
for example, uses the systems already present in the vehicle, efficient, intelligent, and affordable solutions for vehicles,
such as the Electronic Stability Control (ESC) and camera machines, traffic and transportation. In 2018, Continental
systems, to classify the road conditions as dry, wet, very wet generated sales of €44.4 billion and currently employs
(risk of aquaplaning), snow-covered or icy. Using an estimat- around 245,000 people in 60 countries and markets.
ed friction coefficient based on this classification, it is possi-
Mobility Engineering spoke to
ble to predict how well the tires will grip the respective sec-
Alexander Klotz, Head of
tion of road. The Road Condition Observer continuously
Technical Center India,
transmits the friction coefficient data in near-time to the
Continental Automotive on how
Continental.cloud, where information on the friction coeffi-
Indian road users will benefit
cients of other vehicles as well as weather data, such as tem-
from eHorizon and PreviewESC.
perature and precipitation, are also collected. Also in the
cloud, eHorizon processes the data collected from the entire While in most or all cities in
vehicle fleet with the aid of artificial intelligence and other US, Europe and other very de-
technologies, which again increases the reliability of the pre- veloped countries where roads
dictions. Continental uses artificial intelligence, for example, are well-laid out and planned,
to create models which are able to detect road objects and the eHorizon and PreviewESC
predict arising hazardous situations. These models can react Systems will work very well,
to changing conditions and use input and output data to ad- how do you anticipate the
just functions through learning tasks. Additionally, neural functioning in other markets, especially India where, even
networks are used for image processing and object detec- on major highways the traffic is chaotic and rules are flout-
tion. ed more than followed?

The appropriate data packages with all the relevant informa- While it might take some time for vehicles to have eHorizon
tion are then transmitted back to the vehicles which are cur- and PreviewESC as a standard fitment, India is continuously
rently traveling along the relevant section of road. In the car, moving in the right direction. To begin with, in order to en-
in turn, the eHorizon client receives and processes this data. able such technologies a right kind of infrastructure is a
“Think of the eHorizon as an additional, virtual sensor that must. We are talking about connectivity within the vehicle,
networks data from various different sources, assesses it in- GPS, necessary sensors when GPS signals are lost, services
telligently and relays it to other vehicles. We are thereby tak- providers for offering road information, cloud services and
ing road safety to a new level under all conditions,” says basic data connectivity.
Anton Klöster, eHorizon product manager at Continental. eHorizon examines the route and surface conditions of the
PreviewESC adapts the vehicle speed to the real-time situ- road ahead and interacts with the control system.
ation PreviewESC compares this with the actual vehicle speed
to determine whether the vehicle is, for example, travelling
This information from eHorizon is of fundamental impor- too fast to make it safely around the next bend.
tance for PreviewESC, an additional ESC function developed
by Continental. As soon as eHorizon makes the data regard- There is definitely a lot of potential in India for such technol-
ing the friction coefficient and curve radius of the road ogies. We believe that these technologies are also very criti-
ahead available, PreviewESC compares this with the actual cal from a safety perspective in India.
vehicle speed to determine whether the vehicle is, for exam- Further, all outputs and inputs are largely dependent on
ple, traveling too fast to make it safely around the next bend. connectivity; with Internet and Satellite communications
In such cases, PreviewESC – depending on the configuration quite disruptive and disconnected quite frequently, how
of the vehicle manufacturer – will warn the driver and, if nec- will be the effectiveness of these systems in say, the Asian
essary, automatically brake slightly to adjust the vehicle market?
speed. “PreviewESC provides support in situations in which
Not all technologies are dependent on a good internet con-
the driver is approaching the bend too quickly, whether be-
nection. There are several parts of the world that are yet to
cause it’s a blind bend, the driver is distracted, or he or she
have optimal connections and speeds.
misjudged the road surface conditions,” says Jakov Sprljan,
technical project manager for PreviewESC at Continental. However, safety is always a priority. The data is collected and
analyzed in real-time without an internet connection. Cloud-
Thanks to the anticipatory speed adjustment, eHorizon can
based systems collect this data on road conditions, weather
lower the likelihood of an emergency maneuver, making the
data, etc., which further help improving predictions. So, even
journey altogether more relaxed and pleasant.
if the internet connection is lost during travel, the system
Continental develops pioneering technologies and services should work seamlessly. The data can be uploaded when the
for sustainable and connected mobility of people and their connection is restored.

Mobility Engineering JUNE 2020 19

SPECIAL
Feature
Does Continental offer these systems as part of OEM em- equipped with good connectivity, GPS and necessary sen-
bedded installation for newer vehicles? Or, is the customer sors, software and information display, are good to enable
the deciding factor? eHorizon function.
It started with one box solution (eHorizon) for commercial Nikhil Raghavan
vehicles. Having said that, there isn’t too much of hardware
requirement that calls for embedded installation. Vehicles

A HIGHLY INTEGRATED SOFTWARE-DEFINED

AUTOMOTIVE COCKPIT
Tata Elxsi’s eCockpit solution which runs on Green Hills Software’s safe and
secure INTEGRITY Real Time Operating System (RTOS) and INTEGRITY Multivisor
secure virtualization addresses all the requirements of a full feature vehicle
cockpit, supporting infotainment, instrument cluster, HUD (Heads Up Display)
and ADAS (Advanced Driver Assistance Systems) functionalities on a single SoC
while maintaining the highest levels of safety, security and performance.
Green Hills Software, the worldwide leader in embedded
safety and security, and Tata Elxsi, the leading design and
technology services provider, have announced their partner-
ship to deliver the next generation of software-driven, highly
integrated automotive cockpit solutions. The companies
showcased the first result of their cooperation, Tata Elxsi’s
eCockpit solution running on Green Hills Software’s safe and
secure INTEGRITY real-time operating system (RTOS) and
INTEGRITY Multivisor secure virtualization, at embedded
world 2020 held in Nuremburg, Germany in February.
The demonstration pairs Tata’s eCockpit with the Green Hills
ASIL-certified INTEGRITY RTOS and its Multivisor secure vir-
tualization architecture to safely and securely consolidate
This enables safe and secure execution of applications run-
mixed-criticality applications on a single, automotive-grade
ning graphics and multimedia while at the same time ensur-
Renesas R-Car H3 processor. INTEGRITY Multivisor runs
ing the safe operation of critical functions, such as the tell-
Linux and Android in independent, secure virtualized parti-
tale status and warning lights.
tions. Tata Elxsi Infotainment is based on Automotive
Android and the instrument cluster is running on Linux. “Tata Elxsi’s eCockpit, combined with Green Hills INTEGRITY
Infotainment features are shown through a 2D/3D custom Multivisor, is platform agnostic and it provides automotive
HMI on Automotive Android. V2X features are also integrat- makers with a complete single-ECU solution for instrument
ed and displayed on the instrument cluster as warning mes- cluster, infotainment and ADAS functionalities that delivers
sages. Linux guest OS is partitioned using Linux Containers real-time performance on a single multicore automo-
to accommodate sub domains like ADAS. A separate Linux tive-grade microprocessor,” said Dan Mender, Vice-president
Container runs Tata Elxsi’s Sensor Fusion ADAS IP over Tata Business Development, Green Hills Software. “Tata Elxsi’s
Elxsi’s own Adaptive AUTOSAR. Complete vehicle interface software development and system integration for cockpit
functionality is based on Tata Elxsi’s own classic AUTOSAR systems is driving the industry and we will continue to work
4.3. together for providing safe and secure systems while sup-
porting the cost and space reduction demands that are driv-
The INTEGRITY RTOS microkernel architecture is designed
ing the trend of ECU consolidation.”
for critical embedded systems demanding proven separa-
tion, security, and real-time determinism. Its separation ar- “Green Hills Software’s years of production program experi-
chitecture helps software teams to safely and securely parti- ence in mixed-criticality, safety-certified system design, cou-
tion software running at different levels of criticality on the pled with their advanced MULTI toolchain, significantly sim-
Renesas R-Car H3 processor while guaranteeing applications plified our integration effort and reduced development time
the system resources required for their proper execution. without requiring compromises in performance, safety or

20 JUNE 2020 Mobility Engineering

 SPECIAL
Feature
security in the system,” said Nitin Pai, Chief Marketing als to be used. Tata Elxsi works on de-
Officer & Chief Strategy Officer, Tata Elxsi. “Our collabora- veloping and integrating this eCockpit
tion with Green Hills on this type of mixed-criticality plat- solution as per OEM requirements.
form consolidation allows us to provide customers with truly
What are the specific benefits to the
unique value propositions as the automotive industry looks
driver of the vehicle?
to our joint, proven, production-ready capabilities.”
Architecture is flexible and modular to
MOBILITY ENGINEERING SPOKE TO MR. SHAJU S – GENERAL
accommodate multi-model HMI with
MANAGER & HEAD TRANSPORTATION BUSINESS UNIT AT
all usability considerations for OEM.
TATA ELXSI:
Minimizing distraction is the major
What are the different developmental inputs that went in, benefit for the end user since some of
separately from Tata Elxsi and Green Hills Software (GHS) the important alerts like call, music track, surround view
towards the eCockpit solution? camera view, emergency vehicle approaching etc. can be
shown from the digital cluster that allows the driver not to
Tata Elxsi was responsible for defining the eCockpit architec-
take his eyes away.
ture and virtualization partitioning was based on GHS hyper-
visor. We developed the complete eCockpit solution, which What types of vehicles (passenger, CV, HD etc.) are ideally
includes Android P based IVI & Linux based Cluster. eCockpit suited for the solution to be used?
solution Integrated Tata Elxsi’s Classic AUTOSAR, Adaptive
Architecture can be adapted to all types of vehicles. Safety
AUTOSAR, Sensor Fusion algorithm IPs. GHS has provided
requirements and features would be different as per vehicle
hypervisor for RCarH3 with required support for Android &
types.
Linux. GHS also supported the Integrity safe and secure OS
to handle functional safety requirements. Are upgrades and updates Internet-dependent?
What are the technical parameters required at the OEM’s USB and OTA upgrades both will be supported by this archi-
end for integrating the solution in their automobiles? tecture.
OEM needs to define feature scope, domains to be integrat- Nikhil Raghavan
ed, safety, performance, certification & BOM cost require-
ments. Theses inputs will decide SoC & other H/W peripher-

OVERCOMING CHALLENGES FOR AI-BASED PERCEPTION

SYSTEMS IN AUTOMATED DRIVING
Automated driving calls for the seamless functioning of multiple sensor-based
perception systems. Perception systems are crucial for the smooth and stable
operation of an autonomous car.
Perception systems are used to detect vehicles, humans and is placed to embrace automated driving.
other objects around the vehicle using perception sensors
What are perception systems?
such as multiple cameras, radars and LiDAR. A reliable per-
ception system should be able to extract data from the ex- Perception system is responsible for the
ternal environment for proper planning and decision-making. smooth functioning of an autonomous
There are various approaches to perceive the environ- car. These systems develop a model of
ment with associated challenges to be met. the environment around the vehicle.
Perception system uses different types
During a recent webinar held to introduce various approach-
of sensors like LIDAR, Radar, Mono/
es to available perception systems and address the role of
Stereo cameras, Ultrasound sensors etc. to detect and iden-
AI-based perception models and the associated challenges,
tify various objects, classify them and track whether they are
Dr. Gopinath Selvaraj, Senior Technical Architect for
dynamic or static (vehicles, animals, traffic signs, pedestri-
Autonomous Driving at Tata Elxsi, explained how Tata Elxsi’s
ans). These sources of information from different sensor
autonomous middleware platform and validation suites deal
combinations is then channelled to the sensor fusion engine,
with these issues.
processed as 2D and 3D objects and then processed by the
Mobility Engineering spoke to Dr Gopinath Selvaraj to under- guidance and navigation system for proper planning and de-
stand what perception systems are all about and how India cision-making. Tata Elxsi has developed our own software

Mobility Engineering JUNE 2020 21

SPECIAL
Feature
middleware platform Autonomai consisting of AI based per- most commonly used sensors for long-range detection of
ception system that aids in Level 3+ autonomous driving. obstacles and is an integral part of the perception systems
for an autonomous vehicle. A conventional LIDAR emits
What are the challenges that face the operation of an au-
pulse light waves to the surrounding area to detect obsta-
tonomous car?
cles. These pulses bounce off from objects and return to the
Today the challenges for an autonomous car is multifold and sensor and the time taken for each pulse to return to the
some of which are like road conditions which can be highly sensor is calculated. LiDAR sensors rely on an array of inde-
unpredictable, like no lane marking, off road terrains, tun- pendent sensors that collectively produce a tremendous
nels, potholes, etc. In ideal scenario an autonomous car amount of data. Lidar system assemble data sets by aligning,
should work in all weather conditions but there could be ex- analysing, correcting, down sampling, and translating them
treme conditions like heat, heavy storm, snow, etc. which into real-time 3D map of the environment which can be used
causes huge challenges. There are also technical challenges to safely guide the vehicle.
involved in a safe operation of driverless cars, like better per-
How are we in India placed in the realm of automated driv-
ception systems. Already there are multiple sensors like
ing / autonomous car?
LIDAR, RADAR, camera and other sensors involved in per-
ception and decision making but this is not enough since In western countries there is a general discipline to follow
there is a huge influx of data. The best way to deal with the traffic rules and the road infrastructure is better with paved
volume of raw data is to use machine learning and Artificial roads and sign marks properly placed and it helps in the op-
Intelligence effectively and thus AI based perception system eration of driverless cars. In India, we clearly lack these
should become more mature. Last and most important as- above points and hence autonomous driving implementation
pect is to ensure a safe decision making by vehicle comput- is challenging. Another reason is that the government is
er; it needs fail proof testing. We cannot practically test all clear that it can’t take away drivers’ job and hence policy
the autonomous scenarios in a real world environment and wise also there is no direction at this time. What we can ex-
hence creating and testing of millions of scenarios is re- pect more in India is Autonomous Driver Assist Systems
quired using simulation techniques which will bring down (ADAS) features like assisted/self/guided parking, cruise
the test time drastically. At Tata Elxsi we work with OEMs control, surround view, emergency brake assist, collision
and suppliers for synthetic scene generation and faster vali- warning, etc. We can maybe expect autonomous operations
dation of autonomous features through VDRIVE, which is an in other controlled environments like agriculture, mining in-
in house developed tool. dustry etc.
What is LiDAR? Nikhil Raghavan
LIDAR (Laser/Light Detection and Ranging) is one of the

FROM ADAS TO HAD: BUILDING TRUST IN AUTOMATION

WITH LOCATION TECHNOLOGY, ELECTRONIC HORIZON
AND PLATFORM CAPABILITIES
Automated driving technology is advancing fast, but consumer trust lags behind.
To ensure mass market adoption of driver assistance and driving automation
across OEM fleets, consumer familiarity and confidence needs to increase.
During an Automotive World webinar, a panel of experts
outlined how a better understanding of a vehicle’s environ-
ment – and knowledge of changing road conditions that lie
beyond the line of sight – leads to more confident and pre-
dictable decision-making processes for ADAS and
Automated Driving systems. The expert panel consisted of
Andrei Iordache, Industry Solutions Manager, Connected
and Automated Driving and Sheila Nedelcu, Sr. Director of
Product Management, Highly Automated Driving, HERE; Dr
Michael Reichel, Director of Product Management,
Automated Driving, Elektrobit; Matthieu Bonnet, Lead

22 JUNE 2020 Mobility Engineering

 SPECIAL
Feature
Architect, Continental and Volkmar Knaup, Head of Product What is the kind of ‘real world’ testing that has gone into
Segment eHorizon, Continental. HERE Lanes?
HERE’s Sheila Nedelcu tells us how location technology, We have asked Vsi Labs, a 3rd party technology research
electronic horizon software and platform connectivity can company that examines the building blocks for autonomous
build trust in automation. “Advanced Driver Assistance vehicles, to test various automated driving scenarios, includ-
Systems provide immediate opportunities to increase road ing lane keeping assistance using the Lanes attributes from
safety on a global level. At the same time ADAS is the bridge our Map.
to fully automated driving from a technical and consumer
They have published a comprehensive whitepaper that can
adoption standpoint,” says Sheila Nedelcu. “HERE Lanes de-
that can be accessed here: https://go.engage.here.com/vsi-
livers automakers and software developers the data they
labs-lane-keeping-report.html, but in brief their finding was
need to improve today’s ADAS functions in all weather con-
that vehicles relying on camera and radar only systems have
ditions while building the next generation of applications
trouble operating when lane markings change or disappear.
supported by lane-level positioning, guidance and visualisa-
Adding a map to ADAS and AD in cases like lane-keeping
tion.” HERE Lanes is a part of the company’s portfolio of au-
functionality, enables the vehicle to tolerate and continue
tomotive solutions to support all levels of vehicle automa-
operation when lane markers change unexpectedly.
tion.
What is the HERE portfolio for ADAS/AD?
HERE is a company of over 8000 employees, focused on the
concept of location and the potential it has to radically im- We have a comprehensive portfolio tailored to the needs of
prove the way we do business, the way we get around and automotive customers according to the SAE Level of
the way we live, we are shaping the future by redefining Automation.
what was formerly known as a map. In 1985, they began with For the lowest levels of ADAS (L0 &, L1) we have different
the simple goal to digitize mapping and pioneer in-car navi- map specifications and real time sensor-based services to
gation systems. Over the next three decades, as NAVTEQ support Speed and Hazard Information Systems.
and Nokia, they built a legacy in mapping technology.
ADAS Maps and Real-time traffic provide precise road ge-
Mobility Engineering spoke to Andrei ometry (curvature and elevation) and traffic alerts to en-
Iordache on HERE’s product develop- hance longitudinal assistance beyond sensors visibility.
ment and range.
HERE Lanes provides the detailed representation of road
Please explain briefly how HERE Lanes lanes in order to enhance lane level keeping and changing.
work/function.
For the Assistance and Automation Levels that require high-
HERE Lanes is a digital representation er precision and freshness for localization and redundancy
of the global road network that en- (L2+, L3, L4) our mapping offering is represented by HD Live
ables a vehicle to position itself in a lane while providing Maps. For the systems that operate within an Operational
drivers with lane-level visual guidance. HERE Lanes feeds Design Domain (L3 & L4) our real time services complement
ADAS and Navigation applications with precise lane topolo- the vehicle sensors to enable a predictive behavior of the
gy, geometry and attribute data, such as the rules of the systems and a smooth driver fallback if needed (L3).
road, vehicle height restrictions, lane count and centerline,
direction of travel, and the slope and curvature of intersec- What are the synergies between HERE, Elektrobit and
tions. Continental?

What is HERE Live Sense SDK? In terms of synergies, we can make the analogy with movie
streaming. We at HERE Technologies are creating the Maps
HERE Live Sense SDK is a software development kit de- and Services Content (“the movie”) for ADAS and
signed to give drivers real-time insight in order to be able to Autonomous Systems while Continental and Elektrobit with
make informed decisions on upcoming obstacles, road infra- their Electronic Horizon solutions are distributing and “play-
structure or driving conditions. Through the power of artifi- ing” it in the car to the systems that can work with our
cial intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML), HERE Live Content. To create these synergies it takes well-connected
Sense SDK turns devices with front-facing cameras, such as and experienced teams, that interlock with each other, HERE
smartphones, dashcams or vehicle cameras, into highly intel- Technologies, Continental and Elektrobit are all experts in
ligent vehicle sensors. By continuously scanning the driver’s working together to maximize OEM customer benefits, but
environment, devices can then detect objects on the road, depending on the requirements of the final OEM customers
such as other vehicles, pedestrians or cyclists, road infra- similar engagements exist with the vast majority of Tier 1s.
structure such as traffic lights and road signs and potential
hazards such as potholes, road closures or construction Nikhil Raghavan
zones.

Mobility Engineering JUNE 2020 23

SPECIAL
Feature
AUTOMATED DRIVING AND PERCEIVED SAFETY
Current developments and ambitions for the future of road transportation are
now working towards higher levels of automated driving. How to simulate and
validate ADAS/AD from a different perspective? Read on…
Virtual calibration, verification and validation of automated or changes speeds.
driving functions have become essential aspects of the vehi-
• Distance keeping: how close the vehicle comes to
cle development and testing process. However, manufactur-
objects in front, in the back as well as on the side.
ers face multiple challenges to ensure reliable and trust-
worthy test results, such as the large number of required • Cornering behavior and lane usage: how corners are
scenarios and test cases or selecting the right quality criteria taken and how close the vehicle comes to the lane
and KPIs. The key elements to successful automated driving edges.
functions are not only their positive impact on safety, emis- • Speed choice: how adequate the vehicle chooses its
sions and efficiency, but also the trust and acceptance for driving speed given the environment conditions and
human passengers. visibility.
Philippe Nitsche, Lead Engineer ADAS/AD Simulation at AVL What are the ideal road conditions suited for automated
tells us how AVL’s ADAS/AD cloud simulation platform works driving? Will it ever work in towns and cities of highly pop-
and how it can be used to validate safety and comfort. ulated countries?
Special emphasis was put on AVL’s unique assessment meth-
od using AVL-DRIVE, which is capable of quantifying per- The term “ideal” must be related to the vehicles ODD
ceived safety in an objective way. This allows evaluating (Operational Design Domain), which defines where (which
ADAS/AD quality from a different perspective. road type, highway/rural/urban) and under which conditions
(sun/rain/fog, dry/wet road, nighttime/daytime etc.) the ve-
Nitsche answers a few questions hicle was designed to operate. Vehicles having an SAE auto-
Mobility Engineering posed him. mation level <5 have restricted ODDs and can therefore not
How does it feel being driven by an drive under every circumstance. Thus, the ideal conditions
automated vehicle? for automated vehicles are those within the ODD. If the con-
ditions are outside the ODD, the vehicle must handover the
How safe we feel while being driven
driving control or perform a minimum risk maneuver to stop
by a highly automated vehicle de-
safely.
pends on three different factors: First,
how the vehicle behaves in normal Of course, dense city traffic is the most challenging environ-
driving situations such as keeping the distance, staying in ment for self-driving vehicles and it will take longer to intro-
the lane boundaries or choosing the right speed. duce automated vehicles in cities than on highways, where
the traffic usually has fewer points of conflicts with other
Second, how the vehicle behaves in so-called corner cases,
road users.
i.e. crash or near-crash situations or critical scenarios.
Or, is it more suited for restricted environment like service
Third, how much trust we have in the technology. That is
stations, parking bays, campuses etc?
why extensive testing is so important, both on the road and
virtually. AVL has developed a software to assess perceived Vehicle automation as we know it today is a relatively young
safety alongside comfort and traditional safety metrics. technology. Therefore, it is better to start simple and restrict
the ODD to e.g. designated areas or use cases. There might
Those tests will make sure that only the safest technology
be some niche applications of vehicle automation which can
will get an approval for public roads, and I believe that in the
have a high impact though. For example, those could be au-
future, automated vehicles will be safer than traditional vehi-
tomated driving for logistics operations in harbours, airports,
cles, and passengers will feel safe, too.
factories or logistic hubs. Or smaller people or goods movers
What are the indicators to validate and optimize perceived on predefined routes, campuses etc.
safety and comfort?
To discuss automated driving, we need to focus on the indi-
Perceived safety and comfort can be measured objectively vidual use cases that the self-driving technologies facilitate.
with the software AVL-DRIVE. A large number of indicators Automated vehicle technology comprises much more than a
is used to assess perceived safety and comfort, but here are self-driving car that brings you to work. It will impact numer-
a few examples: ous transport applications and will change our entire mobili-
ty ecosystem.
• Lateral acceleration: how much force the passengers
are exposed to in curves. Nikhil Raghavan
• Braking and deceleration: how harsh the vehicle stops

24 JUNE 2020 Mobility Engineering

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INNOVATION

AUTOPILOT, TESLA’S ADVANCED DRIVER ASSISTANCE

SYSTEM
Technology can help improve safety, believes Tesla which is why their vehicles
are engineered to be the safest cars in the world.
A unique combination of passive safety, active safety and
automated driving is crucial for not only Tesla drivers and
the vehicle’s passengers but also other road users. Tesla’s
Autopilot, an Advanced Driver Assistance System is classi-
fied as a Level 2 automated system according to SAE
J3016, which is endorsed by the National Highway Traffic
Safety Administration, an agency of the U.S. Federal
Government, part of the Department of Transportation.
Autopilot is intended for use only with a fully attentive mobile app or the key.
driver who has their hands on the wheel and is prepared to Active safety features come standard on all Tesla vehicles
take over at any time. While Autopilot is designed to be- made after September 2014 for an added layer of safety
come more capable over time, in its current form, it is not a beyond the physical structure of each car and are made
self-driving system, it does not turn a Tesla into an autono- possible by our Autopilot hardware and software system,
mous vehicle, and it does not allow the driver to abdicate even for customers who have not purchased Autopilot.
responsibility. When used properly, Autopilot reduces a
On different models of Tesla cars, the access to controls are
driver’s overall workload, and the redundancy of eight ex-
dependent on the model. The system is intended for high-
ternal cameras, radar and 12 ultrasonic sensors provides an
way use. Before enabling Autopilot, the driver first needs to
additional layer of safety that two eyes alone would not
agree to “keep your hands on the steering wheel at all
have.
times” and to always “maintain control and responsibility
Features for your vehicle” (see alert). Subsequently, every time the
Autopilot includes a suite of features that drivers can use at driver engages Autopilot, they are shown a visual reminder
their discretion to make driving safer and less stressful. to “keep your hands on the wheel” (see alert).
These include: When Autopilot is in use, it measures the amount of torque
Traffic Aware Cruise Control – This maintains the car’s that the driver applies to the steering wheel and, if insuffi-
speed in relation to surrounding traffic. cient torque is applied, an escalating series of audible and
visual alerts again reminds the driver to place their hands
Autosteer – This assists the driver by steering within a on the wheel. Since the steering wheel rotates as it normal-
clearly marked lane. ly would when driving, the driver’s hands must move with
Auto Lane Change – This assists drivers in transitioning to the wheel. This helps ensure the driver is attentive, and that
an adjacent lane on the right or left side of the car when the steering wheel is properly oriented in the event the
Autosteer is engaged. driver needs to take over.

Navigate on Autopilot – This is an active guidance feature Hardware + Software

that, with driver supervision, guides a car from a highway’s Autopilot’s robust sensor and camera suite provides drivers
on-ramp to off-ramp, including suggesting and making lane with an awareness of their surroundings that a driver alone
changes, navigating highway interchanges, and taking ex- would not otherwise have. Because every Tesla is connect-
its. It’s designed to make finding and following the most ed, Tesla cars are able to get better over time with software
efficient path to your destination even easier on the high- updates and the introduction of new features through over-
way when Autopilot is in use. the-air updates. This is even more true with Autopilot as
Autopark – This helps drivers automatically parallel or per- they continuously work to make the system even more ca-
pendicular park their vehicle. pable and keep their customers at the forefront of technol-
ogy.
Summon – With this, drivers can move their Tesla in and
out of a parking space from outside the vehicle using the Nikhil Raghavan

26 JUNE 2020 Mobility Engineering

 DESIGN
Concepts
BEYOND AEROSPACE: AIRBUS OFFERS GAME-
CHANGING EXPERTISE TO OTHER INDUSTRIES
The Airbus Engineering Design & Services initiative offers the company’s
knowledge and skills to other industry sectors – including automotive – that can
benefit from its unrivalled expertise, as illustrated by this wind tunnel evaluation
of a motorcycle.

Airbus’ innovative engineering solutions that have literally through a more tailored approach,” said Amrish Pathack,
reshaped the aerospace industry since the company’s cre- the head of consulting services at Airbus.
ation 50 years ago are now being offered to other sectors
This service capitalises on Airbus’ highly specialised skills,
that can benefit from this unrivalled expertise.
focusing on customers’ needs where a project requires ex-
Opening access to Airbus engineering know-how is the cellence and expertise in one or more of the following five
goal of the Engineering Design & Services initiative niche characteristics: harsh environment (such as low and
launched in 2019, which envisions such potential scenarios high temperature, high vibrations), high performance
as applying Airbus knowledge in aerodynamics, composite (aerodynamics, strong and light materials), high integrity
materials and stress analysis to improve automotive and (robustness and safety), high regulation (market controls),
nautical designs; or bringing the company’s skills in remote and/or high complexity (products with millions of parts).
monitoring with via telemetry datalinks to the medical sec-
In addition to the automotive and nautical sectors, the
tor for tracking the function of artificial hearts.
medical industry is particularly well-suited for this Airbus
A “tailored approach” for customers service as it satisfies all five niche characteristics.
“The scope of Engineering & Design Services is broad, aim- Nikhil Raghavan
ing to propose a catalogue of standard off-the-shelf ser-
vices – as well as the ability to respond to customer needs

Mobility Engineering JUNE 2020 27

TECHNOLOGY
CAR-TO-CLOUD SERVICE FOR VEHICLE UPDATES
On-demand services and features provide secure, Connected-Car Services and
Lifecycle Management, allowing for vehicle to update and upgrade throughout
their product lifecycle
ing dedicated investments for multiple developments.
Leveraging the Qualcomm Car-to-Cloud Soft SKU empow-
ers automakers to not only deliver a variety of customiz-
able options for their consumers, but to also personalize
features to offer rich and immersive in-vehicle experiences.

The new Qualcomm Car-to-Cloud Service supports action-

able analytics and insights through data collection cor-
related from multiple sources at the edge empowering au-
tomakers to design unique experiences that are personal-
ized for the driver, the passenger and the car. Data from
on-board application processors and operating systems,
modem, location, vehicle system status and health and oc-
Qualcomm Technologies, Inc., a subsidiary of Qualcomm cupancy are designed to inform personalized user experi-
Incorporated, recently introduced the new Qualcomm Car- ence features at the individual or fleet level. The analytics
to-Cloud Service, the company’s first offering of an inte- also facilitates segmented bundled content, applications
grated, secure connected-car services suite for Qualcomm and services creating new potential revenue streams for
Snapdragon Automotive Cockpit Platforms and Qualcomm automakers working with content providers.
Snapdragon Automotive 4G and 5G Platforms.
The service also facilitates a chipset-based security solu-
Leveraging the company’s broad set of technology assets, tion to provide trusted capabilities and feature manage-
the Qualcomm Car-to-Cloud Service is designed to help ment, secure provisioning and device attestation.
automakers keep cockpit and telematics systems up-to- Additionally, the Qualcomm Car-to-Cloud Service is engi-
date, and future-proof vehicles by delivering the flexibility neered to offer a global cellular connectivity capability to
needed to activate features at any time, helping automak- bootstrap initial service, or to provide airtime connectivity
ers to keep pace with consumer technology trends despite over the life of the vehicle.
the traditional automotive product development cycles.
“The Qualcomm Car-to-Cloud Service, when combined
The Qualcomm Car-to-Cloud Service also provides auto-
with our Snapdragon Automotive 4G and 5G Platforms,
makers the opportunity to unlock new revenue streams
and our Snapdragon Automotive Cockpit Platforms, allows
throughout the lifecycle of a vehicle with over-the-air
automakers and Tier 1 suppliers to address new expecta-
(OTA) updates, on-demand unlocking of features and pay-
tions of the modern and discerning car owner who is used
as-you-use services, as well as gather valuable vehicle and
to flexible and continuously updating technologies, while
usage analytics.
also unlocking new features capabilities over the course of
Helping their automotive customers meet the evolving a vehicle’s lifetime,” said Nakul Duggal, senior vice presi-
needs of consumers, Qualcomm Technologies’ engineered dent, product management, Qualcomm Technologies, Inc.
the Qualcomm Car-to-Cloud Service with Soft SKU capa- “The Qualcomm Car-to-Cloud Service will provide auto-
bility that allows for field-upgradeable chipsets to offer makers with an innovative solution to improve global con-
new functionality as performance requirements increase or nectivity, cost efficiency, offer a superior user experience,
new features become available. This secure, chipset-en- while creating the opportunity for new service revenue
abled capability features flexibility to support on-demand over the lifecycle of the vehicle.”
features, mid-cycle performance boosts, regional customi-
The new Qualcomm Car-to-Cloud Platform is expected to
zation and feature upgrades tailored for specific product
be available in 2H of 2020.
segments from entry to premium. Soft SKU also allows
customers to develop on common hardware, thereby sav- Nikhil Raghavan

28 JUNE 2020 Mobility Engineering

 TECHNOLOGY
SECURING AUTOMOTIVE NAVIGATION: HOW TO
PROTECT VEHICLES AGAINST GPS HACKING
As the only source of absolute vehicle position, velocity and time, GNSS (Global
Navigation Satellite System) plays a critical role. However, both current and next
levels of autonomy (SAE Levels 2 - 5) will require a smart fusion between the
different sensors on the car, together with the onboard GNSS system with high
accuracy and up-to-date information.

The Pyramid GNSS technology detects, alerts, and protects based in Haifa, Israel.
against spoofing attacks. Pyramid GNSS is the first stand-
Roi, a sales and marketing expert, has a background in
alone software technology to detect and mitigate smart
supporting both corporate and startup companies. He
GNSS/GPS spoofing against receivers that is secure, af-
brings over seven years of marketing experience and has
fordable and implementable across any GNSS/GPS system.
held various leadership roles, including Director of
Any standard GNSS receiver or chipset can now be made
Marketing & Sales for ParaZero Drone Safety Systems, as
resilient to defend against these attacks. Regulus is the
well as Digital Marketing Specialist at WalkMe. Roi worked
first company dealing with sensor cybersecurity. Their
at both companies while they raised substantial invest-
product Pyramid GNSS defends against GNSS spoofing
ments and generated millions of dollars in revenue.
and GPS hacking attacks.
Roi previously worked as a debate instructor, pitch consul-
During a recent webinar, Yoav Zangvil, Chief Technical
tant and journalist. He also served as an officer in Israel
Officer and Co-Founder and Roi Mit, Chief Marketing
Defense Forces, including serving abroad as military at-
Officer at Regulus Cyber explored a detailed report follow-
taché assistant.
ing a Regulus Cyber experiment on the Tesla Model 3
Navigate on Autopilot feature. Founded in 2016, Regulus is The report proved, for the first time ever, that using a GPS

Mobility Engineering JUNE 2020 29

TECHNOLOGY
spoofing attack would allow an attacker to remotely in- al-time.
fluence a vehicle’s navigation decisions, including route
What is spoofing?
changing, speed changes, suspension control, and inter-
nal system calculations. The talk explores the new devel- GPS spoofing is a remote attack that transmits fake PNT
opments in sensor fusion, SLAM techniques, and GNSS – Position, Navigation, Time – information, enabling the
cyber defence, as the next step for navigation for driver- hacker to take control of a target using satellite naviga-
less cars, and concludes with best practices and recom- tion and affect critical functions, such as time-sync, speed
mendations for automakers, Tier 1s, Sensor Manufacturers control, steering, navigation, location, privacy and more.
and regulators.
With more and more softwares and applications being
Mobility Engineering spoke to loaded onto an automobile, are we becoming a slave to
Roi Mit on the technologies and digital technology? What happens if there is a crash of
methodologies behind automo- the software?
tive navigation systems and dis-
cussed the direction in which the All automotive vehicles are ADAS enabled. Consequently,
industry is heading with GNSS the driver can override the system if he feels that what he
technology embedded in auton- had envisaged is not happening, as in the case of a
omous cars. spoofing attack, for instance. In our tests done on a Tesla
Model 3, we have stage-managed a spoofing attack and
What was the result of the experiment on the Tesla even though the car succumbed to the forced instructions
Model 3? from the hacker, the driver was able to override it imme-
diately.
We found the Tesla ideally suited for testing for spoofing.
Using some of the techniques most hackers use, including How differently does GNSS work on a normal car and an
the currently cheaply available SDR Spoofer at $100, we electric car?
managed to override the car’s highly sophisticated GPS
systems to veer away from a set course and even veer Pyramid GNSS will work well on all modern automobiles
towards oncoming traffic. While doing s similar test in a which already has GPS as part of its features, be it a nor-
Tesla installed with our Pyramid GNSS, the driver is in- mal car, a hybrid or an electric car. Obviously, the road
stantly alerted of any spoofing at which point, he can infrastructure, the traffic guidance systems and controls
override the set commands and manually correct the have to be in place if the GNSS has to work perfectly and
course or direction. We are planning on undertaking simi- effectively. In countries like India, it will be a challenge,
lar tests with other brands and models of EVs and hybrid indeed.
cars, too.
Is GNSS more beneficial for heavy vehicles / commercial
What are the main features of the Pyramid GNSS? vehicles?

Spoofing attacks are notoriously difficult to detect and Naturally, fleet operators in the logistics industry are
guard against, and becoming increasingly frequent as more susceptible to spoofing. Therefore the GNSS system
hackers use spoofing for personal monetary gain and var- would be ideally suitable for their use. In India, we are in
ious other intentions. The Regulus Pyramid GNSS solution advanced talks with TATA Motors for installing Pyramid
uses proprietary algorithms to accurately determine GNSS at the OEM stage for forthcoming production vehi-
when spoofing occurs and provide real-time protection as cles. As for existing vehicles with fleet owners, as and
the receiver end. The Pyramid GNSS supplements GPS when the vehicle comes in for company-provided service,
receivers, including legacy receivers and Android operat- the software can be installed.
ing systems, offering dependable protection. In addition,
Nikhil Raghavan
online services from Regulus Cyber can provide further
signal authentication to connected fleet operators in re-

30 JUNE 2020 Mobility Engineering

 INNOVATION

A JOINT VENTURE SET UP FOR SOLAR-POWERED

CHARGING HUBS
Some of the most polluted cities in the world is reportedly in India. This is one
of the main reasons for the Indian government to push for electric mobility by
2030. The government hopes that the public transport system will improve
considerably, and the private transport system will move to an early adoption of
EVs to help reduce emission levels. Under the FAME scheme, the government is
targeting 30% electric mobility by 2030.

One of the most crucial support systems needed for quick frastructure will not just close the loop on procuring clean
adoption of EVs is the public charging infrastructure. A energy for electric vehicles but will also result in im-
50-50 joint venture named Shuchi Anant Virya between proved cost efficiency. The domestic EV market is expect-
commercial EV fleet operator Lithium Urban Technologies ed to grow by 35% annually till 2026 and fleet operators
and Fourth Partner Energy unveiled their first EV will be the first to embrace this change. Lithium is ready-
charging hub in Gurugram, with facility to charge 25 to ing India for this future of shared, connected, electric mo-
30 vehicles simultaneously. Currently, this will be a cap- bility. With the help of Fourth Partner Energy, we are con-
tive facility to charge Lithium’s fleet of vehicles for Wipro fident of enabling this transition in a zero-Carbon man-
and American Express in Gurugram. ner,” says Vikash Mishra, Head of External Relations,
Lithium Urban Technologies.
Shuchi Anant Virya has already established a second hub
in Pune, which is capable of charging over 40 vehicles at Fourth Partner Energy is India’s leading distributed solar
a time. Vinayak Kathare, Business Head of Shuchi says energy firm focusing on building and financing solar proj-
that they plan to set up around 15 hubs across Delhi, ects across the private and public sectors for commercial,
Hyderabad, Bangalore and Bombay. It’s JV promoter industrial and institutional entities.
Fourth Partner has a pan-India presence of 370 MW of
It is a full-services Renewable Energy Services Company
solar assets for several of their clients like Skoda,
(RESCO) that offers end-to-end capabilities including
Schneider, TCS etc. “Partnering with Lithium helps both
Evaluation, Design, Planning, Procurement, Construction,
companies better leverage our strengths in providing sus-
Operation, Maintenance and Financing of critical solar in-
tainable solutions and cost benefits to India’s leading cor-
frastructure.
porate houses,” says Vivek Subramanian, Co-founder &
ED at Fourth Partner Energy. Lithium’s all-electric fleet of Nikhil Raghavan
over 1,000 vehicles caters to over 30 corporate clients
such as Credit Suisse, Barclays, McKinsey, etc.

Businesses are becoming increasingly conscious of better

environmental practices. Solar-powered EV charging in-

Mobility Engineering JUNE 2020 31

IESA
HANDS-ON LI-ION CELL FABRICATION WORKSHOP
The Centre for Materials for Electronics Technology (C-MET) and India Energy
Storage Alliance (IESA), conducted a hands-on training session for pouch cell
fabrication and battery testing, in Pune on March 11 and 12, 2020. Ten participants
from leading companies across battery manufacturing, automotive component
manufacturing, ESS technology, and investment companies participated in the
workshop.
This unique program was designed by IESA experts to help
in skill development required to kickstart NITI Aayog’s
National Mission for Advanced Battery Manufacturing. IESA
and CMET experts assisted the industry participants in un-
derstanding and learning the fundamentals of advanced en-
ergy storage technology trends and Li-ion cell manufactur-
ing process via a combination of classroom and hands on
lab training. The program helped the participants to under-
stand the requirements of raw material, equipment & de-
tailed manufacturing processes essential to set up Giga fac-
tories and advanced R&D capabilities. Presentations and
lectures were given by global experts on cell manufacturing, enous resources of raw materials.
chemistries and performance characteristics and on next
Dr. Rahul Walawalkar, President, India Energy Storage
generation Li-ion technologies. The workshop focused on
Alliance (IESA) opines, “Li-ion battery has become pre-
the actual process of electrode preparation and battery fab-
ferred technology in many battery storage applications due
rication.
to its relatively high energy and power density as well as
Speaking about the workshop, Dr. Bharat Kale, Director of fast charge discharge capabilities. The battery pack manu-
Centre for Materials for Electronics Technology, said, “CMET facturers in India are currently assembling high capacity
is glad to be part of India Energy Storage Alliance who has packs with the goal to target electric vehicles and station-
a vision of making India a global hub for R&D, manufactur- ary storage market. Assembling of Li-ion battery packs is a
ing and adoption of advanced energy storage and e-mobili- dynamic industry in India and is growing at a healthy pace.
ty technologies. Through Centre of Excellence of reachable At IESA, we, however, believe that it is high time for Indian
batteries created by Ministry of Electronics and Information industry to take up R&D and advanced cell manufacturing
Technology (MeitY), New Delhi, CMET has the Li-ion fabrica- so that we reduce our dependence on other countries. The
tion facility for Cathode, Anode and for Single Cell. recent pandemic related to COVID-19 has highlighted the
Currently, Indian battery manufacturers are importing singe importance of domestic manufacturing considering the risk
cells and making batteries of different capacities required in of global supply chain disruptions. Energy storage and EVs
different verticals. We’re glad that at CMET we have materi- have importance for national energy security and we should
als for battery fabrication. It is our responsibility to support learn from the recent events and accelerate our efforts for
the industry so that India can pick up Li-ion manufacturing building domestic capabilities”.
instead of depending on other countries. India’s first work-
Dr. Satyajit Phadke, Manager- R&D, Customized Energy
shop by IESA along with CMET is a step towards it. We
Solutions (India), who lead the workshop highlighted that
thank MeitY for creating such a facility and further [Li-ion
“So far such training was mainly available in developed
fabrication] initiative in this regard at CMET Pune”.
countries such as Germany and US. This workshop is our
Dedicated to the furtherance of competent research and effort to help bring down the costs of such training capabili-
development in the firmament of Electronic Materials, the ties and help industry get better appreciation of the R&D
Centre for Materials for Electronics Technology (C-MET) facilities available within India. Our R&D initiative is indus-
functions as an autonomous scientific society under Ministry try- focused and we’re helping clients to solve the challeng-
of Electronics & Information Technology (MeitY), Govt. of es that they are facing while deploying storage solutions for
India. Besides augmenting core competence, C-MET envi- any application be it Stationary, EV or other.”
sions attainment of self-sufficiency in the sphere of
Nikhil Raghavan
Electronic materials, components and devices to cater to
India’s strategic and industrial applications, exploiting indig-

32 JUNE 2020 Mobility Engineering

 TECH
Trends
RECENT TRENDS IN MOTOR DEVELOPMENT FOR
ELECTRIC VEHICLES (EVs)
Electric Vehicles (EVs) continue to gain larger market share in different markets
across the world. The earlier generation of EVs used traction motors based on
induction machine technology comprising a stator with distributed winding and
either a die-cast squirrel cage rotor or, less frequently, a wound rotor. Over the
recent years, increasing requirements of high efficiency, high specific power, and
high-power density has caused a shift for electrified drivetrains to use Motors
based on Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machines (PMSM).
Surface Permanent Magnet vs Interior Permanent Magnet Interior Permanent Magnet Motor Design Trends
Motors
The rotor design, which is critical to IPM motor perfor-
The permanent magnet motors are broadly classified into mance, has progressed from basic flat magnets through var-
two categories - surface permanent magnet (SPM) and inte- ious configuration of U-, V-, W-, and double V-shaped mag-
rior permanent magnet (IPM) machines based on the rotor nets including variations in magnet sizes from pole to pole.
design, which influences several important features of the The magnet volume per Nm of torque has progressively in-
machine, including the constant power speed range (CPSR). creased over the last decade with change in design from
Though SPM machines have a relatively simple design/ single V to double V to multiple V magnets, with significant
structure, they pose a challenge with lower CSPR as the po- consumption of high strength rare earth materials used for
sition of the magnets are located on the surface of the rotor, the magnets.
which results in a larger airgap thus impacting the perfor-
mance of the machine. The application of SPM machines in
automobiles requiring high torque and high-power density
machines with reduced magnet content has been on de-
cline, even though they can be designed with concentrated
windings to achieve significantly improved CPSR.

The electromagnetic torque generated by PMSM motors

have two components, viz, magnet torque and reluctance
torque. Increasing the magnet torque comes with increased
iron losses at no load conditions and has implications for
flux weakening operation. By designing a machine with sig- FIG 2(A). V-SHAPED ROTOR FIG 2(B). U-SHAPED ROTOR
nificant reluctance torque in lieu of magnet torque, the per- [REF. 2] [REF. 2]
manent magnet volume in the machine can be reduced The stators for IPM traction motors are wound with either
while the machine is still capable of achieving high CPSR. concentrated windings or distributed windings. The advan-
As reluctance torque plays a critical role for automotive tage of concentrated windings is they have shorter end
traction, IPM motors are a favoured choice over SPM motors windings leading to lower copper losses. The distributed
which do not have reluctance torque component by design. windings typically have longer end turns leading to higher
energy losses. The distributed windings on stators can be
random wound with strands or bar wound in the hairpin
fashion. Of late, hair pin winding on stators is gaining more
attention as it has been reported to exhibit higher slot fill,
reduced end turn length, improved thermal performance
and possibility to have robotic and highly automated manu-
facturing process.

Radial vs Axial Flux Machines

Permanent Magnet Silicon Copper Plate
Another emerging trend in permanent magnet motors is the
FIG 1(B). INTERIOR PERMANENT
design of axial flux machines (AxFM), which have high-pow-
FIG 1 (A). SURFACE PERMANENT
MAGNET MOTOR [REF. 1] MAGNET MOTOR [REF. 1] er density, high efficiency, compact and modular structure,

Mobility Engineering JUNE 2020 33

TECH
Trends
low weight and high fault tolerance characteristics that are of these materials and associated environmental impacts.
highly desirable for EVs. Typically, electric motors are de- Though Induction machines have been around for almost
signed and constructed in order to use the radial flux distri- 100 years, the increasing demands on high specific power
bution, where rotor and stator have a small radial air gap and power density requirements are eliminating induction
between them whereas the structure of axial flux motors machines as viable options for EV traction applications.
(AxFM) trades length for diameter which allows to take ad- Recently, two viable alternatives of machine topologies
vantage of torque production on multiple surfaces. Axial have emerged that eliminate magnets on the rotor com-
Flux Machines, with shorter current paths in the machine, posed of only thin steel laminations, viz., Synchronous
are versatile and the winding can be varied by geometric Reluctance (SynRM) machines and Switched Reluctance
arrangement according to the design specific diameter, Machine (SRM). The disadvantages with SRM range from
making it possible to considerably reduce the total volume significant noise and vibration issues and high torque ripple
occupied by the machine. The axial flux motors have specif- to significant complexity and costs in controls. While
ic positioning of their magnets in planes parallel to the coils, SynRMs have advantages such as robustness, high efficien-
which allows generating magnetic flux over a smaller rotary cy, low torque ripple and simplicity through low cost of con-
volume resulting in a decrease in the moment of inertia and trol, they also have major disadvantages such as limited
the overall mass of the rotor. Owing to large diameter and CPSR and lower power factor which impacts converter siz-
short length, axial flux motors, with power range of 100-260 ing and cost. With proper design, SynRM with no magnets
KW and specific power density of 5 KW/kg are well suited can be a very attractive low-cost machine from both motor
as in-wheel hub motors. and inverter perspective and can also overcome the above
disadvantages through significantly improved saliency ra-
tios. With continued research, SynRMs and SRMs can pro-
vide a path to obtain high performance traction machines
without rare earth content that will not only be cost effec-
tive but also environmentally friendly.
Rotor Stator

Shaft Armature
winding
FIG 4(A). SWITCHED FIG 4(B). SYNCHRONOUS
RELUCTANCE MOTOR [REF. 4] RELUCTANCE MOTOR [REF. 2]
FIG 3(A). RADIAL FLUX MACHINE FIG 3(B). AXIAL FLUX
[REF. 3] MACHINE [REF. 3] Integrated Motor and Inverter
IPM Machines with and without Rare Earth Magnets
Integration of Motor and Inverter and associated power
The ability of IPM machines to develop permanent magnet electronics (PE) is another emerging trend that will call for
torque and reluctance torque in 40-50% range and to innovative integration techniques as space requirements for
achieve a wide CPSR operation has dramatically increased vehicular comfort increase, forcing the design of more com-
their appeal for traction drive systems. Most of the IPM ma- pact PE devices. The integration of motor and PE devices
chines over the last decade have used rare-earth magnets into one enclosure (package) not only provides benefits of
because alloying rare earth materials such as Neodymium compactness and reduced size but also ease of installation,
(Nd) and Dysprosium (Dy) into iron creates magnets with reduced number of parts, shortened cable runs and busbars,
much greater magnetic strength than standard iron mag- all of which in turn translate into desirable technical benefits
nets. The magnets alone contribute approximately 20–30% including reduced electromagnetic interference, reduced
of the cost of the overall motor and over the last 15 years, voltage overshoots on motor drive terminal as well as sig-
the cost of Nd has increased by a factor of 20 (~$10/kg to nificant cost savings. A major advantage of integrated mo-
~$200/kg) while the cost of Dy increased by a factor of 40 tor and power electronics is that it can achieve 10–20% im-
(~$50/kg to ~$2000/kg). This created a need for IPM design provement of power density and 30–40% reduction in man-
without rare earth magnets. ufacturing and installation costs. However, a major problem
posed by the co-location of electric machine and power
The usage of magnets without rare earth materials not only electronics in the same package is the compounded thermal
leads to reduced overall motor cost but also reduced mining management issues of the system. Another issue is that,

34 JUNE 2020 Mobility Engineering

 TECH
Trends
though the motor is designed to be more tolerant to vibra- footprint and other factors. For example, compact front axle
tion and harshness the integrated power electronic boards vehicles would most likely opt for radial housing mount.
that experience the same vibration are fragile and less toler- Vehicles that feature two axle motors and rear motor con-
ant to vibration. These problems have been the subject of figurations have leaned toward the axial end plate mount in
research with the view to developing practical and innova- these vehicles, creating a longitudinal instead of vertical ar-
tive solutions that harness the advantages of integration rangement. In-wheel type integrated motor drives are most
while minimizing the problems of the system. likely to be configured as in Figure 5b or Figure 5d. In gen-
eral, it is expected that tighter and tighter integration will
be pursued due to the important advantages mentioned
previously. Tight integration will become even common as
drivetrains converge toward mass market skateboard plat-
forms.

Advanced Thermal Management Systems

For continued improvement in power density and specific

FIG 5(A). INTEGRATED MOTOR FIG 5(B). INTEGRATED power of vehicular traction drive systems, advanced thermal
INVERTER [REF. 5] MOTOR INVERTER [REF. 6] management systems are required (Ref [7]). Various cool-
Four major types of integration techniques comprising radi- ing technologies and computation methods have been de-
al and axial mounting approaches are available which pri- veloped for automotive traction motors including the natu-
marily involve mounting the power electronics on either the ral, forced air, forced liquid and phase change types. In a
motor housing as in Figure 6a and 6c or on the stator as in forced air-cooling system, a fan or a blower is employed to
Figure 6b and 6d. In Figure 6a, the power electronic inverter generate the continual passage of air through a motor or
is mounted on top of the housing of the motor while the over its exterior. The forced air-cooling system can be seg-
same component is mounted on the end shield of the motor regated into two different varieties depending on the enclo-
in Figure 6c. In Figure 6b, the power electronics is mounted sure of a motor: an enclosed fan cooled (EFC) motor and an
on the periphery of the motor stator, while it is mounted on open fan cooled (OFC) motor. A major challenge associated
the end of the stator in Figure 6d. Each of these mounting with fan cooling is the emission of acoustic noise, especially
variants have advantages and disadvantages. For example, at high speed fan operation. This forces the motor design
the more common approach shown in Figure 6a is simple to engineers to move towards more effective liquid cooling
implement but has limited capability of achieving high pow- systems, which are found to be suitable especially for
er density. In this design, the inverter package is placed on high-power electric motors, where the requisite outputs
the housing of the motor or in some variations of the same cannot be attained by EFC or OFC motors. Majority of trac-
concept, on the side of the housing. Furthermore, a shared tion motors use housing jacket cooling with water or oil in
or separate cooling system for the motor and drive can be addition to other forms of cooling. In this cooling system,
used. In some cases, the cooling system is separate, leading the forced liquid passes through the housing jacket, stator
to sub optimal utilization of system volume. The other de- channels and/or rotor channels of the motor. The most com-
signs where the power electronics is fitted to the stator pe- mon liquid coolant in thermal management of electric mo-
riphery yield a better integration but due to stator curva- tors is water due to its high relative heat capacity and less
ture, they do not easily lend a flat surface to mount elec- susceptibility to stains, corrosion, leakage and contamina-
tronics components. tion though liquid ethylene glycol and water (EGW) in
50:50 ratio and engine oil are also used in select applica-
tions (Ref. [7, 8]).

FIG 6. MOTOR & INVERTER INTEGRATION OPTIONS: A) RADIAL AIR COOLING OIL COOLING WATER COOLING REFRIGERANT
HOUSING MOUNT, B) RADIAL STATOR MOUNT, C) AXIAL ENDPLATE COOLING
MOUNT, AND D) AXIAL STATOR MOUNT [REF. 2]
The integration strategy and the level of integration will be FIG 7. MOTOR & INVERTER COOLING METHODS [REF. 8]
dependent on the configuration of the vehicle, including As machine power requirements and vehicle range continue
number of motors and axles. In general, vehicles with a to increase and as multiple applications of tight motor drive
front motor may be integrated differently than those with integration are introduced into the market, there is an in-
rear motor or both and even then, the arrangement of the creasing need for advanced cooling systems such as active
motor drive will depend on the size of the vehicle, battery cooling based on water glycol or oil or R134a refrigerant,

Mobility Engineering JUNE 2020 35

TECH
Trends
passive cooling, and integrated thermal management sys- [1] Reference: “IPM Motor Features” http://www.hamaco.jp/
tems. The advanced thermal management systems can si- english/motor_technology/index.html
multaneously provide the needed cooling of motor drive
components as well as other power train and vehicle com- [2] Reference: Emmanuel Agamloh, Annette von Jouanne,
ponents. Recent launches of popular Electric Vehicles indi- Aledandre Yokochi, “An Overview of Electric Machine Trends
cate different levels of integration and correspondingly dif- in Modern Electric Vehicles” Machines 2020, 8, 20;
ferent interconnections between components, thus needing doi:10.3390/machines8020020
different thermal management systems. While in one EV,
[3] Reference: Daan Moreels. “Axial Flux vs Radial Flux: 4
the cooling is interconnected between all drive train compo-
Reasons why Axial Flux Machines Have a High Power
nents and the battery, in another EV, tighter integration is
Density” http://www.magnox.com/magnax-blog/axial-flux-
observed in the second generation of the vehicle compared
vs-radial-flux-4-reasons-why-does-axial-flux-machines-de-
to the first – thus reconfirming the trend that most of the
liver-a-higher-power-density
future Electric Vehicles will follow a tighter integration with
a common thermal management system that interconnects [4] Reference: Christopher Ho Tin Lee, Matthew Angle,
all drivetrain components and the battery. James Kirtley, “Switched Reluctance Motor Drives for Hybrid
Electric Vehicles” Switched Reluctance Motor – Concept,
In conclusion, this article presented an overview of recent
Control, and Applications; doi:10.5772/intechopen.68911
trends in traction motors in Electric Vehicles with notable
shift towards high specific power density and high-power [5] Reference: Charles Morris. “Siemens saves weight and
density machines and the technological trends that are like- space with integrated motor and inverter” Newswire, The
ly to be pursued in near future. The major directions likely Tech. Oct 24, 2014, https://chargedevs.com/newswire/sie-
include the development of permanent magnet machines mens-saves-weight-and-space-with-integrated-motor-and-
with high specific power and high-power density, since ma- inverter/
jority of the traction motors are currently permanent mag-
net machines. This trend is expected to continue into future. [6] Reference: Dyllan Furness. “Dana launches new inte-
In particular, the development of permanent magnet ma- grated motor and inverter”, Newswire, The Tech. Apr 25,
chines developing increased amounts of reluctance torque 2019, https://chargedevs.com/newswire/dana-launch-
seems a natural area of activity. The multi-fold increase in es-new-integrated-motor-and-inverter/
cost of rare earth materials over the last 15 years is forcing
non-rare earth alternative traction machines to gain signifi- [7] Reference: Yaohui Gai, Mohammad Kimiabeigi, Yew
cant ground, which is likely to continue into future. For PM Chuan Chong, James D. Widmer, Xu Deng, Mircea Popescu,
machines without rare earth magnets, synchronous reluc- James Goss, Dave Staton, Andrew Steven, “Cooling of
tance and permanent magnet assisted reluctance machines Automotive Traction Motors: Schemes, Examples and
as well as switched reluctance machines have been favoured Computation Methods – A Review,” IEEE 0278-0046. doi
by many researchers. It is also becoming a trend to inte- 10.1109/TIE.2018.2835397, IEEE Transactions on Industrial
grate the machines and drives and the thermal manage- Electronics
ment system in one package, and to transition from Si- [8] Reference: Yaohui Gai, Mohammad Kimiabeigi, Yew
based to SiC-based devices, and these trends obviously will Chuan Chong, James D. Widmer, Xu Deng, Mircea Popescu,
impact the choices made in machine design. It is also ex- James Goss, Dave Staton, Andrew Steven, “Newly
pected that, as a future trend, most vehicles will follow a Developed Motor Cooling Method using Refrigerant” World
tighter integration to a common thermal management sys- Electric Vehicle Journal 2019, 10, 38; doi:10.3390/
tem that interconnects all drivetrain components and the wevj10020038
battery.

Dr. Arunkumar Sampath

Chief Engineer and Head
Innovation,
Global Technology Centre,
Mahindra Electric Mobility
Limited & MC Member and
Chairman, Branding &
Communications Board,
SAEINDIA

36 JUNE 2020 Mobility Engineering

 quantum
Computing
HOW QUANTUM COMPUTING IS SHAPING THE FUTURE
OF URBAN MOBILITY
Authors – Shankar Venugopal and Krishna Rao CG

Affiliation – Mahindra research Valley, Mahindra & Mahindra Ltd.

Abstract – How do we address the Urban Mobility Challenges of pollution, traffic congestions and vehicular accidents?
Sustainable Mobility solutions for the future are being built based on autonomous, connected, electric and shared vehicles.
When we shift to these new technologies, we need to solve complex problems that demand far more computing power and
faster processing. The limitations of classical computing have made us explore quantum computing for processing large
amount of data and at high speed. In this article, we describe What is Quantum Computing (QC), how is it different from
classical computing and how does it work. We illustrate the potential for application of QC using three Real World Case stud-
ies – (a) how does QC help in autonomous navigation (b) how does QC help in city traffic management and (c) how does QC
help in Demand Vs Supply management & surge pricing for ride hailing businesses. We illustrate how automotive OEMs are
collaborating with QC leaders and co-creating innovative mobility solutions for the future. Finally, we present a snapshot of
where QC is today - the key players and the maturity of the technology for adaptation by industry.
1.1 Urban Mobility Challenges ment with other vehicles and (d) shared vehicles that maxi-
mize the utilization of vehicles. The ability of the industry to
Automotive technology today is undergoing a paradigm provide these solutions at an affordable price is mainly due
shift in order to meet the rapidly changing demands of the to its successful adaptation of certain exponentially growing
industry, society and the statutory bodies. Some of the chal- technologies like cloud computing, Artificial Intelligence
lenges faced are the reduction of emissions (Particulate (AI), Machine Learning, Energy Storage, Autonomous
matter & NOx) from the tail pipe to meet stringent emission Vehicles, Robotics etc. The convergence of these exponen-
norms, management of dense traffic in cities and the avoid- tial technologies is expected to fundamentally change the
ance of vehicular collisions. This challenge has presented to urban mobility landscape.
automotive industry an opportunity to come up with inno-
vative solutions not seen in the previous generations of the These applications involve large amount of discrete data
automotive world. These solutions are provided with the from different sources that is optimized to provide different
objective to make mobility more affordable and sustainable mobility solutions. The vastness of the data and the high
to the public at large. speed with which the calculations need to be done (imagine
Figure 1 - Urban Mobility – Three Big Challenges a self-driving vehicle that receives data from all other vehi-
cles on the road and dynamically optimizes its speed and
route) demands very powerful computing technology. In
this article, we will be discussing about Quantum
Computing (QC) technology that has great potential for ap-
plication in the automotive domain.
Figure 2 - Sustainable Urban Mobility - Technology Convergence

AIR POLLUTION

ELECTRIC

ACCIDENTS TRAFFIC CONGESTION

1.2 Future of Mobility

AUTONOMOUS CONNECTED
The urban mobility solutions that we pursue today involve SHARED OWNERSHIP
(a) electric vehicles where there is shift from the conven- 2. Quantum Computing
tional internal engine powertrain to an electric powertrain
(b) autonomous vehicle where we introduce technologies to Quantum Computing (QC) is a powerful computing technol-
assist the driver and eventually move towards a self-driving ogy that relies on the laws of quantum mechanics to per-
vehicle (c) connected vehicles that coordinate their move- form complex calculations in a fundamentally different way

Mobility Engineering JUNE 2020 37

quantum
Computing
as compared to a classical computer. QC is useful in solving sired result or set of results happens through a phenomenon
problems that cannot be handled by a classical computer called quantum interference. By harnessing the concepts of
(due its limitations in its processing abilities and memory). quantum mechanics into the field of computation it is now
University of Florida and University of North Carolina devel- possible to solve complex industrial problems due to in-
op ANAKIN-ME (Accurate NeurAI network engINe for crease in processing speed of a quantum computer
Molecular Energies) or ANI (for short) to produce computa- Figure 3 – Classical Vs Quantum Computing
tionally fast quantum mechanical (QM) simulations with high
accuracy at a very low cost. ANI uses deep learning with
NVIDIA GPUs to create these QM simulations. In the case of
molecular modelling, QM simulations are shown to predict
molecular energy surfaces for molecules as accurate as
methods that are six orders of magnitude more computa-
tionally expensive.

According to Dr. Hartmut Neven, founder of the Quantum AI

Lab at Google, quantum computers are gaining computa- 3. How can the Automotive Industry leverage Quantum
tional power relative to classical computers at a “doubly ex- computing?
ponential” rate – hence QC is a technology that no mobility
engineer can afford to ignore. The objective of our paper is In order to understand how quantum computing will impact
to introduce QC in an interesting way to mobility engineers automotive industry let us look at the evolution of technolo-
by demonstrating how it can solve critical problems in urban gies in the automotive world. Table 1 illustrates the evolution
mobility space. of technology over three generations of vehicles:

2.1 Qubits versus Bits Table 1 - Evolution of technologies in a vehicle

The basic differentiating factor in a quantum computing sys- Parameters Generation 1 Generation 2 Generation 3
tem vis-à-vis a classical computing system is the way in in vehicle
which data is handled and processed and the hardware re- Ratio of 80 - 20 50 - 50 20 - 80
quirements. One of the basic differences between quantum Mechanical
and classical computing is the medium that each one of the to electrical
them makes use of, to process data and solve problems. and electron-
Classical computing processes data in the form of units ic parts
called “BITS”, each “BIT” representing the smallest unit of
Lines of code Little or no 50 million+ 100 million +
data. Quantum computing makes uses of “QUBITS” to store
computer
data. While a “BIT” in classical computing can store only one
codes
value that is 0 or 1, a qubit can store multiple (more than
one) values simultaneously. This ability of qubit to store Use of sen- Very Minimal Sensors are Omnipresent
more than value at the same time enhances the computation sors used in elec- sensors
power of a quantum computing system. tric, connect- across the
ed and au- entire range
tonomous of function-
0 1 01 10 10 01
vehicles – ality in auto-
BIT QUBIT but these mobile
vehicles form
FIG (1A) FIG (1B) a very small
The above table (Fig (1A) and Fig (1B)) shows the difference percentage
between the building blocks for classical and quantum com- of the popu-
puting. While a classical computer takes in one value (BIT) lation
at a time, the quantum computer processes more than one Driving Human Human AI makes
value (QUBIT) simultaneously, this is called as quantum su- Decisions makes deci- makes deci- decisions.
perposition. The ability to store more than one value trans- sions. sion and is
lates into quantum computer performing multiple calcula- assisted by
tions simultaneously, this greatly reduces the time taken for Machine
performing complex calculations. Intelligence.
From the above table it is observed that each qubit stores a From Table 1, we observe that vehicles have moved from
unique value or information, multiple qubits can be connect- standalone mechanical system, to a networked system that
ed or interrelated through a phenomenon called as quantum can take inputs from different sources, process these inputs
entanglement. The measurement of qubit towards the de- and arrive at a suitable decision that is beneficial not just to

38 JUNE 2020 Mobility Engineering

 quantum
Computing
the user of the vehicle but the public at large. Also, a user of B there would be various possible alternatives to reach point
vehicle and the vehicle itself has become a subject of inter- B. If we take the example of any application providing navi-
est to different stakeholders who have an interest directly gation or app-based guidance, such an application would
and/ or indirectly. For example, the law enforcing agencies receive multiple requests for reaching not only point B, but
would be interested in vehicle speed monitoring and viola- other destinations too. This would require the system to op-
tions committed by the user of the vehicle. An insurance timize every request before giving the best possible route to
company, through which the vehicle is insured, would be in- a destination. The frequency with which the optimization
terested in the violations and accidents or damages if any algorithms need to be performed increases exponentially
resulting from the violations and the like, in order to calcu- and it would not be possible for a classical computer to per-
late future premiums and arrive at insurance claims. The data form optimization of multiple algorithms simultaneously.
to be collected and analysed for a single vehicle itself is This is where a quantum computer can step in for perform-
quite large. If this is extrapolated for an entire fleet of vehicle ing processing on multiple algorithms simultaneously and
then there is an urgent requirement for having a robust com- help in better route planning for multiple users.
puting system that can handle humungous amount of data
and analyse the data within a short span of time to make 3.2 Autonomous Navigation
business-critical and life-critical decisions. Autonomous navigation enables a vehicle to plan the drive
From Table 1, it is also clear that this shift from a mechanical from an origin to a destination point by taking inputs from
system to an electronically controlled system would require different sources. Autonomous navigation is not just limited
decision making in the automotive system to be performed to vehicles on road but may also be applied to robots or trol-
with the help of a robust computation mechanism. The input lies in factories to pick and drop items from one location to
for decision making is data from different sources and in or- another. In the case of a car with autonomous navigation
der to arrive at a decision quickly in the shortest span of system, which is the topic of interest in this article, a se-
time, the requirement for data to be secure, free from exter- quence of steps needs to be carried out before arriving at an
nal influences, and the ability for this data to be communi- optimized navigation algorithm. Firstly, the navigation sys-
cated between different recipients is necessary. It is here tem needs to interact with the route navigation application
that QC technology has the potential to solve the next gen- to get to know the different options that the vehicle can take
eration automotive problems. We will illustrate the applica- to reach the destination. Secondly, the navigation algorithm
tion of QC in three real world urban mobility applications – also needs to gather real world data which may be subject
(a) managing dense traffic in a city (b) navigating autono- to changes in a dynamic environment. These data may in-
mous vehicles on city roads and (c) matching supply Vs de- clude obstacles along a route due to an infrastructure activi-
mand for shared mobility providers. ty, sudden surge in traffic on another route due to an event
taking place, etc. These activities are dynamic, and the navi-
3.1 Urban Traffic Management gation system needs to factor in these activities. By taking
into input activities in the real world as dynamic inputs, the
Cities across the world have plenty of problems on hand and autonomous navigation system calculates the time taken to
one of them is how to manage and regulate the burgeoning reach a destination through different sets of routes. These
traffic. However, the same could be solved by leveraging the complex navigation algorithms need to exchange volumi-
power of quantum computing. The inputs required for effec- nous amount of data for performing calculations related to
tively managing the traffic may come from different sources navigation, and a quantum computer would be suited due to
such as regulatory authorities, fleet management companies its capacity to take in multiple data values simultaneously.
and specific activities happening at a particular place. For
example, collecting the data on the arrival and departure of A use case of QC in autonomous navigation and traffic man-
flights at an airport or trains at a railway station would be agement was recently demonstrated by Volkswagen during
required in order to predict the traffic density at a given the WebSummit conference in Lisbon, Portugal. The public
point of time near an airport or railway station. Based on transport vehicles were powered with quantum computers
these inputs a quantum computing algorithm could be de- that would calculate fastest route from a source to a destina-
veloped to predict the volume of traffic flowing through dif- tion with the help of a Quantum routing algorithm devel-
ferent points. It is estimated that the volume of data that oped by Volkswagen. This algorithm estimates the probabili-
needs to be exchanged to arrive at accurate traffic density ty of reaching a destination by taking in variables for calcu-
calculations would be in giga bytes per hour for a single car lation along the traffic route and arrives at the fastest route.
and more for places like airport, railway station, offices, etc Since there is an exponential increase in the numbers of vari-
that exchange data. A quantum computing system that can ables, a classical computer would fall short in comparison to
process vast amount of data would be best suited for opti- the quantum computer. These solutions may be implement-
mizing traffic issues in cities and towns as the volume of ed with public transport organizations, fleet operators and
data that can be processed by a Quantum Computer is sig- the like. For these quantum algorithms to work efficiently it
nificantly higher when compared to a classical computer. would need a cross-functional team - Telecommunication
companies, Cloud infrastructure providers, Satellite compa-
The other important area in traffic management would be nies that provide positional information, to work in tandem
route planning. For a vehicle travelling from Point A to Point along with companies that bring QC expertise.

Mobility Engineering JUNE 2020 39

quantum
Computing
3.3 Matching Supply Vs Demand for Shared Mobility widespread the use of technologies that enable such a de-
Providers vice to operate at near absolute temperature should be eco-
nomically feasible and easily available. Scientists are also
Transportation today has evolved into a complex intercon- exploring other approaches to control and manipulate the
nected system in comparison to transportation needs few quantum state for computing, without the need for cryogen-
decades ago. With increase in mobile connectivity, the us- ic temperatures.
age of on-demand platforms for accessing a form of trans-
port is becoming popular. The users of these platforms tend The interface between a quantum computer and a classical
to request for vehicle from a starting point to the destination computer is one of the areas that needs further develop-
and depending upon the time of the day, the number of us- ment. Till the time quantum computer completely takes
ers requesting increases exponentially. For example, during over classical computer, there would always be a need for a
peak office hours the request from a residential locality to a quantum computer to interact and communicate with a clas-
tech-park (office location) would be more, during weekends sical computer. For example, data from quantum computer
the request to malls and entertainment centres would be on may need to be transmitted to a classical computer for fur-
the rise. Predicting the supply and demand for a destination ther analysis.
would involve processing real time data across different
routes and destination and matching the demand. The field of quantum computing is a diverse technology area
requiring expertise across many domains like Advanced
It is seen that while the number of users accessing the Physics, Solid State Devices and Nanoelectronics, Quantum
on-demand service tends to increase suddenly, the availabili- Programming etc . Hence, a quantum computing profession-
ty of vehicles to meet the demand cannot increase equally al would need to work in a cross-functional team along with
fast. It is here that the algorithms running on a quantum experts from many other domains.
computer would be able to process the dynamic inputs re-
ceived from the supply and demand side and allocate the Some of the major players who have invested in the field of
vehicles efficiently and quickly. A classical computer with its Quantum computing are IBM, Google, Intel, Microsoft,
limitation of processing speed and memory would not be D-wave systems, Honeywell etc. These companies can bene-
able to handle the requests that generate from both supply fit from the first wave of quantum computing due to their
side and demand side and process the same. A quantum extensive capital investments for research & developments.
computer on the other hand is well suited to handle the mul- However, it would be difficult for small & medium enterprises
tiple requests that are generated and perform computation to tap into quantum computing due to constraints in terms
based on these requests in order to match the supply and of capital, manpower and physical infrastructure needed to
demand. implement a quantum computing system. There are a good
number of technology start-ups exploring QC technology.
Ineffective management of demand vs supply can lead to Figure 4 - Quantum Computers are already here !
fragmentation of the shared mobility market. In recent time,
in Indian metro cities, the unavailability of cabs and autos
during peak hours, lower estimated time of arrival in heavy
traffic conditions for bikes and being more affordable has
worked in favour of bike taxis. The proliferation of multiple
models in the mobility space such as bike taxis, autos, car or
bike rentals, carpooling, last-mile mobility etc. seems to be
eating into the share of a single user or sharing services of
players such as Ola and Uber. Ola and Uber themselves have
been quite active in autos, bike taxis, carpooling and rental
markets along with players such as Jugnoo, Rapido, Quick IBM HONEYWELL
Ride, Zoomcar and Drivezy in the respective markets while
Vogo, Bounce, Yulu, etc. have occupied the bike rentals and
micro-mobility sub-segments in the overall market.

4. Is Quantum Computing technology ready for Industrial

Applications?

Acceptance of any new technology depends on its accessi-

bility and affordability. QC technology is currently at a na-
scent stage, there is a need for further technology develop-
ment and investments to fuel the development. The hard-
ware necessary for a typical quantum computer needs to
operate at extremely low temperatures, sometimes close to
absolute zero. Hence for quantum computing to become GOOGLE D-WAVE

40 JUNE 2020 Mobility Engineering

 quantum
Computing
Collaboration of Automotive-OEMs with QC Companies

• https://www.futurebridge.com/industry/perspectives-mo
bility/quantum-computing-a-key-to-autonomous-vehi
cle-industry-success/

• https://www.volkswagenag.com/en/news/2017/11/quan
tum-computing.html
MICROSOFT INTEL
• https://www.futurecar.com/2713/Ford-NASA-Partnership-
Hence, for the deployment of QC facilities on a large scale in
Applies-Quantum-Computing-to-Autonomous-Vehicle-
industries & enterprises, Quantum computing as a service
Research
(QAAS) would be beneficial from the point of view of cost
and scalability. QAAS would increase the reach of quantum • https://europe.autonews.com/automakers/how-vw-
computing as the first wave of companies in the field of bosch-ford-daimler-aim-gain-quantum-computing
quantum computing would be able to leverage the know-
how, competency and the physical infrastructure to meet the • https://www.automotivetestingtechnologyinternational.
demand and supply gap that may arise once quantum com- com/news/rd/volkswagen-demonstrates-quantum-com
puting becomes widely accepted. Partnerships and co-cre- puting-in-traffic-routing.html
ation could be explored to leverage the benefits of Quantum
computing. • http://newsroom.vw.com/company/science-fiction-be
comes-real-as-volkswagen-puts-quantum-computing-to-
5. Path Forward work/

The future of urban mobility is being shaped by exponential- • https://www.forbes.com/sites/lanceeliot/2019/11/14/her

ly growing technologies like electric, autonomous, connect- es-how-quantum-supremacy-will-impact-self-driving-
ed and shared vehicle technologies. With the convergence of cars/#6c9a59ad72f3
these four technologies, the amount of data and the speed
of data processing is expected to grow exponentially. The • https://www.financialexpress.com/industry/sme/ola-uber-
emergence of Quantum Computing (QC) technology ad- market-share-drops-amid-competition-from-rapido-
dresses the demand for fast processing of large data. Several zoomcar-drivezy-quick-ride/1895891/
big companies have invested in QC technology and there is
• https://www.nvidia.com/en-in/high-performance-comput
an active race for Quantum Supremacy among the key play-
ing/
ers. QC’s potential for a double exponential growth makes it
a much sought after for high-speed computing. We see ac- QC Companies and Start-ups
tive collaborations emerging between automotive OEMs and
QC leaders - Volkswagen, Google and D-Wave, Daimler and • https://www.cbinsights.com/research/quantum-comput
Google, Ford and NASA, Denso and D-Wave are good exam- ing-corporations-list/
ples. Hence it is important for all automotive OEMs to start
exploring QC by forging partnerships with the lead QC play- • https://quantumcomputingreport.com/players/private
ers. If data is the new oil, then we need QC to build the refin- startup/
eries that will create value out of the crude oil. What to expect Next?
6. References for further reading • https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/observations/are-
Introduction to Quantum Computing we-ready-for-quantum-computers/

• http://innovationflow.blogspot.com/2019/10/quantum-
computing-nevens-law-of-double.html

• https://www.ibm.com/quantum-computing/learn/
what-is-quantum-computing/ Dr. Shankar Venugopal
Vice President,
• https://www.wired.co.uk/article/quantum-computing-ex-
plained Mahindra & Mahindra,
Automotive and Farm
• https://uwaterloo.ca/institute-for-quantum-computing/ Business &
quantum-computing-101
Dean,
• https://www.technologyreview.com/2019/01/29/66141/ Mahindra Technical Academy
what-is-quantum-computing/

Mobility Engineering JUNE 2020 41

euro 7

FUTURE EMISSIONS - CHALLENGES AND SOLUTIONS

The world is just experiencing Euro 6 norms and in India, we pole-vaulted over BS
5 to plunge into BS 6 specifications for the automotive sector. Unfortunately, the
COVID-19 pandemic has come in the way and all progress, both in the fossil fuel
and EV sectors have had to hit the pause button. Meanwhile, internationally, the
auto industry is already gearing up with Euro 7.

With calls for implementation of Euro 7 as early as 2025, Long-term monitoring of on-road emissions and real-world
OEMs need to start preparing. However, as they begin prod- emissions control is currently inadequate, so measures to
uct planning, advanced R&D including technology screening, extend useful life and prohibit tampering with vehicles (for
test and measurement readiness, and development of new DPF removal) are required. Mobility technologies need to be
processes, tools and techniques, they have limited visibility regulated equitably: well to wheels, cycle analysis and inclu-
of exactly what they are preparing for. sion of all energy vectors needs to be considered.

Ricardo’s Phil Hopwood, Head of Engines and Emissions The impact of intelligent transport systems and automation
Control, and Ben Shalders, Chief Engineer, Engines and must be understood and exploited. Euro 7 is desirably the
Emissions Control share their experience of actively shaping final implementation of regulated emissions, to be intro-
the development of Euro 7 legislation via the delivery of a duced post-Euro 6d, with a number of aspects. Within the
range of collaborative R&D projects and Ricardo’s own tar- Euro 7 legislation, On-Board Monitoring (OBM) emission re-
geted research. quirements will be introduced in conjunction with extended
OBD.
They also provide practical guidance on how to increase
readiness for Euro 7 through advanced engineering studies Through both internal research and customer projects,
on focused topics such as sensitivity studies for controlling Ricardo has significant knowledge of the application of
new pollutants to early activities within model year applica- Electrically Heated Catalysts (EHC) to an exhaust system.
tion projects like independent hardware selection testing. Ricardo has demonstrated a 90% NOx reduction by applica-
tion of an EHC to an MHEV Diesel, meeting expected Euro 7
Particulate Matter (PM10) and Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx) ex- targets at 8 km of an RDE urban cycle.
ceedings are still seen in several cities and measures to re-
duce these are required. Real Driving Emissions (RDE) legis- Euro 7 is intended as the final emissions legislation and has
lation has led to the development of vehicles with robust wide ranging scope aimed at improving air quality especially
calibrations and emissions to very low levels, but emissions for urban areas.
may still be unacceptably high outside the RDE area and
many critical air quality and global warming species are cur- Nikhil Raghavan
rently not controlled at all.

42 JUNE 2020 Mobility Engineering

 EV
News
FAST, RIGHT, COMPETITIVE: HOW TO ACHIEVE SUCCESS
IN VEHICLE ELECTRIFICATION
2020 is the first year in which automakers need to meet fleetwide CO2 targets.
These can only be met with a balanced vehicle portfolio containing partly and
fully electrified powertrains.
Most automakers have brought their first electric vehicles characteristics, and
(EVs) or hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) to the market. Now this will influence the
the offering has to be further developed to become more performance of the
sustainable by a convincing consumer experience, reduced e-motor and the in-
total cost of ownership and high level of reliability. These verter, and also your
goals can only be achieved using an integrated simulation overall thermal man-
approach. agement strategy.
These interactions
With its eSUITE, AVL offers tailored simulation solutions to become very com-
support engineering tasks that engineers face during the plex, hence we have
electrification process. These range from concept, layout implemented work-
analysis, optimization and integration tasks at a system level, flows in eSUITE to guide the user through the different de-
to detailed 3D component analysis. velopment phases.”
Oliver Knaus, Team Leader at AVL Advanced Simulation This guiding philosophy, based around a user-centric ap-
Technologies, shows a variety of individual simulation use proach of usability and ease-of-use, supports the user at ev-
cases from across the EV/HEV development process. ery step. It has been designed this way to help engineers
Focusing on electrical, mechanical, thermal and acoustic as- from established OEMs, automotive start-ups and tier 1s find
pects, AVL eSUITE helps to answer key questions in the de- their way in this exciting period of industry transformation.
velopment of the e-motor, battery, fuel cell and power elec-
tronics. Oliver will demonstrate how AVL, with its decades of Designed with the User in Mind
experience in powertrain development, helps meet targets
for a cleaner, sustainable future. “At AVL, as an engineering company, we have a certain DNA
inside us, and it is also inside our products,” says Knaus.
This is the thinking behind the new AVL eSUITE package of “This means that we’re not just focused on our tools, but
simulation solutions. Drawing on seven decades of conven- also how they’re used. We look at our different customers to
tional powertrain development know-how, it is aimed at cus- see how we can best serve them, what it is that they want to
tomers moving into the electrification space. But it’s not just achieve, and how can we support that.”
a set of products. It’s a ready-to-go toolkit of solutions de-
signed to support engineers at every stage of development. By sharing our customers goals as if they were our own, we
position our solutions in the way that best suits their needs.
“We have structured eSUITE to consider the different phases eSUITE can, for example, be applied to help engineers in the
of development, such as the concept phase, layout, compo- transition from conventional powertrain development to
nent design, verification and integration,” says Oliver Knaus, electrified powertrain development.
Team Leader for Solution Management at AVL. “And we also
looked at the people involved in these phases – who are Driving Market Acceptance
they, what are they doing, where are they struggling in the
With simulation solutions for the entire powertrain concept,
process. With this knowledge in mind we created the eS-
the e-motor, e-axle, power electronics, fuel cell, battery and
UITE, to support them in reaching their goals.”
control functions layout and integration, it is a highly com-
A Holistic Approach to System Development prehensive solution that covers all aspects of powertrain de-
velopment. It can also be used with other AVL products,
The real benefits of eSUITE are not simply the innovative such as VSM and AVL-DRIVE to support attribute engineer-
features of each software tool, but the engineering-en- ing and driveability analysis, simply and cost effectively.
hanced workflow and the way the tools interface with each
other and work together from model setup until result as- “We are supporting our customers, to make their products
sessment. better,” says Knaus. “And this, in turn, will accelerate and op-
timize the development of the electrified powertrain, fulfill-
“If you change one component it will affect other systems ing customer and market demands, and driving cost minimi-
and influence the way they all work with each other,” ex- zation.”
plains Knaus. “If you have a HVAC concept, for example, that
will influence battery temperature and with it the battery Nikhil Raghavan

Mobility Engineering JUNE 2020 43

GUEST
Column
NEXT GENERATION RADIO AND AUDIO STREAMING
The car radio is still the most widely appreciated form of in-vehicle
entertainment. First installed in 1924 by Kelly’s Motors in New South Wales,
Australia, the earliest branded car radio was marketed by Motorola (a
combination of “Motorised” and “Victrola”, a leading brand of phonograph) in
1930, for the equivalent of $1,500 in modern terms. The popularity of the car
radio continues to endure.
Today the in-car AM/ Radio continues to dom-
FM/DAB/satellite radio inate
and CD-player is still
loved by drivers who, According to research
by law, must not be from Rajar in the UK that
visually distracted split out in-car listening:
while on the road.
Live radio took 83.9% of
However, it’s now pos-
all in-car listening
sible for new tech-
niques to enhance the • CDs trailed far
in-car audio experi- behind on 7.6%
ence with customisa-
tion and loca- • Digital tracks (downloaded MP3s) were on just 5.3%
tion-based services,
ensuring that in-car The pattern is similar in the USA, according to 2017 Edison
video won’t complete- Research:
ly kill the radio star for
• AM, FM and satellite radio accounts for 71%
many years to come.
• CDs and digital music collections are on 15%

• Online radio is at 9%
Bring your own audio
We believe car drivers are choosing linear radio over MP3s,
At present, consumers can access most of these new capa-
CDs or streaming services because of convenience, along
bilities via bring-your-own-device (BYOD) options such as
with the fact that radio offers variety and spontaneity in its
smartphones and tablets. However, as drivers will attest,
curated mix of music and information (such as news, traffic
integration between these devices and the capabilities
updates and weather). Even more importantly, the radio still
within the car are limited at best. In most cases, users will
provides an unrivalled user experience – you just press a
link via Bluetooth to interface a smartphone audio input
button and it plays.
and output to the car. In this scenario, audio functions such
as radio, streamed music, telephone call handling, turn-by- Streaming future
turn driver navigation, and traffic warnings are managed in
a sometimes difficult to use ad-hoc manner. The importance of digital
audio playback and
However, as more rear seat passengers begin to access Internet streaming should
their own audio and video services via built-in screens, the not be underestimated.
current BYOD position is much less desirable. This ad-hoc According to the 2016
solution makes it very difficult to guarantee reliable opera- IHS Auto Tech Consumer
tion due to the differences between devices and operating Survey, over half of mil-
systems within a growing diversity of services. lennial drivers (58%) lis-
ten to music from a
With the rise of the connected car including built-in 4G/5G
BYOD device and are also
connectivity, OEMs are moving towards an integrated IVI
twice as likely (44%) to
solution that offers the ability to blend their own services
listen to streamed audio services than the average. However,
alongside audio offerings from the likes of Amazon and
with over a dozen major streaming radio and audio service
Apple within a seamless experience.

44 JUNE 2020 Mobility Engineering

 GUEST
Column
providers including Audible, Kindle, Pandora and Spotify, change their minds. In a future in which cars have a sub-
plus regional specialists, OEMs need to ensure that consum- scription package for cellular connectivity and content, the
ers can integrate their chosen service into the in-vehicle ex- ability to pick from a collection of audio, video and infotain-
perience. ment services seems like the best option to meet the needs
and budgets of the widest range of consumers. This will rep-
To meet this requirement, the IVI acts as a service abstrac- licate the way the Pay-TV industry has evolved its different
tion layer to manage secure access to audio services as well bundles.
as an in-car distribution platform for main speakers and
headphones/screens for rear seat passengers. Through an Audio becomes video
open API, the IVI can manage either direct connection to
cloud-based interfaces or as a host for downloadable apps. With the emergence of autonomous vehicles on the near
These services utilise the current 4G, and future 5G connec- horizon, the infrastructure and systems put in place for audio
tivity within each vehicle and overcome the traditional chal- offers a natural bridge for a future move towards video. The
lenges of regional radio reception by providing services process steps of validating users, streaming digital data and
wherever there is a cellular network. playing back onto a device are similar for both types of me-
dia. In many cases, the changes required are simply interface
The IVI is a natural layer for the delivery of value-added fea- updates that are maintained within a cloud portal. This ap-
tures such as audio caching, so that as vehicles move proach makes it easier for OEMs to update entire brands and
through connectivity black-spots, audio streaming remains models of vehicles across every country, without having to
uninterrupted. The IVI is also increasingly used as the control apply any physical updates to the vehicle that could require
plane for managing audio including dynamic search and a visit to a dealer.
control through practical methods such as voice recognition,
using cloud-based technologies such as Amazon’s Alexa and The ability to remotely enable video, integrate services and
Apple’s Siri. charge a monthly subscription fee that includes cellular data
plans offers OEMs and dealers an upsell potential for not just
Audio content search is primary buyers but across the entire lifecycle of the vehicle.
likely to be a killer app
for many drivers. The ACCESS Insight
ability to request an art-
ACCESS Twine for Car (Twine4Car) offers a platform to aug-
ist, album or song and
ment traditional radio services with streaming audio and
have it played instantly
video that goes beyond technology. ACCESS can help auto-
from a subscribed service
motive OEMs build business relationships and create profit-
is commonplace for
able and successful multi-device systems and media ser-
home users. This is in-
vices. ACCESS has already established - and is extending -
creasingly being built-in
multi-broadcaster content agreements that allows OEMs to
to the connected car as
offer a baseline in-vehicle content subscription that can be
standard.
upgraded and regionalised as required.
Flexibility and choice
Twine4Car enables OEMs to index audio and video content
This voice control integration is crucial; it provides the driver from multiple sources and content partners. The result is an
with the freedom to access not just content but also control embedded content service through one aggregation source
over dynamic services such as traffic updates, rerouting nav- but controlled and managed by OEMs – enabling them to
igation services and other common tasks. As there is no sin- provide the entertainment services their customers are ask-
gle standard for all these options, the IVI needs the flexibility ing for and maintain brand engagement through a truly
to allow the car owner to mix and match apps and services multi-device experience.
– and to adapt to emerging technologies.
It is important to recognise that Twine4Car is service, device
To put this into context, Amazon Alexa has sold over 100 and brand agnostic. This is a vital element in helping OEMs
million devices in just four years and by 2020, experts pre- to deliver the most flexibility to their consumers and hedge
dict its voice recognition technology may be used in half a against the issues that can arise as content providers and
billion homes. Consumers expect that a modern car will be communication carriers vie for dominance in the future. As a
able to integrate with emerging platforms like Alexa, which pure platform operator with no advertising or data moneti-
requires an IVI solution designed with flexibility in mind. sation business model, ACCESS is ideally suited to helping
OEMs solve the service delivery challenge while working
At present, the larger content gatekeepers such as Amazon, within the broadest ecosystem of partners.
Apple and Google are vying for control of media distribution
to the car. However, it could be argued that car manufactur- Dr Neale Foster
ers and consumers want both choice and the ability to CEO, ACCESS Europe

Mobility Engineering JUNE 2020 45

FEATURE
BUSWORLD TURKEY 2020

The eighth edition of Busworld Turkey (2020) highlighted rising bus and coach
electrification. Opening its doors to the public on March 05, 2020, the Busworld
Turkey (2020) attracted 7935 visitors from various parts of the globe. The
turnout in this edition as compared to the 2018 edition, which was held at Izmir,
was roughly 30 per cent more.

46 JUNE 2020 Mobility Engineering

 FEATURE
Germany, Italy, Portugal, Spain,
Sweden and Taiwan.

While the key global aggregate sup-

pliers that participated were
Cummins, Allison Transmission and
Voith, the long list of homegrown
suppliers included companies like
Makro Tekstil, GRL A.S., Inova
Otomotiv, Dora Otomotive, Global
Gas Springs, Hafex Aerosol Systems,
Pinel Otomotiv, Mutlu Aku, Agyersan,
General Teknik, MRC Otomotiv, Oto
Numune, and Engin Oto. Highlighting
Turkey’s status as the leading bus
industry destination in Europe, these
suppliers also put the spotlight on
Turkey’s culture of modern manufac-
ture and innovation that is growing in
the country. If the larger turnout of
electronic components suppliers
hinted at the change, the nature of
the buses and coaches displayed at
the fair pointed at a rising shift to-
wards electrification.

With zero emissions on the agenda,

Busworld Turkey 2020, highlighted a
significant shift at the supplier as
well as at the bus and coach manu-
facturing level. Over 35 vehicles were
displayed. These came in various
types and guises; in various forms to
support a sustainable and efficient
transportation ecosystem. Stressing
on how advanced the Turkish bus
and coach industry is, and how it is
transforming, the fair, expressed
Vincent Dewaele, CEO, Busworld
International, was worthy of being
described as the second biggest ex-
hibition in their portfolio. Busworld
International’s first exhibition in the
current calendar year, Busworld
Successful in highlighting its interna- Anadolu Isuzu, Karsan and Otokar. If Turkey (2020) occupied a space of
tional flair against a backdrop of the absence of key players like Temsa 6868 sq. m.
Novel Coronavirus, the biennial fair, and BMC was felt, a large contingent
held at the Istanbul Expo Center, of bus components suppliers found Spread across two of the 11 exhibition
drew 128 exhibitors. Of these were their way to the show as well. They halls the Istanbul Expo Center has to
leading bus and coach builders like came from various places like China, offer, the expo turned out to be quite

Mobility Engineering JUNE 2020 47

FEATURE

effective. Providing a platform to the stakeholders of the shift taking place at various levels. Said Mustafa Yıldırım,
international bus and coach industry to conduct business, Chairman of the Turkish Road Transport Sector Council, in
the fair highlighted a distinct shift taking place in the his speech at one of the conferences, that there was a
Turkish market as well as the European and Asian mar- need to innovate; to deploy innovative technologies for
kets surrounding it. Mentioned Fatih Tamay, Head, zero-emission bus services in cities as an effort to im-
International Passenger Transport Union (IPRU), in his in- prove quality of life. Of much interest turned out to be
augural speech, “Smart mobility, electric vehicles, autono- the conference on the bus and coach market in Turkey
mous vehicles, artificial intelligence, carbon footprint, with Debashish Bhattacharjee, Human Settlements Officer
smart navigations system, smart payments systems, ac- (water and sanitation), UN-HABITAT, Choudhury Rudra
cessibility, safety, smart lighting, smart air-conditioning Charan Mohanty, Environment Programme Coordinator,
and information sharing will form an important part of UNCRD, and Mohamed Saadieh, President, UCLG-MEWA,
sustainable people mobility in the future.” He stressed on as the participants.
smart cities deploying electric buses for public transport.
If the conference on the bus and coach market in Turkey
Announcing that his association is taking steps to usher drew a comparison with East European and West Asian
new buses in a bid to improve people’s mobility in Turkey, markets in terms of the implementation of future-orient-
Ercan Soydaş, Chairman, TOHOB, averred that his country ed bus systems, the conference organised by UCLG-
is a major exporter of buses and coaches. It is supported MEWA stressed on urban mobility and how it could be of
by a strong manufacturing base, he added. The strength advantage to the local governments. Sergio Avelleda,
of Turkey’s manufacturing industry was aptly highlighted Director, World Resource Institute, a global research or-
through the conferences the Busworld Academy conduct- ganisation working on six critical goals that the world
ed simultaneously. While the rides arranged by Karsan in must achieve in this decade to secure a sustainable fu-
its Jest 100 per cent electric bus added to the premise, ture, spoke about the barriers that are making it challeng-
the views and information exchanged by industry stake- ing to adopt e-buses. He spoke about a strategy to deal
holders at the conferences highlighted the significant with the challenges as well.

48 JUNE 2020 Mobility Engineering

 FEATURE
ANADOLO ISUZU
Presenting a slew of eco-friendly
buses in the form of the Citiport 12
CNG, Novociti Life, Novociti Volt
(Electric), and Novo Lux, Anadolu
Isuzu highlighted a shift towards
electrification and alternate fuels.
Pointing at the bus and coach build-
er’s presence in respective bus seg-
ments in Turkey with EuroVI Phase D
in force, the buses underlined the
company’s position as a leading ex-
porter of midi-buses for the last 15
years as well.

Claimed to develop vehicles for

European municipalities with a local
content of 70 per cent, Anadolu
Isuzu displayed the NovoCiti Life,
which is said to be the most sought
after diesel bus in Europe. It mea-
sures eight-metres and is the winner
of three awards in Turkey, Poland and
Italy each, according to Anadolu 12 M LONG CNG-POWERED CITIPORT 12 IS POWERED BY 300 HP CUMMINS ENGINE

Isuzu sources. A low-floor design, the

bus is positioned such that it falls be-
tween the 9.5 m Citibus and the 7.5
m Novociti. It is targeted at cities
with narrow streets and is designed
to support the integration of people
with disabilities and the elderly.
Creating a new segment thus, with a
smaller dimension to boast of, the
bus is powered by a 186 hp FPT
4.5-litre NEF4 engine. Using non-
EGR technology that enables it to be
highly efficient and consume less
fuel. Equipped with the pneumatic
suspension at the front and rear, it
can accommodate up to 60 commut-
ers (21 seated and 39 standing).

As an electric version of NovoCiti

Life, the NovoCiti Volt (shown last
year at Busworld Europa) is electric
in nature. It is equipped with a 240
kW electric motor situated at the NOVOCITI LIFE IS A LOW-FLOOR DESIGN DIESEL BUS.
rear and supports the near-si lent

Mobility Engineering JUNE 2020 49

FEATURE
operation. Available with two differ-
ent battery packs (the 140 kWh ver-
sion delivers a range of up to 210 km
and the 268 kWh version offers a
range of upto 400 km) that are
placed on the roof, the bus is fitted
with an AVAS (Acoustic Vehicle
Alerting System). AVAS generates an
artificial engine sound for pedestrian
safety. Charged from a single
charging socket (AC at 22 kW or DC
at 140 kW), the battery life of the
bus is guaranteed to not decrease
below 70 per cent for five years or
250,000 km. Capable of quick
charging in two hours with 600-Volt
operating voltage, the batteries
could be charged via a home charge
(AC in eight hours) either.

With a focus on curbing emissions,

the CNG-powered Citiport 12 is pow-
ered by a 300 hp Cummins engine
NOVOCITI VOLT IS ELECTRIC VERSION OF NOVOCITI LIFE. mated to a ZF Ecolife auto transmis-
sion. Measuring 12 m in length, the
low-floor bus offers a smooth driving
experience. The interior layout is spa-
cious, and the vehicle comes with a
kneeling system for disabled-friendly
operation. Offering a barrier-free
journey for all passengers, the bus is
equipped with EBS, ABS, ASR, inte-
grated retarder, hill holder, indepen-
dent air suspension and an integrat-
ed CCTV system. The dashboard is
ergonomically designed, and the
driver seat is heated. There’s a digital
air-con as well as a passenger count-
ing system. Delivering a comfortable
ride, the 7.3 m long Novo Lux is a
mid-size coach for an application like
a personnel shuttle or as a bus that
ferries tourists. Could be had with a
2x1 seating layout, it is powered by a
190 hp 5.1-litre diesel engine mated
to a six-speed gearbox. The suspen-
sion is made up of parabolic leaf
THE 7.3 M LONG NOVO LUX IS A MID-SIZE COACH USED AS A PERSONNEL SHUTTLE OR AS A springs at the front and rear. There is
BUS THAT FERRIES TOURISTS.
a choice of pneumatic suspension at
the rear.

50 JUNE 2020 Mobility Engineering

 FEATURE
OTOKAR
Of the five buses that Otokar dis-
played, it was the Kent Electra that
drew the most attention. Leveraging
Otokar’s experience in building some
of the best and most regarded buses,
the Kent Electra measures 12 m in
length. A flagship offering of the
company, it is backed by its manu-
facturer’s ambition to become a
global brand. Capable of carrying up
to 95 passengers (29 seated and 65
standing), the bus is fitted with a ZF
AVE 130 electric portal axle. It pro-
duces a maximum power of 250 kW
and contains four packs of seven
Lithium-Ion batteries amounting to
350 kWh capacity. Available with two
or three doors as per the application,
the bus features independent front
wheel suspension and active safety
technologies like ABS, EBS and ASR.
Fully charged in four hours through
SULTAN COMFORT IS 7.2 M LONG BUS POWERED BY EUROVI DIESEL ENGINE.
depot charging, the bus, without the
need of any infrastructure along the
route, can run for up to 300 km.

Reflecting Otokar’s innovative design

philosophy, the Sultan LF is a low-
floor design bus measuring 8.3 m in
length. It has a passenger capacity of
up to 63 people (21 seating and 42
standing). Powered by a 143 hp die-
sel engine mounted at the front such
that it is offset to the near side, al-
lowing for a totally flat floor in the
passenger saloon, the bus is a light-
weight design. It has a wide front
and rear doors. Quite modern and a
bit unusual in its appearance as well,
the Sultan LF is built with narrow
streets in mind. It is aimed at shuttle
operators. Worthy of mention is the
separate driver’s area.

Popular in the Turkish tourist bus

market, the Sultan Mega measures
10 M IN LENGTH, THE DORUK T CAN ACCOMMODATE UP TO 45 PEOPLE AND IS POWERED BY A
8.5 m in length. It has a total capaci- 253 HP DIESEL ENGINE.

Mobility Engineering JUNE 2020 51

FEATURE
ty of up to 37 people and is powered
by the 173 hp Cummins ISB 4.5
EuroVI diesel engine coupled with an
Allison six-speed auto or an Eaton
six-speed manual transmission. With
ergonomic and functional driver’s
area, the bus features the latest se-
curity system. It also features LDWS
(Lane Breach Warning System),
AEBS (Advanced Emergency Braking
System), heated horn mirrors, air rear
suspension, ABS and ESC braking
system.

Capable of accommodating up to 30
people, the Sultan Comfort is 7.2 m
long. It is powered by a 143 hp
EuroVI diesel engine mated to an
Allison T 2100 xFE auto transmission.
Aimed at tourism, school and per-
sonnel shuttle operations, the bus
features Emergency Braking System
KENT ELECTRA IS OTOKAR’S FLAGSHIP PRODUCT WHICH DREW MOST ATTENTION AT (AEBS) and front and rear disc
BUSWORLD TURKEY 2020.
brakes. Luxurious in its build, the bus
is had with armchairs, armpit refrig-
erator, announcement system, LCD
screen, DVD and a strong air condi-
tioner. About comfort and a silent
ride, the Sultan Comfort makes an
interesting bus indeed.

Measuring 10 m in length, the Doruk

T can accommodate up to 45 people.
It is powered by a 253 hp diesel en-
gine mated to a six-speed Eaton
manual transmission. Featuring disc
brakes, ABS, EBS and driver-assist
technologies, the bus offers high lug-
gage capacity and a spacious interi-
or. With stress on comfort, the Doruk
T also features a lane departure
warning system (LDWS), advanced
AEBS braking system, ASR, and ESP.

SULTAN LF IS A LOW-FLOOR DESIGN BUS MEASURING 8.3 M IN LENGTH.

52 JUNE 2020 Mobility Engineering

 FEATURE
KARSAN
Showcasing its 100 per cent electric
public transport vehicles, Jest
Electric and AtakElectric, Karsan pro-
vided the visitors with an opportuni-
ty to experience rising electrification
in the Turkish market first hand.
Deploying Jest electric buses outside
the fair venue for visitors to take a
ride, the company highlighted its po-
sition as innovative. Measuring
six-meter in length, the Jest Electric
is a low-floor bus. It is equipped with
a BMW electric motor that generates
167 hp of power. Having 44 or 88
kWh batteries, the vehicle is capable
of an operating range of 210 km.
Featuring regenerative braking at a
rate of 25 per cent, the bus could be
charged in an hour with fast charging
units. It could be charged in eight
hours with a 7.4 kW charging option, JEST ELECTRIC IS A LOW-FLOOR BUS WITH AN OPERATING RANGE OF 210KM.
and with AC charging units.
Attractive in appearance, the Jest
Electric is highly manoeuvrable and
offers a large interior space. Boasting
of dynamic design, and unparalleled
climbing performance, the bus, capa-
ble of operating through narrow city
streets, is fitted with 10.1-inch multi-
media touchscreen, fully digital dash-
board, keyless go, and USB ports as
well as an optional WiFi compatible
infrastructure. It is equipped with a
four-wheel independent suspension
system. Capable of accommodating
up to 22 commuters (9 seated and 13
standing), the e-bus is already in use
in France, Germany and Greece. ATAK ELECTRIC MIDIBUS HAS AN OPERATING RANGE OF 300 KM.

Measuring eight-metre in length, the ed by five BMW developed 44-kWh batteries also profit from the regen-
ATAK Electric midi-bus looks appeal- batteries. Having an operating range erative braking system, which recy-
ing with its LED daytime running of 300 km, The ATAK Electric could cles power by up to 25 per cent.
lamps. It features a brand-new and be charged in five hours with AC Capable of accommodating up to 52
dynamic front and rear. Propelled by charging. It could be charged in three passengers with two seating options,
a 230 kW motor, the bus is support- hours with a fast-charging unit. The the bus has a GVW of 11,000 kg.

Mobility Engineering JUNE 2020 53

FEATURE
BUR-CAN
side windows, route type plastic
seats and specially designed front
and rear fascia, the bus also profits
from the new Daily’s platform length
of between 5560 mm and 7500 mm.
Boasting of an additional wheel sec-
tion, the bus has its front console de-
signed to accommodate payment
cards such as Kentkart-Akbil. The an-
ti-slip floor of the bus has been rein-
forced, and the trims made of ABS. If
the LED lighting system adds to the
pleasant ambience inside, the bus is
powered by a choice of 210 hp
three-litre or a 156 hp 2.3-litre FIC
and FIA engine respectively.

The 18 people or 23 people premium

A PREMIUM TOURISM BUS WITH A SEATING CAPACITY OF 34 PEOPLE DREW THE MOST
ATTENTION. tourism bus is equipped with a spe-
cial design tribune ceiling. It flaunts a
single front wing door system and is
fitted with luxurious and comfortable
seats. The seating arrangement is
2x1. Also fitted with a USB adaptable
TV and android double radio, the bus
could be had with a powerful air con-
ditioner. A Webasto passenger heat-
ing system is also on offer.

Far removed from the luxury angle

highlighted by the blue and the other
premium tourist bus, the public bus
on the Iveco Daily chassis can seat
22 people. It is equipped with a hid-
PREMIUM TOURISM BUS WITH 16+1+1 AND 21+1+1 OPTION.
den disability lift system for disabled
In the business of producing passen- Painted in an attractive shade of access and has line-type comfortable
ger CVs for the last 30 years, Bur- blue, a premium tourism bus with a seats. The front and side windows
Can displayed some of its most seating capacity of 34 people drew are raised, and the tailgate is special-
promising low-floor, high-glass buses the most attention. ly designed. Other features include a
aimed at tourist, inter-city and in- rear parking sensor, analog and split
Laced with a disabled ramp with air-con and an additional passenger
tra-city applications. These are made
fixed cover, the bus is built on the compartment fan heater. The internal
at the company’s modern manufac-
new Iveco Daily chassis with a GVW LED lighting systems make the interi-
turing facility at Ankara, which mea-
of between 3.5-tonnes and sev- or appealing.
sures 10,000 sq. m. of closed area
en-tonnes. Flaunting raised front and
and 4000 sq. m. of open area.

54 JUNE 2020 Mobility Engineering

 FEATURE
BUR-CAN

REFURBISHED TEMSA SAFIR PLUS-MARATHON MODEL. VINTAGE MERCEDES BENZ OTOMARSAN BUS.

Displaying a refurbished Temsa Safir Plus-Marathon mod-

el, two starliner Neoplan bus coaches and a vintage
Mercedes Benz Otomarsan bus, Mapar highlighted its
penchant for MAN CVs especially. Specialising in servicing
as well as refurbishing MAN and Temsa passenger CVs,
Mapar operates a gigantic spare parts warehouse in
Istanbul. An authorised dealer for MAN Truck and Buses
in Bursa and an authorised service outlet for Man Truck
and Bus Service at Izmir, Mapar, in the form of the Temsa
Safir Plus-Marathon highlighted its ability to service as
well as refurbish old and existing CVs. The Safir Plus-
Marathon is a modern bus with an aesthetic appearance.

Equipped with advanced technological features such as a

driver panel offering assistance for long-distance driving
and easy handling, the bus has a seating arrangement of
53 + 1 + 1. It is laced with LCD screens and comfortable
and wide leather seats. The Starliner Neoplan bus that
Mapar displayed is a flagship product based on a MAN
platform at the other end. Completely refurbished by
Mapar, it has table sitting and a separate conference-like
section with a large LED screen. Flaunting interior LED
lights, the bus is fitted with a separate toilet section. It
also possesses other amenities that have been designed
THE STARLINER NEOPLAN BUS THAT MAPAR DISPLAYED IS A
to address the specific needs of the travellers. FLAGSHIP PRODUCT BASED ON A MAN PLATFORM.

Mobility Engineering JUNE 2020 55

FEATURE
CANCAN
typically urban in their orientation.
They highlighted the company’s en-
deavour to expand its reach in the
European market. Targeting the pro-
duction of more electric vehicles in
the next two years, CanCan specialis-
es in the design of ‘VIP’ vehicles and
vehicles for disabled people. The
company also specialises in auto up-
holstery, auto accessories and the
building of public and corporate ve-
hicles. CanCan is also a group part-
ner (VAN-Partner) to many global
brands like Mercedes-Benz.
CANCAN SPECIALISES IN THE DESIGN OF ‘VIP’ VEHICLES.

CanCan displayed two city buses and Mercedes-Benz Sprinter chassis.

one tourist bus built on a MAN and Highly customised, these vehicles are

MINABUS
opening door systems with a cam,
M2 certified seat belt seats (three-
point), heating systems, and mono-
block air conditioners. Aesthetically
well-sorted, the vans are had with
interior lighting, floor covering and a
luggage rack that is fairly customised
to the taste of the operator and
end-users.

Equipped with sliding doors or elec-

tric outward opening doors with an
automatic step for diverse applica-
A TOURISM AND SCHOOL BUS BUILT BY MINABUS ON A MERCEDES-BENZ SPRINTER
CHASSIS. tion areas, the Line vans from
Minabus make for interesting design
Established in Istanbul, Minabus spe- Mercedes-Benz Sprinter chassis, elements, which range from modest
cialises in the designing of passenger Minabus highlighted its area of work to sporty to premium. The interiors
commercial vehicle interiors. The like interior lighting systems, glasses, are suitably dressed and make for an
company caters to city bus, intercity etc. interesting statement when it comes
buses, tourist bus, luxury minibus to addressing different tastes.
and disabled-friendly bus segments. Produced in accordance with the
Displaying a line van built on customer demand for urban trans-
Volkswagen Crafter chassis, and a portation, the Line vans that Minabus
tourism and school bus built on a builds, feature electric outward

56 JUNE 2020 Mobility Engineering

 FEATURE
ERDUMAN
A pioneer in the body building sec-
tor, the company displayed a midi-
and mini-bus built on a Mercedes-
Benz and Iveco chassis. The company
also displayed a VIP sprinter chassis
and a Mercedes-Benz tourer bus with
a capacity to accommodate up to 39
people. Powered by a four- or
six-cylinder diesel engine, the tourer
bus is uniquely designed to offer su-
perior passenger comfort. The bus
could be had with an electrical lift
solution. Said a source close to the
company, that they also offer low
floor solutions on chassis of other IVECO i-1800 WITH FOUR-CYLINDER DIESEL ENGINE.
makes, including DAF.

UĞur Karoser

UĞUR KAROSER DISPLAYED A MINIBUS EACH ON MERCEDES-BENZ AND IVECO CHASSIS.

Known to provide minibus conver- use in public transportation. The chassis for tourism, school bus and
sions and vehicles, Uğur Karoser dis- company also produces its own mi- low-floor applications. The Mercedes-
played a minibus each on Mercedes- di-buses on the Iveco chassis. With Benz Sprinter-based buses they
Benz and Iveco chassis. With a focus body building and modification of build, find use for tourism, city bus
on European markets, the company buses and minibuses as their main and low-floor applications.
is producing vehicles that are com- activity, Uğur Karoser offers its own-
Deepti Thore / Commercial Vehicle
patible with technologies that find built midi-buses on the Iveco Daily

Mobility Engineering JUNE 2020 57

TECHNOLOGY
Report
VOLVO’S POLESTAR: POWERHOUSE PLUG-IN HYBRID

THE STUNNING DESIGN OF THE POLESTAR 1 PLUG-IN HYBRID IS AN HOMAGE TO THE CLASSIC VOLVO P1800. (IMAGE: POLESTAR)

You don’t get a second chance to make a first impression. packs in a 400-V system. Polestar expects an EPA range
That’s why Polestar, Volvo’s new electric performance rating of 60-70 mi (97-113 km). In our drive, we covered
subsidiary, used its first vehicle as a rolling showcase of 78 mi (126 km) with minor use of the gas engine before
the brand’s technology. We took the $156,500, the battery was depleted.
600-plus-horsepower plug-in hybrid (PHEV) Polestar 1
Showing off the tech
coupe on a 110-mi (177-km) drive in California, where Axle
Stenberg, technical concept leader, summarized the In dramatic style, the wall between the back of the bat-
Polestar 1’s extraordinary recipe. tery pack and the diminutive 4.41-ft2 trunk is transparent.
It exposes orange-colored high-voltage circuitry. The idea
“First you take an SPA car,” he said, referring to Volvo’s
was introduced late in the design process by Thomas
Scalable Product Architecture (SPA), the platform under-
Ingenlath, Polestar’s CEO, who previously held chief de-
pinning the XC90, XC60 and S90. “Now you add the big-
sign positions at Volkswagen and Volvo. “The engineers
gest combustion engine we had.” That means a super-
and project guys thought I was nuts,” he said.
charged/turbocharged 2.0L 4-cylinder mill that produces
326 hp (243 kW) and 384 lb-ft (521 Nm). The inter- Where the technology design took a giant leap is in using
nal-combustion power is distributed strictly to the front two 85-kW electric motors, one per rear wheel. This al-
axle via an 8-speed automatic gearbox. “Then we added lows Polestar 1 drivers to select the Pure mode on the
as much battery as we could fit.” dashboard and turn it into a capable, rear-wheel-drive,
232-hp EV. On our drive, we put the Polestar in Pure
In the Volvo brand’s T8 PHEVs, an 11.4 kWh-pack is load-
mode and stomped the accelerator, while the engine is
ed into the central tunnel from the A-pillar to just in front
instructed to remain dormant. Although a heavy vehicle
of the second-row seats. The Polestar 1’s energy storage
at 5,170 lb (2,345 kg), launches from the two motors com-
is tripled to 34 kWh with 96 cells in the tunnel and 192
bined 354 lb-ft (521 Nm) were what you would expect
placed over the rear axle. “The car should feel like an EV,
from a performance-oriented EV.
and you should be able to use it to that end, not just
where you can barely get back and forth to work on elec- “The two electric motors are individually handling one of
tricity,” Stenberg said. That required two separate battery the rear wheels, and there’s no differential,” Stenberg

58 JUNE 2020 Mobility Engineering

ZF TRW HIGHWAY DRIVING ASSIST
 TECHNOLOGY
Report
said. “There’s no mechanical mixture between them. That
means that we can add true torque vectoring, momentar-
ily adding or subtracting torque on the wheels.”

There’s also no linkage between the electric motivation

on the rear axle and the ICE power in front (the car’s cen-
tral tunnel is loaded with batteries, not a driveshaft).
When we selected Power mode, both systems engage to
produce a combined 619 hp/738 lb-ft (462 kW/1000 Nm).
The feeling of getting pulled by the engine and pushed
by two electric motors with torque vectoring was excep- THE ICE ENGINE IN FRONT AND DUAL-ELECTRIC MOTORS IN BACK
tional. A 15.9-gal fuel tank mitigates any range anxiety, COMBINE FOR 619 HP AND 738 LB-FT (462 KW/1000 NM), BUT THE
FRONT AND REAR AXLES WORK COMPLETELY INDEPENDENTLY.
although the Polestar is equipped with a 50-kW CCS (IMAGE: POLESTAR)
quick-charger for one-hour refills of the battery packs.

Carbon fiber stiffness

The Polestar 1’s pièce de résistance is its liberal use of

carbon fiber construction. Using the same design strategy
that exposes the battery cables, Polestar reveals the car-
bon fiber pattern in the bumper, tread plates and dash-
board inlays. The design – homage to the classic Volvo
P1800 – would not have been possible without using car-
bon fiber. The car’s strong hips are fundamental to the THE UNDERBODY FEATURES A CARBON-FIBER MEMBER THAT
STIFFENS THE INTERSECTION OF THE MIDDLE FLOOR AND THE REAR
design of the 2+2 GT’s sport cabin. STRUCTURE. (IMAGE: POLESTAR)

The roof section from the base of the A-pillar to the

C-pillar side-member consists of a rigid carbon-fiber tube
baked into the outer structure of the pillar construction.
Without carbon fiber, the roofline would have been high-
er. The inner-body side panels, outer-body side panels,
doors, front fenders, hood, trunk and rear parcel shelf
also use carbon fiber.

The weight saving from carbon fiber was about 500 lb

(226.7 kg), mitigating the mass of the two battery packs
that together weigh 754 lb (342 kg). With the engine up
front and the larger battery pack positioned over the rear
axle, the weight distribution is 48/52% F/R. Given this
balance and the Polestar’s double-power strategy, it felt
IN A DESIGN FITTING A HALO CAR, THE TRUNK REVEALS THE BACK OF
lighter than its official curb weight. THE POLESTAR 1’S 34-KWH BATTERY PACK. (IMAGE: POLESTAR)

Stenberg explained that the supercharger helped avoid Chinese automaker Geely. The Polestar 1 will be mostly
turbo lag, while the electric motors provided instanta- hand-built in Chengdu, China. The automaker’s follow-up
neous torque. “We could probably lose the supercharger vehicle, the all-electric Polestar 2 sedan, will be produced
and put an even bigger turbocharger on the combustion in Luqiao, China with production volume in the “tens of
engine and start to optimize,” he said. thousands” globally per year. The Polestar 2 begins pro-
duction in February, making 2020 a busy year for the
Only 1,500 examples of the Polestar 1 will be produced,
performance electric brand.
with 500 headed to North American customers. The
Polestar brand, a subsidiary of Volvo, is owned by Bradley Berman

Mobility Engineering JUNE 2020 59

OFF - HIGHWAY
INNOVATION IS AT THE CORE OF DEVELOPMENT
Volvo Construction Equipment contributes to the extraction of some of the
world’s most important raw materials.
Volvo Group’s vehicles can be found at the bottom of VOLVO L350H WHEEL LOADER
mines and in the middle of forests. Their industrial equip-
ment and trucks are used daily to mine iron ore, clear for- Smarter, faster and tougher, the L350H has been built on
ests, transport lumber or haul many tonnes of stone and the success of its forerunner, the L350F, first introduced
rock. Their industrial engines power vital irrigation instal- to the market in 2007. Upgraded with the latest innova-
lations at agricultural sites all over the world, so that tive technology, the L350H is ready to tackle a range of
farmers can grow their crops. applications, from mining and quarrying to heavy infra-
structure.
Innovation is at the core of Volvo Construction
Equipment. With over 180 years of construction and inno- Boost your productivity by up to 5%
vation expertise, they are at the forefront of technological Primed for productivity, the intelligent L350H combines
development. Innovation infiltrates every aspect of their the latest Volvo technology with power and comfort. To
product development process – from early conceptual achieve ultimate performance, select from a range of tai-
exploration through to production. As well as optimizing lor-made Volvo attachments.
conventional technology, they are developing radical,
game-changing solutions. Volvo CE’s advanced engineer- Easy operation
ing team looks as many as 30 years into the future and
provides the organization with roadmaps of the technolo- Customize your machine with a choice of three hydraulic
gies that are in their infancy today but which could make modes to suit your preferred responsiveness – soft, nor-
a big difference in the future. mal or active. To reduce operator fatigue and improve
productivity, Comfort Drive Control gives you the oppor-
Volvo Construction Equipment India has the complete tunity to steer the machine from a small lever – particu-
range of off highway machinery such as Excavators, larly effective for fast-paced truck loading operations.
Wheel Loaders, Articulated Haulers, Rigid Haulers,
Asphalt Pavers, Compactors. Designed to perform

In the first of our series on Off Highway equipment, we Achieve unrivalled performance thanks to the drivetrain,
feature two of Volvo’s specialities – EC950E excavator specially developed by Volvo, to work in harmony with
and L350H Wheel Loader. the hydraulic system on a range of demanding applica-

VOLVO L350H WHEEL LOADER

60 JUNE 2020 Mobility Engineering

 OFF - HIGHWAY
tions. Offering the perfect combination of power and EC950E – always available and ready to work. The ma-
control, the L350H has been designed to boost produc- chine’s heavy-duty design, reliable and wear-resistant
tivity. components, and easy service access ensure you will get
the job done quickly and without delay.
Matched and attached
Proven reliability
Get the most out of your L350H with our range of pur-
pose-built attachments, perfect for applications such as Count on a solid, reliable EC950E with Volvo’s high-quali-
block handling, logging and slag handling. Form one solid ty components, designed to work in perfect harmony
and reliable unit with attachments that are ideally with the machine. Volvo’s commitment to rigorous testing
matched by size and design to your machine’s parame- in its development process ensures the production of
ters – including link-arm geometry, and breakout and lift- well-engineered components, purpose-built for the job,
ing forces. and proven to be reliable in the toughest applications.

EC950E excavator Machine monitoring made easy

Tackle tough tasks with the ec950e crawler excavator We’re committed to providing a complete solution to
guarantee the highest performance from your Volvo ma-
Perform a variety of tasks with greater speed in Volvo’s chine, including state-of-the-art support through our cus-
heavy-duty EC950E, utilizing advanced technology to in- tomer solutions. Take advantage of our unique, local deal-
crease productivity and efficiency. Whether you’re work- er support network to ensure your machine achieves
ing on a quarry, in mass excavation or any other applica- maximum uptime, and generates maximum profit and
tion, the big and powerful EC950E excavator and Volvo’s growth for your business.
durable wear-resistant components will maximize your
profitability and uptime. Superior digging force

Bigger machine, bigger results Job done. With the big and powerful EC950E, no task is
too tough. Increase profitability with superior digging
Do the bigger jobs better, stronger and faster with the force, quick cycle times and outstanding fuel efficiency
EC950E. The 90 tonne crawler excavator offers the per- for a maximum return on investment
fect combination of power and stability to handle a high-
er capacity in the toughest applications. Nikhil Raghavan

Easy service access

Rely on maximum uptime with the big and durable

VOLVO EC950E EXCAVATOR

Mobility Engineering JUNE 2020 61

AVIATION
VISTARA AND INDIA CELEBRATE FIRST 787-9
DREAMLINER DELIVERY
787 helps Boeing retain 100% of India’s twin-aisle market. Indian airline Vistara
recently marked many firsts: they just received their first 787-9 Dreamliner, which
is their first widebody airplane – and it is India’s first 787-9 airplane.

The new airplane sports a unique new interior among its sengers
many amenities. Along with lie-flat business class seats
and a superb premium economy section, the seats are “We are excited to have Vistara join the list of customers
also equipped with high definition in-flight entertainment benefiting from the Dreamliner’s fuel efficiency and range
screens and in-flight Wi-Fi connectivity. This makes flexibility that enables opening new routes,” said Brad
Vistara, India’s first airline to offer the service. Zaback, vice president and general manager for the 787
program.
“This aircraft delivery marks a new phase of growth for
Vistara and unlocks our potential to become one of In India, Boeing currently owns 100 percent of the wide-
world’s best airlines. The Boeing 787-9 Dreamliner is one body market share. Boeing’s Commercial Market Outlook
of world’s most technologically advanced aircraft today,” indicates India is expected to grow from the eighth larg-
said Leslie Thng, Vistara’s CEO. est passenger market to the third largest market by the
middle of the next decade.
Vistara, a joint venture between Tata Sons Limited and
Singapore Airlines Limited (SIA), is India’s only five-star Nikhil Raghavan
rated carrier and international airline. With their new Source: Boeing
Dreamliner, the airline plans to launch new point-to-point
routes and deliver an exceptional experience to its pas-

62 JUNE 2020 Mobility Engineering

 TECHNOLOGY
News
5G IN AUTOMOTIVE AND SMART TRANSPORTATION
ABI Research provides strategic guidance to visionaries, delivering actionable
intelligence on the transformative technologies that are dramatically reshaping
industries, economies, and workforces across the world.
sors, cameras etc), to share with vehicles in a given vicini-
ty. The goals are to extend each car’s local perception
range beyond current logistic boundaries (therefore en-
abling non-line of sight perception). Creation of a Local
Dynamic Map (LDM), which would combine static traffic
information with dynamic perception data to support au-
tonomous driving use cases.

The requirements are enhanced positioning, not reliant on

GNSS (R17), Latency: < 1s, Bandwidth: ≥ 25 Mbps, Example:
Leo Gergs of ABI Research explains about 5G applications
Non-line of sight intersection and Transparent Car.
and use cases in the automotive and smart transportation
sectors. Autonomous Navigation
Connectivity in the automotive sector There is provision of a high-definition map, aggregated
with real-time data for vehicles in the immediate vicinity.
C-V2X intelligently connects the car to surroundings and
The goals are, more efficient ways of organising traffic
cloud. The areas are V2V – Vehicle to Vehicle, collision
(minimizing traffic time, cutting emissions and fuel con-
avoidance safety systems; V2P – Vehicle to Pedestrian,
sumption) and increased driving comfort for both vehicle
safety alerts to pedestrians, bicycles; V2N – Vehicle to
drivers as well as passengers.
Network, real-time traffic / routing services; V2I – Vehicle
to Infrastructure, traffic signal timing / priority. The requirements are E2E Latency: 1s, Reliability: 95%.
Locally centralised computing (MEC) to collect & process
5G use cases in automotive
data to be shared with vehicles in a given vicinity.
There are enhanced onboard entertainment opportunities
Vulnerable Road User Protection
in the usage of 5G in automotive sector. The Enhanced
Mobile Broadband (eMBB), guaranteeing a bandwidth of By using a cellular network infrastructure, it can facilitate
up to 20 Gbps (downlink) & 10 Gbps (uplink) equip cars the direct connection between vehicles and the mobile
with data-rich infotainment opportunities in Video stream- phone signal of vulnerable road users. Once a car identifies
ing, Enhanced gaming, Augmented Reality (AR) enriched the mobile phone signal of a vulnerable road user, it sends
navigation. the information to a local edge, which processes the infor-
mation and transmits it to all vehicles in the predefined
As onboard infotainment requires eMBB capabilities (stan-
vicinity
dardized in R15), there is no need to wait for additional
standardization work. Onboard infotainment use cases are Requirements are data processing capabilities close to the
the most immediate revenue opportunity for 5G in the au- cell site level and low enough latency to ensure data trans-
tomotive sector. mission in time.
Cooperative Manoeuvre Remote Driving
By sharing local awareness & driving intensions, the traffic It enables remote operation of vehicles. As far as road traf-
manoeuvres of a group of vehicles can be coordinated. The fic is concerned it would cater to very niche applications
benefits are, increased driving comfort and traffic safety with showcase character. As for Enterprise verticals, it
and reduce emissions and fuel consumption (up to 30%). would cover highly hazardous areas such as shipping
ports, manufacturing plants or mines.
The Network Requirements are Latency: 3ms – 100ms.
Because of the low latencies NR-V2X can support veloci- The Requirements are E2E Latency: 5ms - 10ms. Reliability:
ties of ≤ 95 km/h, while LTEV2X could only support ≤ 80 99.999%. Data rate per vehicle: > 25 mbps, to be able to
km/h. The Reliability: is > 99%, Example: Lane Merging and transfer all camera & sensor data to the operator.
Platooning.
Nikhil Raghavan
Cooperative Perception

It enables exchange of data from a variety of sources (sen-

Mobility Engineering JUNE 2020 63

PHOTO FEATURE
Airbus’ MAVERIC

Airbus has revealed MAVERIC (Model Aircraft for Validation and Experimentation of Robust Innovative Controls) its “blended wing body” scale
model technological demonstrator.

64 JUNE 2020 Mobility Engineering

Published by K. Venkataraj. Printed by S. Arumugam on behalf of SAEIndia. Printed at Hitech Offset (P) Ltd, 11, Srinivasa Nagar
Main Road, Koyambedu, Chennai 600107. Published from SAEINDIA, 1/17, 3rd Cross, Kasturba Nagar, Adyar, Chennai 600020.
Editor: K. Venkataraj
 ADVANCING INDIAN MOBILITY ENGINEERING FOR THE LAST 24 YEARS

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RNI No. TNENG/2014/55684

Heads-up: Designing micromirrors is more

efficient with multiphysics simulation.

Visualization of displacement and contours of the

temperature fluctuation field in a MEMS micromirror.

Heads-up displays (HUDs) are a popular safety feature

in modern cars. By projecting information such as
speed, temperature, and directions above the steering
wheel, HUDs help drivers stay informed while keeping
their eyes on the road. One of the components inside
these devices is the MEMS micromirror. To design
micromirrors that perform as expected, you need to
account for thermal and viscous damping. Multiphysics
simulation helps you do so efficiently and accurately.
The COMSOL Multiphysics® software is used for
simulating designs, devices, and processes in all fields
of engineering, manufacturing, and scientific research.
See how you can apply it to MEMS micromirror design.

comsol.blog/micromirrors