What is Spreadsheet and which Popular Spreadsheet Application used worldwide?

Spreadsheet

A spreadsheet is a table of values arranged in rows and columns. Each value can have a predefined
relationship to the other values. If you change one value, therefore, you may need to change other
values as well.

Spreadsheet Applications
Spreadsheet applications (sometimes referred to simply as spreadsheets) are computer  programs like
MICROSOFT’S EXCEL that let you create and manipulate spreadsheets electronically. In a
spreadsheet application(MS-EXCEL), each value sits in a cell. You can define what type of data is in
each cell and how different cells depend on one another. The relationships between cells are
called formulas, and the names of the cells are called labels

Excel and Its Various Features(Popular Spreadsheet Application)

Excel is an Microsoft office application that is mainly used for making calculations and mathematical
works.

It is a spreadsheet application in which we can add sheets as per our requirements. In a single
sheet, it consists of rows and columns and cells, where every cell has different address.

 Sum, product, subtraction, division and many mathematical, logical functions are available
within it.

 Other features include tables, charts, clip art and more.

 It is basically used for payroll, accounts, mathematical, and for other business purposes. See
below for details.

Features:

1. Hyperlink. We can link one file to another file or page.

2. Clip art. We can add images and also audio and video clips.

3. Charts. With charts, we can clearly show a product(s) evaluation to a client. For example,
you can display a chart showing which product is selling more or less by month, week, and so
forth.

4. Tables. Tables are created with different fields (e.g. name, age, address, roll number, and so
forth). You can add a table to fill these values.

5. Functions. There are both mathematical functions (add, subtract, divide, multiply), and
logical ones (average, sum, mod, product).

6. Images and backgrounds. You can incorporate images and backgrounds into each sheet.

7. Macros. Macros are used for recording events for future use.

8. Database: With the data feature, you can add any database from other sources to it.

9. Sorting and filtering. We can sort and/or filter our data so that anything redundant or
repetitive can be removed more easily.

10. Data validations. This tool can help you consolidate your data. 

11. Grouping. The grouping feature helps you both to group your data and ungroup it so that
you have subtotals and so forth.
 1. What is Ribbon ,Tab how to minimize customize the Ribbon in MS-Excel ?
The Ribbon is the name given to the row of tabs and buttons you see at the top of Excel.
The Ribbon's tabs and buttons bring your favorite commands into the open by showing multiple
commands grouped in specific categories

Tabs
The tabs on the ribbon are: File, Home, Insert, Page layout, Formulas, Data, Review and View. The
Home tab contains the most frequently used commands in Excel.

Minimize the Ribbon

You can minimize the ribbon to get extra space on the screen. Right click anywhere on the ribbon, and
then click Minimize the Ribbon (or press CTRL + F1).

Customize the Ribbon

Excel 2010 makes it possible to easily create your own tab and add commands to it. If you are new to
Excel, you can skip this paragraph.

Right click anywhere on the ribbon, and then click Customize the Ribbon

2. Explain Workbook & Steps to Open and with recent also, Create and close Workbook
,Explain Worksheet Steps to create new worksheet ,renaming worksheet ?

A workbook is the MS Excel file in which you enter and store related data. Each  workbook can
contain many worksheets.
An Excel worksheet is a single spreadsheet that contains cells organized by rows and columns.
A worksheet begins with row number one and column A. Each cell can contain a number, text or formula.
A cell can also reference another cell in the same worksheet.

Open an Existing Workbook

To open a workbook you've created in the past, execute the following steps.

1. Click on the green File tab. Select Open to open a workbook that is not in the list of RECENT list
2. What you see next is called the backstage view and it contains all the workbooks

Clicking on Open also displays RECENT ,shows you a list of your recently used workbooks. You can
quickly open a workbook from here.
Close a Workbook

If you are new to Excel, it's good to know the difference between closing a workbook and closing
Excel. This can be confusing in the beginning.

1. To close an Excel workbook, click the lower X.

2. If you have multiple workbooks open, clicking the upper right X closes the active workbook. If you
have one workbook open, clicking the upper right X closes Excel.

Create a New Workbook

Although Excel creates a blank workbook when you open it, sometimes you want to start all over again.

1. To create a new workbook, click New and then click Create.

Worksheets
Select a Worksheet | Rename a Worksheet | Insert a Worksheet | Move a Worksheet | Delete a Worksheet | Copy a
Worksheet

A worksheet is a collection of cells where you keep and manipulate the data. By default, each Excel
workbook contains three worksheets.

Select a Worksheet
When you open Excel, Excel automatically selects Sheet1 for you. The name of the worksheet appears
on its sheet tab at the bottom of the document window.
Rename a Worksheet
By default, the worksheets are named Sheet1, Sheet2 and Sheet3. To give a worksheet a more specific
name, execute the following steps.

1. Right click on the sheet tab of Sheet1 OR Double click on Sheet1 it will allow you to rename Sheet

2. Choose Rename & give any related name to it.

Insert a Worksheet
You can insert as many worksheets as you want. To quickly insert a new worksheet, click the Insert
Worksheet tab at the bottom of the document window .

Move a Worksheet
To move a worksheet, click on the sheet tab of the worksheet you want to move and drag it into the new
position.

1. For example, click on the sheet tab of Sheet4 and drag it before Sheet2 .

Delete a Worksheet
To delete a worksheet, right click on a sheet tab and choose Delete.

1. For example, delete Sheet4, Sheet2 and Sheet3.

Copy a Worksheet
Imagine, you have got the sales for 2010 ready and want to create the exact same sheet for 2011, but
with different data. You can recreate the worksheet, but this is time-consuming. It's a lot easier to copy
the entire worksheet and only change the numbers.

1. Right click on the sheet tab of Sales 2010.

2. Choose Move or Copy...

Copy a Worksheet
Imagine, you have got the sales for 2010 ready and want to create the exact same sheet for 2011, but
with different data. You can recreate the worksheet, but this is time-consuming. It's a lot easier to copy
the entire worksheet and only change the numbers.

1. Right click on the sheet tab of Sales 2010.

2. Choose Move or Copy...

3. Explain Find, Replace & Go To Special Features of MS-Excel in Detail ?

Find | Replace | Go To Special

You can use Excel's Find and Replace feature to quickly find specific text and replace it with other text.
You can use Excel's Go To Special feature to quickly select all cells with formulas, comments, conditional
formatting, constants, data validation, etc.
Find
To quickly find specific text, execute the following steps.

1. On the Home tab, click Find & Select, Find...

The 'Find and Replace' dialog box appears.

2. Type the text you want to find. For example, type Ferrari.

3. Click 'Find Next'.

Excel selects the first occurrence.

4. Click 'Find Next' to select the second occurrence.

5. To get a list of all the occurrences, click 'Find All'.

Replace

To quickly find specific text and replace it with other text, execute the following steps.

1. On the Home tab, click Find & Select, Replace...

The 'Find and Replace' dialog box appears (with the Replace tab selected).

2. Type the text you want to find (Veneno) and replace it with (Diablo).

3. Click 'Find Next'.

Excel selects the first occurrence. No replacement has been made yet.

4. Click 'Replace' to make a single replacement.

Note: use 'Replace All' to replace all occurrences.

Go To Special

You can use Excel's Go To Special feature to quickly select all cells with formulas, comments, conditional
formatting, constants, data validation, etc. For example, to select all cells with formulas, execute the
following steps.

1. Select a single cell.

2. On the Home tab, click Find & Select, Go To Special...

Note: Formulas, Comments, Conditional formatting, Constants and Data Validation are shortcuts. They
can also be found under Go To Special.

3. Select Formulas and click OK.

Note: you can search for cells with formulas that return Numbers, Text, Logicals (TRUE and FALSE) and
Errors. These check boxes are also available if you select Constants.

Excel selects all cells with formulas.

General note: if you select a single cell before you click Find, Replace or Go To Special, Excel searches
the entire worksheet. To search a range of cells, first select a range of cells.
 4. Explain Data Validation in MS-Excel in Detail ?

Data Validation Example | Create Data Validation Rule | Input Message | Error Alert | Data Validation Result

Use data validation in Excel to make sure that users enter certain values into a cell.
Data Validation Example
In this example, we restrict users to enter a whole number between 0 and 10.

Create Data Validation Rule

To create the data validation rule, execute the following steps.
1. Select cell C2.

2. On the Data tab, click Data Validation.

On the Settings tab:

3. In the Allow list, click Whole number.
4. In the Data list, click between.
5. Enter the Minimum and Maximum values.

Input Message
Input messages appear when the user selects the cell and tell the user what to enter.

On the Input Message tab:

1. Check 'Show input message when cell is selected'.
2. Enter a title.
3. Enter an input message.
Error Alert
If users ignore the input message and enter a number that is not valid, you can show them an error alert.

On the Error Alert tab:

1. Check 'Show error alert after invalid data is entered'.

2. Enter a title.

3. Enter an error message.

4. Click OK.
Data Validation Result
1. Select cell C2.
2. Try to enter a number higher than 10.

Result:

Note: to remove data validation from a cell, select the cell, on the Data tab, click Data Validation, and then
click Clear All. You can use Excel's Go To Special feature to quickly select all cells with data validation.

5. What is Function and also Explain following function in Detail with Example?

 Functions are
predefined formulas and are already available in Excel.
Count and Sum Functions
Count | Countif | Countifs | Sum | Sumif | Sumifs
The most used functions in Excel are the functions that count and sum. You can count and sum based on
onecriteria or multiple criteria.
Count
To count the number of cells that contain numbers, use the COUNT function.

Countif
To count cells based on one criteria (for example, higher than 9), use the following COUNTIF function.
Countifs
To count cells based on multiple criteria (for example, green and higher than 9), use the following
COUNTIFS function.

Sum
To sum a range of cells, use the SUM function.

Sumif
To sum cells based on one criteria (for example, higher than 9), use the following SUMIF function
(two arguments).
To sum cells based on one criteria (for example, green), use the following SUMIF function (three
arguments, last argument is the range to sum).

Sumifs
To sum cells based on multiple criteria (for example, blue and green), use the following SUMIFS function
(first argument is the range to sum).

General note: in a similar way, you can use the AVERAGEIF and AVERAGEIFS function
to average cells based on one or multiple criteria.

6. What is Logical Function ,Explain all of them in Detail ?

If Function | And Function | Or Function

These functions include the boolean operators and conditional tests, which will be an essential
part of many working spreadsheets.

The functions have been grouped into categories, to help you to find the function you need.
Selecting a function name will take you to a full description of the function, with examples of
use.

Note that some of the Logical functions are new in Excel 2007 or Excel 2013 and so are not
available in earlier versions of Excel.

Learn how to use Excel's logical functions such as the IF, AND and OR function.
If Function
The IF function checks whether a condition is met, and returns one value if TRUE and another
value if FALSE.
1. Select cell C2 and enter the following function.
The IF function returns Correct because the value in cell A1 is higher than 10.

And Function
The AND Function returns TRUE if all conditions are true and returns FALSE if any of the
conditions are false.
1. Select cell D2 and enter the following formula.

The AND function returns FALSE because the value in cell B2 is not higher than 5. As a result the
IF function returns Incorrect.

Or Function
The OR function returns TRUE if any of the conditions are TRUE and returns FALSE if all
conditions are false.
1. Select cell E2 and enter the following formula.

The OR function returns TRUE because the value in cell A1 is higher than 10. As a result the IF
function returns Correct.
General note: the AND and OR function can check up to 255 conditions.

7. What is Cell Reference,Explain all three references in Detail with Example?

A cell reference refers to a cell or a range of cells on a worksheet and can be used in a formula
so that Microsoft Office Excel can find the values or data that you want that formula to
calculate. In one or several formulas, you can use a cell reference to refer to: Data from
one cell on the worksheet.

There are following types of: relative absolute and mixed cell references. Relative and absolute
references behave differently when copied and filled to other cells. Relative
references change when a formula is copied to another cell. Absolute references, on the other
hand, remain constant, no matter where they are copied. Sometimes we need a combination of
relative and absolute reference (mixed reference).
Cell references in Excel are very important. Understand the difference between relative,
absolute and mixed reference, and you are on your way to success.
Relative Reference
By default, Excel uses relative reference. See the formula in cell D2 below. Cell D2 references
(points to) cell B2 and cell C2. Both references are relative.

1. Select cell D2, click on the lower right corner of cell D2 and drag it down to cell D5.

Cell D3 references cell B3 and cell C3. Cell D4 references cell B4 and cell C4. Cell D5 references
cell B5 and cell C5. In other words: each cell references its two neighbors on the left.

Absolute Reference
See the formula in cell E3 below.
1. To create an absolute reference to cell H3, place a $ symbol in front of the column letter and
row number of cell H3 ($H$3) in the formula of cell E3.

2. Now we can quickly drag this formula to the other cells.

The reference to cell H3 is fixed (when we drag the formula down and across). As a result, the
correct lengths and widths in inches are calculated.

Mixed Reference
Sometimes we need a combination of relative and absolute reference (mixed reference).
1. See the formula in cell F2 below.

2. We want to copy this formula to the other cells quickly. Drag cell F2 across one cell, and look
at the formula in cell G2.

Do you see what happens? The reference to the price should be a fixed reference to column B.
Solution: place a $ symbol in front of the column letter of cell B2 ($B2) in the formula of cell F2.
In a similar way, when we drag cell F2 down, the reference to the reduction should be
a fixed reference to row 6. Solution: place a $ symbol in front of the row number of cell B6
(B$6) in the formula of cell F2.
Result:

Note: we don't place a $ symbol in front of the row number of B2 (this way we allow the
reference to change from B2 (Jeans) to B3 (Shirts) when we drag the formula down). In a similar
way, we don't place a $ symbol in front of the column letter of B6 (this way we allow the
reference to change from B6 (Jan) to C6 (Feb) and D6 (Mar) when we drag the formula across).
3. Now we can quickly drag this formula to the other cells.
The references to column B and row 6 are fixed.

8. Explain different type of Date & Tim Function in Excel

Built-in Excel Date and Time Functions, which can be used to extract information from, and
perform operations on, Excel dates and times.

Year, Month, Day | Date Function | Current Date & Time | Hour, Min, Sec | Time Function

To enter a date in Excel, use the "/" or "-" characters. To enter a time, use the ":" (colon). You
can also enter a date and a time in one cell.

Note: Dates are in US Format. Months first, Days second. This type of format depends on your
windows regional settings. Learn more about Date and Time formats.
Year, Month, Day
To get the year of a date, use the YEAR function.

Note: use the MONTH and DAY function to get the month and day of a date.
Date Function
1. To add a number of days to a date, use the following simple formula.

2. To add a number of years, months and/or days, use the DATE function.
Note: the DATE function accepts three arguments: year, month and day. Excel knows that 6 + 2
= 8 = August has 31 days and rolls over to the next month (23 August + 9 days = 1 September).

Current Date & Time

To get the current date and time, use the NOW function.

Note: use the TODAY function to get the current date only. Use NOW()-TODAY() to get the
current time only (and apply a Time format).
Hour, Min, Sec
To return the hour, use the HOUR function.

Note: use the MINUTE and SECOND function to return the minute and second.
Time Function
To add a number of hours, minutes and/or seconds, use the TIME function.

Note: Excel adds 2 hours, 10 + 1 = 11 minutes and 70 - 60 = 10 seconds.

9. Explain Different types of Text Functions in Detail?

Join Strings | Left | Right | Mid | Len | Find | Substitute
Excel has many functions to offer when it comes to manipulating text strings.
Join Strings
To join strings, use the & operator.
Note: to insert a space, use " "

Left
To extract the leftmost characters from a string, use the LEFT function.

Right
To extract the rightmost characters from a string, use the RIGHT function.

Mid
To extract a substring, starting in the middle of a string, use the MID function.

Note: started at position 5 (p) with length 3.

Len
To get the length of a string, use the LEN function.

Note: space (position 8) included!

Find
To find the position of a substring in a string, use the FIND function.
Note: string "am" found at position 3.

Substitute
To replace existing text with new text in a string, use the SUBSTITUTE function.

10. Explain Different types Lookup Functions with example in Detail?

VLookup
The VLOOKUP (Vertical lookup) function looks for a value in the leftmost column of a table, and
then returns a value in the same row from another column you specify.
1. Insert the VLOOKUP function shown below.

Explanation: the VLOOKUP function looks for the ID (104) in the leftmost column of the range
$E$4:$G$7 and returns the value in the same row from the third column (third argument is set
to 3). The fourth argument is set to FALSE to return an exact match or a #N/A error if not found.
2. Drag the VLOOKUP function in cell B2 down to cell B11.
Note: when we drag the VLOOKUP function down, the absolute reference ($E$4:$G$7) stays
the same, while the relative reference (A2) changes to A3, A4, A5, etc.
HLookup
In a similar way, you can use the HLOOKUP (Horizontal lookup) function.

11. Explain What is Conditional Formatting and need of same with steps to perform
conditional formatting ?
Let's say you have a worksheet with thousands of rows of data. It would be extremely difficult
to see patterns and trends just from examining the raw information. Similar to charts and
sparklines,conditional formatting provides another way to visualize data and make worksheets
easier to understand.
Understanding conditional formatting

Conditional formatting allows you to automatically apply formatting—such as colors, icons,

and data bars—to one or more cells based on the cell value. To do this, you'll need to create
a conditional formatting rule. For example, a conditional formatting rule might be: If the value
is less than $2000, color the cell red. By applying this rule, you'd be able to quickly see which
cells contain values less than $2000.

Highlight Cells Rules

To highlight cells that are greater than a value, execute the following steps.
1. Select the range A1:A10.

2. On the Home tab, click Conditional Formatting, Highlight Cells Rules, Greater Than...

3. Enter the value 80 and select a formatting style.

4. Click OK.
Result. Excel highlights the cells that are greater than 80.

5. Change the value of cell A1 to 81.

Result. Excel changes the format of cell A1 automatically.

Note: you can also highlight cells that are less than a value, between a low and high value, etc.