GRADE EIGHT (8) TO NINE (9)

V = πr2h

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TOPIC COVERED

1. set
2. integers
3. Approximation and Estimation
4. Algebra
5. Ratio and Proportion
6. Equations and In equations
7. Matrices
8. Pythagoras
9. Mensuration
10.Angles

SETS

EXAMPLES

1. The diagram below shows sets A and B

find (a) A‛ u B‛) (b) n (A n B)‛ (c) (A’ n B’)

2. given that E= { x: x < 14, x } P= { 1,,3,4,6,11} Q={2,4,5,7,13} R={3,5,7,11}

find: (a) P n Q‛) (b) (P u Q)‛ n R (c) n (P n Q n R)‛

solution
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 1. (a) A’ {3, 5, 6, 7} B’ = {1, 5, 6, 7, 8}
(A’ u B’) = {1,3,5,6,7,8}
(b) (A n B)={2, 4) (A n B)’= {1, 5,6,7,8} =
n(A n B)’ = 5 elements.
(c) A’={3,5,6,7} B’={1,5,6,7,8}
(A’ n B’)={5,6,7}
self- test

1. Given that E={0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10} P={2,3,4,5} Q= {multiples of 2} R={1,2,5,10}

(a)Illustrate this information in the Venn diagram.

(b) list elements of (P u Q) n R‛
2. Given that E={a, b, c, d, f. g. h. i. j. k .l} A={a, b ,e, f, k} B={c, f, h, j, l}.
List the elements of A n B‛
INTEGERS
EXAMPLES
1. Evaluate the following
(a) (-5) +(-2) (b) 10+(-3) (c) (-12) - (-8) (d) 3+(-7) (e) 15-(-4)
2. solve (a) 12 x (-4) (b) -5 x (-8) (c) 18 ÷ (-3) (d) -72 ÷ (-9)
3. Find the value of
(a) 0.06+5 (b) 2.46-1.524
4. Evaluate 20-6×3+8÷2.
solution.

1 (a) -5 – 2 (b) 10 – 3 (c) -12 + 8 (d) 4 – 13 (e) 15+4

= -7 =7 = -4 = -9 = 19

2. (a) -48 (b) 40 (c) -6 (d) 8

3. (a) NOTE: arrange the numbers according to their place values
0.06 + 5 =5.06
(b) 2.46 – 1.524 =1.136

4. NOTE: use BODMAS

20 – 6 x 3 + 10 ÷2

20 – 6 x 3+5

20 – 18 + 5

20 – 13

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 7

self-test

1. Evaluate the following

(a) -10 + (-3) (b) 12- (+4) (c) -14 x (-3) x (-2) (d) -56÷7

APPROXIMATION AND ESTIMATION

Examples
1. (a) Express 6543800 in standard form correct to 3 significant figures.

(b) Round off 5.37638 correct to 3 significant figures

2. (a) Express 0.0004573 in standard form correct to 1 decimal place.

(b) How many significant figures has the number 56700200?

(c) Round off 72.46 to the nearest unit.

(d) Round off 36.851 to one decimal place.

Solution

1.(a) 6.54 x 106 (b) 5.38 2 (a) 6 sf (b) 70 (c) 36. 9

NOTE:

 when considering whole numbers:

(ii) zeros between non- zero digits are significant

(ii) zeros at the end of the number are not significant

 when considering decimal numbers:

(i) zeros at the end of a decimal number are significant
(ii) zeros between non-zero digits are significant
(iii) zeros at the beginning of a decimal number are not significant

self-test

1. How man significant figures are there in the following numbers?

(a) 45.12 (b)0.0000400 (c) 0.874 (d) 543500

2. (a) Express 18468.5 in standard form correct to 3 significant figures.

(b) Round off 37.86 to the nearest tenth.
3. (a) Express 0.0005426 in standard form correct to 2 decimal places.
(b) Write 58.234 correct to one significant figure.

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 BASIC PROCESSES OF ALGEBRA

EXAMPLES

1. Simplify the following

a) 6h - 4k +3h + 4k
b) 5x + 3y – x – 2y
c) 2(y – 3) – 3(2 – y)
2. Given that m = 4 and n = -3, find the value of -2m – 3n
3. Factorise the following completely
a) 4x2 – 12xy
b) 5h2 - 20gh
c) 4x2 – 8x2z

SOLUTION.

1. (i) 6h – 4k + 3h + 4k (iii)2(y – 3) – 3(2—y) 2. –2m – 3n

6h + 3h – 4k + 4k 2y –6 - 6 + 3y -2 (4) –3 (- 3)

9h 2y + 3y – 6 – 6 -8+9

(ii) 5x + 3y – x - 2y 5y –12 1

5x –x + 3y – 2y

4x + y

3 4x2 – 12xy (ii) 5h2 + 20gh (iii) 4x2y – 8x3z

4x (x – 3y) 5h (h + 4g ) 4x2 (y– 2xz)

NOTE: when factorizing, factor out the common factor (number or variable)

self-test

1. simplify the following

(a) 5x + 2(2x - 3y) + y
(b) 15a2b2 - 10a2b2 + 5ab5
2. If a =2, b = 3 c = -1, find the value of ab2c
3. If v = u +at, find u when a = 4, t =3 and v = 17
4. If x = -6, y = 3 and z = -2 find the value of 2x + 3 + z
y 5
RATIO AND PROPORTION
EXAMPLES
1. Makumba and Andrew shared sweets in the ratio 5:3. If Makumba had 25, how much
did Andrew receive?

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 2 .The ratio of female to Male teachers at a Basic school in Petauke is 4:5. There are 24 female

teachers. How many male teachers are there?

3.In an election 80,000 people voted. The votes that candidates A, B and C got were in
the ratio 9:5:2 respectively. How many votes did candidate B receive?
4. A hotel charge for 5 days is K6000.00. What would be the charge for 7 days?
Solution
1. 5: 3 2. 4: 5
25: y let y be the total number of teachers
5y = 75 x y = 24
y = k15 4y = 216
y= 54
SELF- TEST
1. If the prices of goods were increased in the ratio 5: 4, what would be the new price of a jacket priced at
K648.00.
2. Masauso and Mulenga shared bananas in the ratio 5 : 3. If Mulenga had 15 bananas, how many
bananas did Masauso receive?
3. It takes 12 workers to do a piece of work in 10days. How long will 15 workers take to complete the
same work, if they are working at the same rate?
4. A car uses an average of 18 litres of petrol for 450. How long will it travel if it uses 10 litres of petrol?

EQUATIONS AND INEQUATIONS

EXAMPLES

1. Given that mx = 4m + 3r, make m the subject of the formula

2.
3. Given that f = 3 , make g the subject of the formula
5+g
4. Make x the subject of the formula in the equation w =
5. Solve the following equations
(a) 2 x = 21/4 g) 2(b + 10) = 2 – 4b
3
(b) 3(x -2) = 4(9 – x)
(c) 4(3 – y) = y – 14
(d) 5 = 4
y + 16

6. Solve the following inequations

a) 3x – 2(2x – 7) ≤ 2(3 +x) – 4 (b) y – 3 ≤ 5 + 3y (c )15 < - 4x +3

6. Solve the following simultaneous equations using elimination method
a) 5x + 2y = 7 (b) 3x – 2y = 13 ( c) p + q = 5
2x – 2y = 14 2x + 3y = 0 p–q=2

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7. The sum of two numbers is 20 and their difference is 4. find the numbers.
Solution
1. mx = 4m + 3r 2. f = 3. w =
mx – 4m = 3r 5f + fg = 3 5x – 1= 2yw
= = =

m= f= x=

5. (a) x = (b) 3(x – 2) = 4 (9 – x) (c) 4 (3 – y ) = y – 14 (d) =4

8x = 27 3x – 6 = 36 – 4x 12 – 4y = y – 14 4y + 4 = 5
x= =3 3x + 4x = 36 + 6 12 + 14 = y + 4y 4y =5 – 4
= = =
x=6 5 =y y=
6. (a) 3x – 2(2x – 7) ≤ 2 (3 + x ) – 4 (b) y – 3 ≤ 5 + 3y (c) 15 - < -4x +3
3x – 4x + 14 ≤ 6 + 2x - 4 y – 3y ≤ 5 + 3 15 – 3 < -4x
3x – 4x – 2x ≤ 6 – 4 – 14 ≤ <
≤ y≥-4 -3 > x
x≥4
7. (a) 5x + 2y = 7 (b) 3x – 2y = 13 ……. x 2 (c) a + 2b = 4
2x – 2y = 14 2x + 3y = 0 ……...x3 2a + b = 5 make a the subject of the
= 6x – 4y = 26 substitution method formula.
x=3 6x + 6y = 0 a = 4 – 2b
5x + 2y = 7 -13y = 26 2 (4 – 2b) + b = 5 substitute the value of a
5(3) + 2y = 7 = 8 – 4b + b = 5 in equation (ii)
15 + 2y = 7 y=-2 - 4b + b = 5 - 8
2y = 7 – 15 2x + 3 (-2) =0 =
= 2x – 6 = 0 b=1
y = -4 = a = 4 – 2(1)
x=3 a=2
8. let the two numbers be p and q
p + q = 20 p + 8 = 20
p–q=4 p = 20 - 8
= p =12
q=8
self-test
1.Given that 5 = a + r , make r the subject of the formula

1– r

2.Make v the subject of the formula if F =

3.Given that T = a + (n – 1)d, make n the subject of the formula

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 4. solve the following equations
(a) 2 ( b + 10) = 2 – 4b (b) - =2 (c) =
5. solve the following inequations
(a) 2c -3 ≥ 4c -7 (b) 4p – 2 < 2(p +3) (c) x – 3(x – 2 ) ≥ 2
6. Solve the simultation equations
(a) x + y = 1 (b) 2x – 2y = -6 ( c) a + 2y = 4 ( d) x + y = 0
3x - y = 7 4x – 3y = 0 2a + y = 5 3x + y = -8

MATRICES

EXAMPLES

1. State the order of each of the following matrices

a) 2 -4 b) -1 2 4 c) 3

0 1 5

-1

(d) -2

2. Given that P = 16 -8 , find 1/4 P

4 12

3.Given that A = 2 3 and B = -1 -2 find;

0 -2 3 1

a) 2A (b) B – 2A
5. Find the values of m and n, ( )( ) ( )
Solution
1. (a) 2rows by 2columns (b) 1 row by 3 (c) 3 rows by 3 columns (d) 1 row by 1 column
2 x 2 matrix 1 x 3matrix 3 x 1 matrix 1 x 1matrix
2. 1/4( )=( )
3. (a) 2( ) (b)( )–2( )

( ) ( )-( )

( )

( )
4. ( )=( )

m + 2n = 10

2 + 5n = 12
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 = n=2

m + 2 (2) = 10

m=6

Self- test

1. State the order of each of the following matrix

(a) (b) P =

2. Find the values of the elements v, w, x and y, given that: 4 v w + 7 -9 = -1 7

x y -6 4 6 0

3. Find the product of -2 1 -5

-6

4. Given that A = and B = , find the matrix AB

5.Given that A= and B = , find 2A - B

PYTHAGORAS THEOREM

EXAMPLES

1. In each of the following, find the values of the sides indicated by letters using Pythagoras theorem

a) b)
V Z

9cm w 9cm 15 cm

12 cm X W a Y

2.In the figure below, AB=3cm, BC=4cm, CD=12cm and angle ABC=angle=90°

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 Calculate the length of AD.

Solutions

(a) w2 = 9 2cm + 122cm (b) 152cm = a2cm + 92 cm

w2 = 81cm + 144cm 225 cm = a2cm + 81 cm
w=√ 225cm – 81 cm
w = 15cm a=√

a = 12cm

2. first find AC
AC2 = AB2 + BC2 Then AD2 = AC2 + AD2
AC2 = 32 + 42 AD2 = 52 + 122
AC2 = 9 + 16 AD2 = 25 + 144
AC = √ AD2 = √
AC = 5CM AD = 13cm

Self-test

1. The figure below is a trapezium PQRS, in which angle PQR=angle QPS=90°,

PQ=6cm, QR=8cm and PS=12cm. calculate the length of the diagonal PR

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2. In the diagram below, AB = 8cm, AD = 10cm and DC = 12cm

8cm

C 12 cm D B

Calculate a) BD b) CB

3.Find the length of BA in the figure below

6cm

D xxx 26cm

8cm

B A

4. Evaluate the following

a) √ b) √ - √ c) √ + √

MENSURATION

EXAMPLES

1. The diagram below shows a cylinder of radius 3.5cm and length 22cm (Take π as 22/7)
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 Calculate its volume.

2. Find the volume of a cylinder with a base of radius 7cm and height 5cm. Take π as 22/7

3. What is the density of a metal bar with a mass of 4kg and a volume of 6m3

4. In the triangular prism ABCDEF below, AC=4cm, AB=3cm, BC=5cm and BF=11cm. Find its total
surface area.

Solutions

1. V= πr2h (2) V = πr2h (3) D = M/V

V = 22/7 x 3.5 x 3.5 x 22 V = 22/7 X 7 X 7 X5 D = 4/6
V= 847cm3 V = 770 cm3 D = 0.67kg/m3

4.TSA= wh + lw + lh + ls

4 x 3 + 11 x 4 + 11 x 3 +11 x5

12 + 44 + 33 + 55

144cm2

Self-test

1. The volume of a cylinder is 22cm3. Find its height if the radius of the base 3.5cm. (Take 22/7)

2. A metal blocked has a mass of 220g and a density of 14.7g/cm3. Calculate the volume of a metal block.
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3. The figure ABCDEF below is a triangular prism, AC=10cm, CF=15cm and the height of triangle
ABC is 6cm
Find the volume of the prism. ABCDEF.

4.The diagram below shows a tin for storing seeds the diameter of the tin is 7cm and
height 6cm.

Calculate the volume of the tin. ( Taking , π as ) .

(5) The diagram below shows a solid cylinder of diameter 10cm and height 20cm.

calculate its curved surface area. take π as 3.14

ANGLES

EXAMPLES

1. (a) Two angles are complementary angles, if one angle is 65o calculate the other angle.
(b) An aircraft flies from P to Q on a bearing of 140°. What bearing should it take to fly from Q to
P.

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 2. Determine the value of X in the diagram below.

3x x

4x

Solution

1 (a) complementary angles are two angles that add up to 90o. (b) 140o + 180o or 360 - 40

let the other angle be X 320o 320o

X + 65 = 90

X = 25O

3. 3x + x + 4x = 360o
8x = 360
x = 45o

Self-Test

1. In the diagram below, QRS is a straight line, PR = RS, angle QRP = 500 and angle RSP = 250 and
PQ = QR

Q S

Calculate:
(a) angle QPR (b) angle PRS

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2. In the diagram BDE is a straight line, angle BCD =m 700 and angle CDE = 1500. Calculate angle
CBD

1500

B D E

3. In the diagram below, AB is parallel to CD, angle HEB = 500 and angle EGD = 1100. Find angle
FEG
H

E 500
A B

1100
C F G D

4. The diagram below shows the bearing of P from find the bearing of Q from P

N
P

Q 3000

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