Lecture 4

September 22, 2020

09/22/2020 ELEC2501: Lecture 4 [Kupchak Fall 2020] 1

Learning Outcomes

• Analyze single loop circuits

• Analyzing single node pair circuits

• How to approach systems with multiple sources and elements

• Solving resistor networks of series and parallel combinations

09/22/2020 ELEC2501: Lecture 4 [Kupchak Fall 2020] 2

 Multiple Source with Resistors
(single loop)

09/22/2020 ELEC2501: Lecture 4 [Kupchak Fall 2020] 3

Multiple Sources with Resistors
• For the case when there is only a single loop, the same current will pass through every
element (series connection)

• We already know and have discussed that the resistances add together but so do the voltages

• Using KVL clockwise in the single loop circuit on the right

𝑉!" + 𝑉# − 𝑉$ + 𝑉!# + 𝑉% + 𝑉& − 𝑉" = 0

• Group the voltage sources and the resistors together

𝑉!" + 𝑉!# + −𝑉" + 𝑉# − 𝑉$ + 𝑉% + 𝑉& = 0

09/22/2020 ELEC2501: Lecture 4 [Kupchak Fall 2020] 4

 Multiple Sources with Resistors
• Another way of analyzing is by the net voltage generated by sources must equal the voltage drop across
the resistors
𝑉!" + 𝑉!# = 𝑉" − 𝑉# + 𝑉$ − 𝑉% − 𝑉& 𝑉'( 𝑡 = 𝑉!'(

Strategy for these systems

• Define a current (same everywhere)
• Use Ohm’s law to define resistor voltages
• Apply KVL
• Find the current 𝑖(𝑡) → if it is negative the direction is opposite of what was initially chosen
09/22/2020 ELEC2501: Lecture 4 [Kupchak Fall 2020] 5
 Multiple Sources with Resistors
Example 10Ω
𝑏
𝐼
+ -
Find the current 𝐼 and the voltage 𝑉)* in the circuit + 𝑉" - +
below. Here, the notation 𝑉)* is the voltage from - 3𝑉
node 𝑑 to node 𝑏. + 𝑉! 30Ω
12𝑉 - 𝑉# + -
+ - 𝑑 20Ω
3𝑉

09/22/2020 ELEC2501: Lecture 4 [Kupchak Fall 2020] 6

Multiple Sources with Resistors
Example 10Ω
𝑏
𝐼
+ -
Find the current 𝐼 and the voltage 𝑉)* in the circuit + 𝑉" - +
below. Here, the notation 𝑉)* is the voltage from - 3𝑉
node 𝑑 to node 𝑏. + 𝑉! 30Ω
12𝑉 - 𝑉# + -
+ - 𝑑
First, we take the current to go clockwise and apply KVL 20Ω
such that: 3𝑉
3𝑉 + 𝑉# + 𝑉$ − 3𝑉 + 12𝑉 + 𝑉" = 0

Next, use Ohm’s law write the resistor voltage drops in term of current:

3𝑉 + I 4 30Ω + I 4 20Ω − 3𝑉 + 12𝑉 + 𝐼 4 10Ω = 0

09/22/2020 ELEC2501: Lecture 4 [Kupchak Fall 2020] 7

 Multiple Sources with Resistors
Example 10Ω
𝑏
Find the current 𝐼 and the voltage 𝑣)* in the circuit 𝐼 + - + + -
below. Here, the notation 𝑣)* is the voltage from 𝑉" +
node 𝑑 to node 𝑏. - 3𝑉
+ 𝑉! 30Ω
12𝑉
- - 𝑉# + -
Solve for 𝐼: 𝐼 4 60Ω = −15V + 3V
+ - 𝑑
"#+ 20Ω
→ 𝐼= −
,-.
= −200𝑚𝐴. The negative sign means that 3𝑉
the current is flowing opposite
to the direction shown.

Next to find 𝑉)* , use KVL around a loop containing only 𝑉)* , 𝑉" , 3𝑉 and 12𝑉 supply: 𝑉" − 3𝑉 + 12𝑉 + 𝑉)* = 0

𝑉)* − 3𝑉 + 12𝑉 + −200𝑚𝐴 4 10Ω = 0. ⟹. 𝑉)* = −9𝑉 − −200𝑚𝐴 4 10Ω = −7V

09/22/2020 ELEC2501: Lecture 4 [Kupchak Fall 2020] 8

Multiple Sources with Resistors
Example
Design a circuit that produces a 5V output from a 12V input.
Also, the power consumption should not exceed 240mW.

09/22/2020 ELEC2501: Lecture 4 [Kupchak Fall 2020] 9

 Multiple Sources with Resistors
Example
Design a circuit that produces a 5V output from a 12V input.
Also, the total power consumption should not exceed 240mW.

This can be achieved with a voltage divider

𝑅#
5𝑉 = 12𝑉
𝑅" + 𝑅#

Here, there are 2 unknown resistors, but we also know that

𝑉# 12𝑉 #
𝑃= = ≤ 0.240𝑊
𝑅 𝑅" + 𝑅#
144𝑉 # 144𝑉 #
≤ 𝑅" + 𝑅# ⇒. 𝑅" + 𝑅# ≥ = 600Ω
0.24𝑊 0.24𝑊
!! &
This leads to = . So 𝑅# ≥ 250Ω and 𝑅" ≥ 350Ω
,--. "#

09/22/2020 ELEC2501: Lecture 4 [Kupchak Fall 2020] 10

 Multiple Sources with Resistors
Example 𝑏 𝐼

Find 𝑉)* in the following circuit

+
𝑉" - +
+ +
- - 5 𝑉"
12𝑉 - - +
𝑑 𝑉! = 3𝑉

09/22/2020 ELEC2501: Lecture 4 [Kupchak Fall 2020] 11

 Multiple Sources with Resistors
Example 𝑏 𝐼

Find 𝑉)* in the following circuit

+
𝑉" - +
+ +
Again apply KVL this time counterclockwise: - - 5 𝑉"
12𝑉 - - +
−𝑉" + 12𝑉 − 3𝑉 − 5𝑉" = 0
𝑑 𝑉! = 3𝑉
$
The only unknown is 𝑉!" : 6𝑉" = 9𝑉 → 𝑉" = 𝑉
#

"& #"
Again apply another loop to 𝑣)* : 𝑉)* = 3𝑉 + 𝑉 = 𝑉
# #

This makes sense as it is the 𝑉)* is the drop across the resistor plus the drop across
the controlled voltage source

09/22/2020 ELEC2501: Lecture 4 [Kupchak Fall 2020] 12

Multiple Sources with Resistors
Note that power must also be conserved.
Example
In the circuit is 𝑉/ supplying or absorbing power?
How much?

09/22/2020 ELEC2501: Lecture 4 [Kupchak Fall 2020] 13

Multiple Sources with Resistors
Note that power must also be conserved.
Example
In the circuit to the right is 𝑉/ supplying or absorbing
power? How much?

KVL: 8𝑉 + 𝑉/ − 16𝑉 = 0 → 𝑉/ = 8𝑉

𝑃/ = 8𝑉 4 6𝐴 = 48𝑊

Alternatively, we can look at power for the entire circuit and use Tellegen’s Theorem

3𝐴 4 10𝑉 = 30𝑊 M 𝑃 = 0 = 30 + 18 + 48 + 𝑃/ − 144

3𝐴 4 6𝑉 = 18𝑊
−9𝐴 4 16𝑉 = −144𝑊 𝑃/ = 144 − 96 = 48𝑊
6𝐴 4 8𝑉 = 48𝑊 48𝑊
𝑉/ = = 8𝑉
6𝐴 4 𝑉/ = 𝑃/ 6𝐴

09/22/2020 ELEC2501: Lecture 4 [Kupchak Fall 2020] 14

Summary

• Ohm’s Law

• Kirchoff’s Laws
• Kirchoff Current Law
• Kirchoff Voltage Law

• Single loop circuits → Kirchoff Voltage Law

→ Voltage division
• Tellegen’s Theorem

09/22/2020 ELEC2501: Lecture 4 [Kupchak Fall 2020] 15

 Single Node Pair Circuits

09/22/2020 ELEC2501: Lecture 4 [Kupchak Fall 2020] 16

Single Node Pair Circuit

• We now move to a second loop to our circuit, but

will limit ourselves to 2 nodes

• Here, all elements have the same voltage across them

• Consider charge conservation, now KCL 𝑣 𝑡 𝑣 𝑡 1 1 𝑣 𝑡

𝑖 𝑡 = 𝑖! 𝑡 + 𝑖" 𝑡 = + = + 𝑣 𝑡 =
with Ohm’s Law 𝑅! 𝑅" 𝑅! 𝑅" 𝑅#$

" " " ! !

Where ! = ! + ! or 𝑅'( = ! $0!!
"# $ ! $ !

" " " "

• In general = + + ⋯+ for 𝑁 parallel resistors. Note as more resistors are added the
!"# !$ !! !%
overall equivalent resistors will be reduced.

09/22/2020 ELEC2501: Lecture 4 [Kupchak Fall 2020] 17

 Single Node Pair Circuit

• How does current divide between the

two resistors in our circuit?

!$ !! 1 2
• If 𝑣 𝑡 = 𝑅'( 𝑖 𝑡 = 𝑖 𝑡 . and 𝑖" 𝑡 =
!$ 0!! !$

!! !$
Then 𝑖" 𝑡 = 𝑖 𝑡 and. 𝑖# = 𝑖 𝑡
!$ 0!! !$ 0!!

$
&$ 3 2 !"# !"#
• Alternatively written: 𝑖" 𝑡 = $ $ 𝑖 𝑡 = . 𝑅'( = 𝑖(𝑡) . and 𝑖# 𝑡 = 𝑖(𝑡)
0 !$ !$ !!
&$ &!

• This is a different way to derive a current divider. Note that current from the
source is divided in proportion to the inverse of the resistance.

09/22/2020 ELEC2501: Lecture 4 [Kupchak Fall 2020] 18

 Single Node Pair Circuit
• Find 𝐼" , 𝐼# and the power absorbed by the 40𝑘Ω resistor

KVL: 𝐼" 4 40𝑘Ω + 𝐼# 4 120𝑘Ω = 0 → 𝐼" + 3𝐼# = 0 (1)

KCL: 𝐼" − 16𝑚𝐴 − 𝐼# = 0 → 𝐼" − 𝐼# = 16𝑚𝐴 (2)

Here we have 2 equations and 2 unknowns. Can solve this by subtracting (2) from (1) to eliminate 𝐼"
4𝐼# = −16𝑚𝐴 → 𝐼# = −4𝑚𝐴

The negative sign indicates 𝐼# will actually flow opposite to the direction indicated above

09/22/2020 ELEC2501: Lecture 4 [Kupchak Fall 2020] 19

 Single Node Pair Circuit
• Find 𝐼" , 𝐼# and the power absorbed by the 40𝑘Ω resistor

𝐼# = −4𝑚𝐴

With 𝐼# determined, we can now find 𝐼" = 16𝑚𝐴 + −4 = 12𝑚𝐴

120𝑘Ω
𝐼" = 4 16𝑚𝐴 = 12𝑚𝐴
120𝑘Ω + 40𝑘Ω
Note that this circuit also constitutes a current divider.
−40𝑘Ω
𝐼# = 4 16𝑚𝐴 = −4𝑚𝐴
120𝑘Ω + 40𝑘Ω

Finally, the power in the 40𝑘Ω resistor is calculated as: 𝑃 = 𝐼 # 𝑅 = 12𝑚𝐴 # 4 40𝑘Ω = 5.76𝑊

09/22/2020 ELEC2501: Lecture 4 [Kupchak Fall 2020] 20

 Multiple Sources and Resistors
(single node pair)

09/22/2020 ELEC2501: Lecture 4 [Kupchak Fall 2020] 21

Multiple Sources and Resistors
• The same techniques can be applied to more complex circuits, but care must be taken with sign

𝑖" 𝑡 − 𝑖# 𝑡 − 𝑖$ 𝑡 + 𝑖% 𝑡 − 𝑖& 𝑡 − 𝑖, 𝑡 = 0
• Applying KCL to the upper node: 𝑖" 𝑡 − 𝑖$ 𝑡 + 𝑖% 𝑡 − 𝑖, 6 = 𝑖# 𝑡 + 𝑖& 𝑡
M 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑠𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑠 = M 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡

4" This could easily be extended for the case of

𝑣 𝑡 1 1
𝑖- 𝑡 = =𝑣 𝑡 + `
more resistive elements
𝑅'( 𝑅" 𝑅#

09/22/2020 ELEC2501: Lecture 4 [Kupchak Fall 2020] 22

Multiple Sources and Resistors
Strategy for these systems

• Define a voltage between two nodes (including polarity)

• Use Ohm’s law to define current through each resistor in terms of voltage

• Apply KCL at one of the nodes

• Solve the resulting equation for 𝑣 𝑡 and the resulting sign will determine if
the polarity is correct.

09/22/2020 ELEC2501: Lecture 4 [Kupchak Fall 2020] 23

Multiple Sources and Resistors
Example
• Find the power absorbed by the 6𝑘Ω resistor

09/22/2020 ELEC2501: Lecture 4 [Kupchak Fall 2020] 24

 Multiple Sources and Resistors
Example
• Find the power absorbed by the 6𝑘Ω resistor

All of the resistors are in parallel so we can think them behaving as a single resistor
" " " "
= + + ⟹ 𝑅'( = 2𝑘Ω.
!"# %5. ,5. "#5.
And 6𝑚𝐴 + 𝑖" + 𝑖# + 𝑖$ − 4𝑚𝐴 = 0 ⟹ 𝑖" + 𝑖# + 𝑖$ = −2𝑚𝐴

Voltage across the resistors (same for all) 𝑣 = −2𝑚𝐴 4 2𝑘Ω = −4𝑉

+! ",+ !
Power through the 6𝑘Ω resistor is: 𝑃 = = = 2.67mW
! ,5.

09/22/2020 ELEC2501: Lecture 4 [Kupchak Fall 2020] 25

 Resistor Networks

09/22/2020 ELEC2501: Lecture 4 [Kupchak Fall 2020] 26

Series and Parallel Combinations
• We have now dealt with circuits where the equivalent resistance from some number of resistors in
series or parallel.

• Most resistive networks are a combination or resistors in series and parallel, the key is to be able
to simplify it.
Example
• Find the equivalent resistance between A and B

Simplify!

09/22/2020 ELEC2501: Lecture 4 [Kupchak Fall 2020] 27

Series and Parallel Combinations
Example

Now the 18𝑘Ω and 9𝑘Ω are

in parallel

We now have a straight series combination

𝑅67 = 6𝑘Ω + 6𝑘Ω + 10𝑘Ω = 22kΩ

You may have to repeat a few times to get a single equivalent resistor

Ex. Series → parallel → series → parallel….

09/22/2020 ELEC2501: Lecture 4 [Kupchak Fall 2020] 28

Series and Parallel Combinations
Example

09/22/2020 ELEC2501: Lecture 4 [Kupchak Fall 2020] 29

Series and Parallel Combinations
Example

09/22/2020 ELEC2501: Lecture 4 [Kupchak Fall 2020] 30

Example: Equivalent Resistance
Find the equivalent resistance of the following networks between points A and B
2𝑅
A

4𝑅
2𝑅
𝑅

B
3𝑅

09/22/2020 ELEC2501: Lecture 4 [Kupchak Fall 2020] 31

Example: Equivalent Resistance

09/22/2020 ELEC2501: Lecture 4 [Kupchak Fall 2020] 32

Series and Parallel Combinations
Example
• Find 𝑣- :

There is most usually more than one way to find the solution

𝑣8 can be found using a voltage divider Then 𝑣- from a second voltage divider
20𝑘Ω 20𝑘Ω
𝑣8 = 12V 4 = 6𝑉 𝑣- = 𝑣8 4 = 2𝑉
20𝑘Ω + 20𝑘Ω 40𝑘Ω + 20𝑘Ω
09/22/2020 ELEC2501: Lecture 4 [Kupchak Fall 2020] 33
 Series and Parallel Combinations
Example
• Find a source current that will provide a designed
output of 3V

09/22/2020 ELEC2501: Lecture 4 [Kupchak Fall 2020] 34

 Series and Parallel Combinations
Example
• Find a source current that will provide a designed
output of 3V

• In order to get 3V across the 30𝑘Ω resistor,

require
𝐼- 4 30𝑘Ω = 3V or 𝐼- = 0.1 𝑚𝐴

!"#
• Using a current divider 𝐼- = 𝐼/ , here the current splits between the 60𝑘Ω and
"#-5.
the branch with 30𝑘Ω + 90𝑘Ω = 120𝑘Ω

" "#-5. 9-5.0$-5.0,-5.

Where 𝑅'( = $ $ = 40𝑘Ω So 𝐼/ = 𝐼- = 0.3𝑚𝐴 𝑜𝑟 𝐼/ = 𝐼- = 0.3𝑚𝐴
0
'()* $!()* %-5. ,-5.

09/22/2020 ELEC2501: Lecture 4 [Kupchak Fall 2020] 35