PR ESENTED BY
JigyashaTimsina
BDS 2nd year
AGING
Definition : Refers to irreversible and inevitable
change that occurs with time
It is also defined as sum of all morphological and
functional alteration in an organism that leads to
functional impairement
BIOLOGICAL AGING PROCESS IS :
Universal : detectable in all members of the
species
Progressive: develop gradually and
irreversibly
Deleterious : harmful to the survival of
individual
AGING AND THE HARD
TISSUES
ENAMEL DENTIN
DENTAL
HARD
TISSUES
CEMENTUM
ALVEOLAR
BONE
ENAMEL CHANGES
Attrition
Change in permeability
Discoloration
Chemical and surface
changes
ATTRITION
Physiological wear of occlusal or incisal and
proximal surfaces of teeth resulting in a
decrease in vertical dimension
In severe attrition dentin may be exposed
CHANGE IN PERMEABILITY
Young
enamel acts as a semi-permeable
membrane and permits slow passage of water
and molecular substances through the pores
between the crystals.
With age the enamel crystals grow in size and
the pores between them is obliterated
resulting in reduced permeability of the
enamel.
DISCOLORATION
Normal: white to
yellowish white.
With age darkening seen.
Thought to be because of:
I. Loss of enamel rods-
this loss alters the light
reflection of enamel
and results tooth color
change.
II. Deepening of dentin
color seen through
progressively thinning
layer of enamel.
CHEMICAL AND SURFACE CHANGES
Increase in fluoride and nitrogen content.
Water and organic content decrease with age.
Reduction in organic content reduces chance
of caries in teeth with age.
Loss of Perikymata
DENTIN
The main changes in dentin associated
with aging are
Increase in sclerotic dentin.
Increase in the number of dead
tracts.
Increase in formation of reparative
and reactive dentin.
Vitality of dentin
Dead tract
DEAD TRACTS
In normal dentin the odontoblastic
processes may disintegrate and the
empty tubules get filled with air. These
are called dead tracts.
They appear black in transmitted light
and white in reflected light.
In narrow pulpal horns degeneration of
odontoblast seen due to crowding of
odontoblasts.
thought to be the initial step in the
formation of sclerotic dentin.
SCLEROTIC
DENTIN\TRANSPARENT DENTIN
Refers to the dentinal tubules that have
become occluded with calcified materials.
It may be result of the aging process and
called physiologic dentin sclerosis or may
occur due to some irritation like caries,
attrition, abrasion and called reactive dentin
sclerosis
When this occurs in several tubules in the
same area , the dentin assumes a glassy
appearance and become transparent
Sclerotic dentin
Most common in
apical 3rd of the root.
It appears
transparent or
light in transmitted
light and dark in
reflected light.
REPARATIVE –REACTIVE DENTIN
Ifthe provoking stimulus cause destruction
of the original odontoblasts, the new, less
tubular dentin formed by newly
differentiated odontoblast like cells is called
Reparative dentin.
However if the odontoblast survive the
provoking stimuli the dentin produced by
them is called Reactionary dentin
Reactive dentin
Reparative dentin
VITALITY OF DENTIN
Since
the odontoblasts do not degenerate
normally, dentin is laid down throughout life.
Although after the teeth have erupted and
become functional dentinogenesis slows and
further dentin formation is at much slower
rate
CEMENTUM
Hypercementosis .
Cementicles.
Change in permeability.
Cementum re-absorption and
repair
HYPERCEMENTOSIS
Itis an abnormal thickening of the cementum.
may be generalized or localized ,diffused or
limited.
Hypercementosis is termed cementum
hypertrophy if the overgrowth improves the
functional qualities of the cementum and is
termed cementum hyperplasia if it is not
correlated with increased function.
FIG :
A
FIG : B
CEMENTICLES
They are ovoid or round
calcified structure that are
formed as a result of
calcification of the
degenerated periodontal
tissue or the epithelial
rests of Malssez.
Cementicles may be:
1. Free in the periodontal
ligament.
2. Attached the cementum
3. Embedded in the
cementum FC-free
cementicle
SC-sessile
cementicle
Permeability : The permeability of cementum
decreases gradually by age.
The permeability from the periodontal side is lost except in
the most recently formed layer of cementum, while that
from the dentine side remains only in the apical region.
Cementum Resorption and Repair: Cementum
resorption can occur after trauma or excessive occlusal
forces .
After resorption ceases, the damage is usually repaired.
If the repair establishes the former outline of the root
surface it is called anatomic repair. However if only a thin
layer of cementum is deposited and the root outline is not
constructed it is called functional repair.
ALVEOLAR BONE
Bone resorption is
the major age
change in alveolar
bone.
Common site of
resorption- labial
aspect of alveolar
crest.
Decrease in
height and width
of the jaw
Bone
reabsorption
Distance between
Alveolar sockets the crest of the
appear jagged alveolar bone and
and uneven cemento-enamel
junction increase
OTHER CHANGES
The marrow space have fatty infiltration.
Loss of maxillary bone is accompanied by
increase in size of maxillary sinus.
Internal trabecular arrangement is more open
which indicate bone loss.
REFERENCES
Orban’s oral histology and embryology
Ten Cate’s oral histology
Oral anatomy ,histology and embryology
Berkovitz , Holland , Moxham
