CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 GENERAL

The project report is based on the analysis and design of reinforced concrete framed structure
of multi-storey hospital building. The Limit state method has been used for designing purpose. In
this method, check is applied for element against the collapse and serviceability. Manual analysing is
a cumber some process which also have great probabilities of error occurring, so all of the designers
use different kind of software to analyse and design the structure. Likewise in this project manual
calculation will be really hectic to analyse and design the structure, so few of the software which is
most popular for analysing and designing will be used and process of using them will be explained
in brief and also the building structure will be analysed and designed.

1.2 SOFTWARE USED

1. STAAD Pro V8i – STAAD.Pro is one of the most widely used structural analysis and
design software products worldwide. It supports over 90 international steel, concrete and timber
design codes. It can make use of various forms of analysis from the traditional static analysis, p-
delta analysis, geometric non-linear analysis, Pushover analysis (Static-Non Linear Analysis) or
a buckling analysis.

2. Auto Cad – AutoCAD is a commercial computer-aided design (CAD) and drafting

software application. Developed and marketed by Autodesk. AutoCAD is used across a wide
range of industries, by architects, project managers, engineers, graphic designers, town planners
and many other professionals.

3. STAAD FOUNDATION – staad foundation is used for analysis and design of various types
of footing for structure. analyse the gravity and lateral load also .

1
1.3 CODES USED

Every country has some of the specifications to manufacture or construct the specific elements or
structure which help designer or manufacturer to make it more acceptable to the environment in
which it is being constructed or manufactured. Likewise for construction and designing of
buildings, many codes are available for different materials. As most common used material for
construction is concrete and steel, so for them few codes are defined in all the countries. In India
organization Bureau of Indian Standards worked on the concrete and steel and developed some
codes which help in construction with specific instructions few of them are shown in Table-1.

Table-1.1 IS codes and there area of practice

CODES CONTEXT

IS 456:2000 Plain And Reinforced Concrete - Code Of Practice

Code of practice for Design loads (other than earthquake)

for buildings and structures - Dead loads — unit weights
IS 875 PART 1
of building materials and stored materials
Code of practice for Design loads (other than earthquake)
IS 875 PART 2
for buildings and structures – Imposed loads

IS 1893(Part 1):2016 Criteria for Earthquake resistant design of structures

Ductile Detailing of reinforced concrete structures

IS 13920:2016
subjected to seismic forces – Code of practice

1.4 PLAN DETAIL

The plan detail described by the architect and other competent authority is used in the project
report of the multi storey hospital building for commercial purpose is shown in Table-2. Plan
details given by the development authority must be obeyed otherwise in future it can cause some
serious problems in the building or surrounding the building like if building plan area is increased
without permission then in future it may cause blocking of road area or further construction of
roads. The 3-D elevation of building is show in Figure -1

Table-1.2 Geometry Description of building

Numbers of storeys G + 3 + Mumty

Height of building 16.75m
Height of each floor (except basement) 3.35m
Plan area 26 m x 25 m
Structure area 19.7 m x 8.92 m

1.5 GRADES OF MATERIALS USED

Bureau of Indian standard has defined constructional material according to their different physical
and mechanical properties and divided them to certain groups like concrete is divided on the basis
of compressive strength and steel is divided on the basis of tensile stress, by this division it become
easy to choose the material of certain strength. According to this for this project the grade of
concrete and steel is choose which is shown in Table-3.

Table-1.3 Description of grade of material

Grade of concrete M25

Grade of steel Fe 500
 CHAPTER 2
LOAD CALCULATION

2.1 GENERAL

Structural loads or actions are forces, deformations or accelerations applied to a structure or its
components. Loads cause stresses, deformations, and displacements in structures. Assessment of
their effects is carried out by the methods of structural analysis. Excess load or overloading may
cause structural failure, and hence such possibility should be either considered in the design or
strictly controlled. A structure goes under different types of loading in reality, so while designing
all the loads must be considered.

2.2 TYPES OF LOAD

The following loads are considered in this design project: -

1. Dead load – Load which remains at same place after construction of building till the life of
the structure is known as dead load. It mainly consists of structures own self weight. The
unit weights of various materials are taken from IS 875(Part 1).
2. Live load – Load which regular changes after a period of time in the structure is known as
live load. It consist living beings, furniture, instruments or any other material which can be
moved in the building.
3. Seismic load – Earthquake forces constitute to both vertical and horizontal forces on the
building. The total vibration caused by earthquake may be resolved into three mutually
perpendicular directions, usually taken as vertical and two horizontal directions. The
movement in vertical direction does not cause forces in superstructure to any significant
extent. But the horizontal movement of the building at the time of earthquake is to be
considered while designing. The response of the structure to the ground vibration is a
function of the nature of foundation soil, size and mode of construction and the duration
and intensity of ground motion. IS 1893– 2016 gives the details of such calculations for
structures standing on soils which will not considerably settle or slide appreciably due to
earthquake.
2.3 LOAD CALCULATIONS

2.3.1 Dead load

i. Masonry wall loads
1. Main wall -
Thickness of wall = 230 mm
Depth of beam = 300 mm
Wall height = 3.35-0.3=3.05m
Unit weight of masonry = 18.85 KN/m3 (as per IS 875 Part 1)
Unit weight of plaster = 20.4 KN/m3
Thickness of plastering = 0.015 m
Load = 3.05 x 0.23 x 18.85 + 3.05 x 0.015 x2 x 20.4 = 15.08 KN/m
2. Partition wall –
Thickness of wall = 115 mm
Depth of beam = 380 mm
Load = 2.97 x 0.115 x 18.85 + 2.97 x 0.015 x2 x 20.4 = 8.26 KN/m
3. Parapet wall –
Height of wall = 1.5 m
Thickness of wall = 115mm
Load = 1.5 x 0.115 x 18.85 + 1.5 x 0.015 x2 x 20.4 = 4.17 KN/m
ii. Slab loads
1. Floor slabs –
Thickness of slab = 150 mm
Self weight of slab = 0.15 x 25 = 3.75 KN/m2
Finishing load (due to bricks, plaster and dressed marble)
Bricks = 9.90 x 0.04 = 0.396 KN/m2
Plaster = 20.4 x 0.0127 = 0.26 KN/m2
Dressed marble = 26.5 x 0.0127 = 0.33 KN/m2
Which is approximately = 1 KN/m2
Total = 4.75 KN/m2
 2. Roof slab –
Thickness of slab = 150 mm
Self weight of slab = 0.15 x 25 = 3.75 KN/m2
Finishing load (due to dry compacted clay + bitumen layer + country tiles)
Finishing load = 0.008 + 14.1 x .063 + .6 = 1.5 KN/m2
Which is approximately = 1.5 KN/m2
Total = 5.25 KN/m2
3. Mumty slab –
Self weight of slab = 3.75 KN/m2
Finishing load = .7 KN/m2
Total = 4.45 KN/m2
iii. Elevator load –
Assume self weight of lift equipment = 2000 kg = 20 KN
Dividing into 4 concentrated loads on a beam (D.L.) = 20/4 = 5 KN
2.3.2 Live load
i. Slabs
1. Floor slab –
Table 2.1 Live loads on structure as per IS CODE 875-II

a) Bed rooms, wards, dressing rooms, dormitories and

2.0 KN/m2
lounges
b) Kitchens, laundries and laboratories 3.0 KN/m2
c) Dining rooms, cafeterias and restaurants 3.0 KN/m2
d) Toilets and bathrooms 2.0 KN/m2

e) X-ray rooms, operating rooms, general storage areas

3.0 KN/m2
-to be calculated but not less than

f) Office rooms and OPD rooms 2.5 KN/m2

g) Corridors, passages, lobbies and staircases including
4.0 KN/m2
fire escapes - as per the floor serviced but not less than
For simplification, approximately live load values taken on floors as 4 KN/m 2.
 2. Roof slab –
a. Access provided = 1.5 KN/m2
b. Access not provided = 0.75 KN/m2
ii. Ramp –
Live load = 3 KN/m2
iii. Elevator –
Assuming maximum 12 persons in lift
Live load = 1000 kg = 10 KN
Dividing into 4 concentrated loads on a beam (L.L.) = 10/4 = 2.5 KN
2.3.3 Seismic Load
Seismic Zone : IV
Zone factor (Z) = 0.24
Importance factor (I) = 1.5
Response reduction factor (R) = 5%
The earthquake force is calculated for full dead load plus the percentage of imposed load as given
below:
Table 2.2 Earthquake load calculation
Name of loading Live load Percentage of imposed Imposed seismic load
load to be considered
2
Floor slab 4 KN/m 50 2 KN/m2
Ramp 3 KN/m2 50 1.5 KN/m2
Elevator 2.5 KN 25 0.625 KN
Note: For calculating the design seismic forces of the structure, imposed load on roof is not
considered.
2.4 LOAD COMBINATIONS
In the Limit State Design of Reinforced concrete structures, following load combinations
are taken as per IS 1893:2002.
i) 1.5 (D.L + L.L)
ii) 1.2 (D.L + L.L ± E.L)

iii) 1.5 (D.L ± E.L)

iv) 0.9 D.L ± 1.5 E.L

 CHAPTER 3
STRUCTURAL MODELLING

A model of the entire structure was created in STAAD.Pro

 Fixed support was assigned to the foundation columns.

 The properties for the various members were given.

The following loads were considered for analyzing the structure,

 Dead load

 Live load

 Seismic load

Finally the structure was analyzed.

The analysed was taken to design the structural members. The following figures depict the
modelling stages:

Fig. 3.1 Whole structure model

 Fig. 3.2 Beam layout of G+1

Fig. 3.3 Beam layout of G+2 to G+4

Fig. 3.4 3D rendered view of whole structure
 CHAPTER 4
DESIGN OF SUPERSTRUCTURE

4.1 DESIGN OF SLAB

The most common type structural element use to cover floors and roofs of the buildings are
reinforced concrete slabs of different types. Usually there are two types of slabs. They are
1. One way slabs
2. Two way slabs
Two way slabs are common in the floor of multi-storey buildings. Reinforced concrete slabs
supported on two opposite sides with their longer dimension exceeding two times the shorter
dimension are referred to as one way slabs. Reinforced concrete slabs supported on all four sides
with their effective span in the longer direction not exceeding two times the effective span in the
shorter direction are defined as two way slabs.
The bending moment in the slabs depends upon the following parameters:
1. The short and the long spans.
2. Edge conditions at the support.
3. Magnitude and type of load on the slab.

4.1.1 Design of slab 1 (S1) (3.22 m x 4.85 m)

Data:
Grade of concrete = M25
Grade of steel = Fe 500
Dimension: 3.4558 x 5.0814 m
Ly/Lx = 1.47 < 2
Hence this is a 2 - way slab.
Lx/d = 26 (IS 456 cl. 23.2.1)
d = 3455.8/26 = 132.9 mm.
Assuming D = 150 mm.
d = 150-20-8/2 = 126 mm (using 8 mm dia bars and 20 mm clear cover)
Effective span:
In X-direction
Effective span in X direction (lx) = Clear span + effective depth = 3455.8 – 230 +126 = 3351.8 mm
Effective span in X- direction (l x) = 3351.8 mm
Effective span in Y- direction (l y) = 4977.4 mm
Design load:
Self weight of slab = 0.15 x 25 = 3.75 KN/m 2
Finishing load (due to bricks, plaster and dressed marble)
Bricks = 9.90 x 0.04 = 0.396 KN/m2
Plaster = 20.4 x 0.0127 = 0.26 KN/m2
Dressed marble = 26.5 x 0.0127 = 0.33 KN/m2
Which is approximately = 1 KN/m2
Live load = 4 KN/m2
Total load = 8.75 KN/m2 = 8.75 x 1 = 8.75 KN/m
Factored load = 8.75 x 1.5 = 13.125 KN/m

The coefficient of bending moments Mx and My per unit width (positive and negative) are
determined as per table 26 of IS 456 for the case 4 which is two adjacent edges discontinuous and
ly / lx = 1.47

Table 4.1 Bending moment coefficients for S1

Short span Long span
For
αx Mx(KN-m) αy My(KN-m)
Negative moment at
.0738 10.2432 .047 6.419
continuous edge

Positive moment at mid span .0551 7.6483 .035 4.7802

Minimum depth required:

dreq = [Mu / (0.133 x fck x b)]1/2
= [10.2432 x 106/(0.133 x 25 x 1000)]1/2
dreq = 55.5 mm < dprovided (126 mm)
Hence provide d = 126 mm, D = 150 mm
Determination of areas of steel:
For steel in short direction (lx),
Mu = 0.87fy Ast d [1 – (fy Ast)/fck bd]
For negative moment:
10.2432 x 106 = 0.87 x 415 x Ast x 126 [1 – (500 x Ast)/ (25 x 1000 x 126)]
Ast = 192.78 mm2
For positive moment
Ast = 142.85 mm2
For steel in long direction (ly)
For negative moment:
Ast = 119.44 mm2
For positive moment:
Ast = 88.5 mm2
Min. reinforcement = 0.12% = 0.12 x 1000 x 150 / 100 = 180 mm 2
Max. dia. allowed as given in Cl. 26.5.2.2 of IS 456 is 150/8 = 18.75 mm which is more than the
dia. used here (= 8 mm)
The maximum spacing of main bars as given in Cl. 26.3.3 (1) of IS 456 is lesser of (3x126 = 378)
and 300 mm.
So, 300 mm is the maximum spacing.

Number of bars = 192.78/ (π/4 x 82) =3.8 (provide 4 bars)

Spacing =1000/4 = 250 mm
So provide 4 - ɸ 8 mm dia bars @ 250 mm c/c. (In both directions)
Ast provided = 4 x 50.24 = 201.06 mm2

Maximum shear force in either direction:

Vu = Wu lx/2 = 13.125 x 3.2258/ 2
Vu = 21.17 KN
Check for shear:

From table 19 of IS 456, τc = 0.2867 N/mm2 (for 100 Ast/bd =

0.1596) Table 20 of IS 456 gives τc max = 3.1 N/mm2

τv = Vu / bd = 21.17 x 103 / 1000 x 126 = 0.168
N/mm2 Since, τv < τc < τc max, so safe in shear.

Check for deflection:

pt = 100 x 201.06/(1000 x 126) = 0.1596 %
fs = 0.58 fy (Ast required / Ast provided) = 0.58x500(192.78/201.06)=278.05 N/mm2
Modification factor Kt = 1.6 from Cl. 23.2 IS 456
(l/d) max allowable =basic value of span to depth x modification factor= 26 x 1.6 = 41.6
(l/d) actual provided =lx /d = 3351.8/126 = 26.6
(l/d) max allowable > (l/d) actual provided
Hence ok.
Development length (Ld):
Using cl. 26.2.1 Development length of

bars Ld = ɸ σ s / (4 x τbd)

τbd = 1.6 x 1.4

Ld = (0.87 x 500 x 8)/4 x 1.6 x 1.4
= 388.4 mm, provide 390 mm
4.1.2 Design of slab 2 (S2) (3.07 m x 4.85 m)
Data:
Grade of concrete = M25
Grade of steel = Fe 500
Dimension: 3.3034 x 5.0814 m
Ly/Lx = 1.53 < 2
Hence this is a 2 - way slab.
Lx/d = 26 (IS 456 cl. 23.2.1)
d = 3303.4/26 = 127.05 mm.
Assuming D = 150 mm.
d = 150-20-8/2 = 126 mm (using 8 mm dia bars and 20 mm clear cover)
Effective span:
In X-direction
Effective span in X direction (lx) = Clear span + effective depth = 3303.4 – 230 +126 = 3199.4 mm
Effective span in X- direction (l x) = 3199.4 mm
Effective span in Y- direction (l y) = 4977.4 mm
Design load:
Self weight of slab = 0.15 x 25 = 3.75 KN/m 2
Finishing load (due to bricks, plaster and dressed marble)
Bricks = 9.90 x 0.04 = 0.396 KN/m2
Plaster = 20.4 x 0.0127 = 0.26 KN/m2
Dressed marble = 26.5 x 0.0127 = 0.33 KN/m2
Which is approximately = 1 KN/m2
Live load = 4 KN/m2
Total load = 8.75 KN/m2 = 8.75 x 1 = 8.75 KN/m
Factored load = 8.75 x 1.5 = 13.125 KN/m

The coefficient of bending moments Mx and My per unit width (positive and negative) are
determined as per table 26 of IS 456 for the case 2 which is one edges discontinuous and l y / lx =
1.54

Table 4.2 Bending moment coefficients for S2

Short span Long span
For
αx Mx(KN-m) αy My(KN-m)
Negative moment at
.0581 7.9401 .037 4.9709
continuous edge

Positive moment at mid span .0446 6.086 .028 3.7618

Minimum depth required:

dreq = [Mu / (0.133 x fck x b)]1/2
= [7.9401 x 106/(0.133 x 25 x 1000)]1/2
dreq = 48.86 mm < dprovided (126 mm)
Hence provide d = 126 mm, D = 150 mm
Determination of areas of steel:
For steel in short direction (lx),
Mu = 0.87fy Ast d [1 – (fy Ast)/fck bd]
For negative moment:
7.9401 x 106 = 0.87 x 415 x Ast x 126 [1 – (500 x Ast)/ (25 x 1000 x 126)]
Ast = 148.435 mm2
For positive moment
Ast = 113.125 mm2
For steel in long direction (ly)
For negative moment:
Ast = 92.08 mm2
For positive moment:
Ast = 69.433 mm2
Min. reinforcement = 0.12% = 0.12 x 1000 x 150 / 100 = 180 mm 2
So, provide min. reinforcement 180 mm 2 in both directions
Max. dia. allowed as given in Cl. 26.5.2.2 of IS 456 is 150/8 = 18.75 mm which is more than the
dia. used here (= 8 mm)
The maximum spacing of main bars as given in Cl. 26.3.3 (1) of IS 456 is lesser of (3x126 = 378)
and 300 mm.
So, 300 mm is the maximum spacing.

Number of bars = 180/ (π/4 x 82) =3.58 (provide 4 bars)

Spacing =1000/4 = 250 mm
So provide 4 - ɸ 8 mm dia bars @ 250 mm c/c. (In both directions)
Ast provided = 4 x 50.24 = 201.06 mm2

Maximum shear force in either direction:

Vu = Wu lx/2 = 13.125 x 3.2258/ 2
Vu = 12.70 KN
Check for shear:
From table 19 of IS 456, τc = 0.2867 N/mm2 (for 100 Ast/bd = 0.1596)
Table 20 of IS 456 gives τc max = 3.1 N/mm2

τv = Vu / bd = 12.70 x 103 / 1000 x 126 = 0.101

N/mm2 Since, τv < τc < τc max, so safe in shear.

Check for deflection:

pt = 100 x 201.06/(1000 x 126) = 0.1596 %
fs = 0.58 fy (Ast required / Ast provided) = 0.58x500(180/201.06)=259.62 N/mm2
Modification factor Kt = 1.6 from Cl. 23.2 IS 456
(l/d) max allowable =basic value of span to depth x modification factor= 26 x 1.7 = 44.2
(l/d) actual provided =lx /d = 3199.4/126 = 25.39
(l/d) max allowable > (l/d) actual provided
Hence ok.
Development length (Ld):
Using cl. 26.2.1 Development length of

bars Ld = ɸ σ s / (4 x τbd)

τbd = 1.6 x 1.4

Ld = (0.87 x 500 x 8)/4 x 1.6 x 1.4
= 388.4 mm, provide 390 mm

4.1.3 Design of slab 3 (S7) (1.98 m x 3.02 m)

Data:
Grade of concrete = M25
Grade of steel = Fe 500
Dimension: 2.2138 x 3.2526 m
Ly/Lx = 1.47 < 2
Hence this is a 2 - way slab.
Lx/d = 26 (IS 456 cl. 23.2.1)
d = 2.2138/26 = 85.14 mm.
Assuming D = 150 mm.
d = 150-20-8/2 = 126 mm (using 8 mm dia bars and 20 mm clear cover)
Effective span:
In X-direction
Effective span in X direction (lx) = Clear span + effective depth = 2213.8 – 230 +126 = 2109.8 mm
Effective span in X- direction (l x) = 2109.8 mm
Effective span in Y- direction (l y) = 3148.6 mm
Design load:
Self weight of slab = 0.15 x 25 = 3.75 KN/m 2
Finishing load (due to bricks, plaster and dressed marble)
Bricks = 9.90 x 0.04 = 0.396 KN/m2
Plaster = 20.4 x 0.0127 = 0.26 KN/m2
Dressed marble = 26.5 x 0.0127 = 0.33 KN/m2
Which is approximately = 1 KN/m2
Live load = 4 KN/m2
Total load = 8.75 KN/m2 = 8.75 x 1 = 8.75 KN/m
Factored load = 8.75 x 1.5 = 13.125 KN/m

The coefficient of bending moments Mx and My per unit width (positive and negative) are
determined as per table 26 of IS 456 for the case 1 which is interior panels and l y / lx = 1.47

Table 4.3 Bending moment coefficients for S7

Short span Long span
For
αx Mx(KN-m) αy My(KN-m)
Negative moment at
.0524 3.0614 .032 1.8695
continuous edge

Positive moment at mid span .0404 2.3603 .024 1.4021

Minimum depth required:

dreq = [Mu / (0.133 x fck x b)]1/2
= [3.0614 x 106/(0.133 x 25 x 1000)]1/2
dreq = 30.34 mm < dprovided (126 mm)
Hence provide d = 126 mm, D = 150 mm
Determination of areas of steel:
For steel in short direction (lx),
Mu = 0.87fy Ast d [1 – (fy Ast)/fck bd]
For negative moment:
3.0614 x 106 = 0.87 x 415 x Ast x 126 [1 – (500 x Ast)/ (25 x 1000 x 126)]
Ast = 57.79 mm2
For positive moment
Ast = 43.38 mm2
For steel in long direction (ly)
For negative moment:
Ast = 34 mm2
For positive moment:
Ast = 25.7 mm2
Min. reinforcement = 0.12% = 0.12 x 1000 x 150 / 100 = 180 mm 2
So, provide min. reinforcement 180 mm 2 in both directions
Max. dia. allowed as given in Cl. 26.5.2.2 of IS 456 is 150/8 = 18.75 mm which is more than the
dia. used here (= 8 mm)
The maximum spacing of main bars as given in Cl. 26.3.3 (1) of IS 456 is lesser of (3x126 = 378)
and 300 mm.
So, 300 mm is the maximum spacing.

Number of bars = 180/ (π/4 x 82) =3.58 (provide 4 bars)

Spacing =1000/4 = 250 mm
So provide 4 - ɸ 8 mm dia bars @ 250 mm c/c. (In both directions)
Ast provided = 4 x 50.24 = 201.06 mm2

Maximum shear force in either direction:

Vu = Wu lx/2 = 13.125 x 2.1098/ 2
Vu = 13.85 KN
Check for shear:
From table 19 of IS 456, τc = 0.2867 N/mm2 (for 100 Ast/bd = 0.1596)

Table 20 of IS 456 gives τc max = 3.1 N/mm2

τv = Vu / bd = 13.85 x 103 / 1000 x 126 = 0.11

N/mm2 Since, τv < τc < τc max, so safe in
shear.
Check for deflection:
pt = 100 x 201.06/(1000 x 126) = 0.1596 %
fs = 0.58 fy (Ast required / Ast provided) = 0.58x500(180/201.06)= 259.62N/mm2
Modification factor Kt = 1.7 from Cl. 23.2 IS 456
(l/d) max allowable =basic value of span to depth x modification factor= 26 x 1.7 = 44.2
(l/d) actual provided =lx /d = 2109.8/126 = 16.74
(l/d) max allowable > (l/d) actual provided
Hence ok.
Development length (Ld):
Using cl. 26.2.1 Development length of

bars Ld = ɸ σ s / (4 x τbd)

τbd = 1.6 x 1.4

Ld = (0.87 x 500 x 8)/4 x 1.6 x 1.4
= 388.4 mm, provide 390 mm
4.1.4 Design of roof slab with water tank (2.58 m x 4.32 m)
Data:
Grade of concrete = M25
Grade of steel = Fe 500
Dimension: 2.5773 x 4.3154 m
Ly/Lx = 1.67 < 2
Hence this is a 2 - way slab.
Lx/d = 26 (IS 456 cl. 23.2.1)
d = 2.5773/26 = 100 mm.
Assuming D = 150 mm.
d = 150-20-8/2 = 126 mm (using 8 mm dia bars and 20 mm clear cover)
Effective span:
In X-direction
Effective span in X direction (lx) = Clear span + effective depth = 2577.3 – 230 +126 = 2473.3 mm
Effective span in X- direction (l x) = 2473.3 mm
Effective span in Y- direction (l y) = 4211.4 mm
Design load:
Self weight of slab = 0.15 x 25 = 3.75 KN/m 2
Finishing load (due to dry compacted clay + bitumen layer + country tiles)
Finishing load = 0.008 + 14.1 x .063 + .6 = 1.5 KN/m 2
Height of tank = 1 m
Base area of tank = 1.5m x 1.5m = 2.25 m2
Volume of tank = 2.25 m3
Weight of tank = 2.25 x 9.81 = 22.07 KN
Load intensity = 22.07 / (2.5773 x 4.3154) = 1.984 KN/m 2
Live load = 1.5 KN/m2
Total load = 8.73 KN/m2 = 8.73 x 1 = 8.73 KN/m
Factored load = 8.73 x 1.5 = 13.1 KN/m
The coefficient of bending moments Mx and My per unit width (positive and negative) are
determined as per table 26 of IS 456 for the case 2 which is one short edge discontinuous and l y / lx
= 1.67
Table 4.4 Bending moment coefficients for water tank roof slab
Short span Long span
For
αx Mx(KN-m) αy My(KN-m)
Negative moment at
.0618 4.9524 .037 2.9650
continuous edge

Positive moment at mid span .0467 3.7423 .028 2.2438

Minimum depth required:
dreq = [Mu / (0.133 x fck x b)]1/2
= [4.9524 x 106/(0.133 x 25 x 1000)]1/2
dreq = 39 mm < dprovided (126 mm)
Hence provide d = 126 mm, D = 150 mm
Determination of areas of steel:
For steel in short direction (lx),
Mu = 0.87fy Ast d [1 – (fy Ast)/fck bd]
For negative moment:
4.9524x 106 = 0.87 x 415 x Ast x 126 [1 – (500 x Ast)/ (25 x 1000 x 126)]
Ast = 91.73 mm2
For positive moment
Ast = 69.06 mm2
For steel in long direction (ly)
For negative moment:
Ast = 54.59 mm2
For positive moment:
Ast = 41.2 mm2
Min. reinforcement = 0.12% = 0.12 x 1000 x 150 / 100 = 180 mm 2
So, provide min. reinforcement 180 mm 2 in both directions
Max. dia. allowed as given in Cl. 26.5.2.2 of IS 456 is 150/8 = 18.75 mm which is more than the
dia. used here (= 8 mm)
The maximum spacing of main bars as given in Cl. 26.3.3 (1) of IS 456 is lesser of (3x126 = 378)
and 300 mm.
So, 300 mm is the maximum spacing.

Number of bars = 180/ (π/4 x 82) =3.58 (provide 4 bars)

Spacing =1000/4 = 250 mm
So provide 4 - ɸ 8 mm dia bars @ 250 mm c/c. (In both directions)
Ast provided = 4 x 50.24 = 201.06 mm2
Maximum shear force in either direction:
Vu = Wu lx/2 = 13.1 x 2.4733/ 2
Vu = 16.2 KN
Check for shear:
From table 19 of IS 456, τc = 0.2867 N/mm2 (for 100 Ast/bd = 0.1596)

Table 20 of IS 456 gives τc max = 3.1 N/mm2

τv = Vu / bd = 13.85 x 103 / 1000 x 126 = 0.129

N/mm2 Since, τv < τc < τc max, so safe in shear.

Check for deflection:

pt = 100 x 201.06/(1000 x 126) = 0.1596 %
fs = 0.58 fy (Ast required / Ast provided) = 0.58x500(180/201.06)= 259.62N/mm2
Modification factor Kt = 1.7 from Cl. 23.2 IS 456
(l/d) max allowable =basic value of span to depth x modification factor= 26 x 1.7 = 44.2
(l/d) actual provided =lx /d = 2473.3/126 = 19.629
(l/d) max allowable > (l/d) actual provided
Hence ok.

Development length (Ld):

Using cl. 26.2.1 Development length of

bars Ld = ɸ σ s / (4 x τbd)

τbd = 1.6 x 1.4

Ld = (0.87 x 500 x 8)/4 x 1.6 x 1.4
= 388.4 mm, provide 390 mm

4.1.5 Design of Mumty slab (M1) (2.62 m x 2.97 m)

Data:
Grade of concrete = M25
Grade of steel = Fe 500
Dimension: 2.62 x 2.97 m
Ly/Lx = 1.14 < 2
Hence this is a 2 - way slab.
Lx/d = 26 (IS 456 cl. 23.2.1)
d = 2.62/26 = 100 mm.
Assuming D = 120 mm.
d = 120-20-8/2 = 96 mm (using 8 mm dia bars and 20 mm clear cover)

Effective span:
In X-direction
Effective span in X direction (lx) = Clear span + effective depth = 2620 +96 = 2716 mm
Effective span in X- direction (l x) = 2716 mm
Effective span in Y- direction (l y) = 3066 mm
Design load:
Self weight of slab = 0.12 x 25 = 3 KN/m2
Finishing load (due to dry compacted clay + bitumen layer + country tiles)
Finishing load = 0.008 + 14.1 x .063 + .6 = 1.5 KN/m 2
Live load = 0.75 KN/m2
Total load = 5.25 KN/m2 = 5.25 x 1 = 5.25 KN/m
Factored load = 5.25 x 1.5 = 7.875 KN/m

The coefficient of bending moments M x and My per unit width (positive and negative) are
determined as per table 26 of IS 456 for the case 7 which is three edge discontinuous and l y / lx =
1.14
Table 4.5 Bending moment coefficients for M1
Short span Long span
For
αx Mx(KN-m) αy My(KN-m)
Negative moment at
.0668 3.8805 - -
continuous edge

Positive moment at mid span .0500 2.9046 .043 2.4979

Minimum depth required:
dreq = [Mu / (0.133 x fck x b)]1/2
= [3.8805x 106/(0.133 x 25 x 1000)]1/2
dreq = 34.16 mm < dprovided (96 mm)
Hence provide d = 96 mm, D = 120 mm
Determination of areas of steel:
For steel in short direction (lx),
Mu = 0.87fy Ast d [1 – (fy Ast)/fck bd]
For negative moment:
3.8805x 106 = 0.87 x 415 x Ast x 126 [1 – (500 x Ast)/ (25 x 1000 x 126)]
Ast = 94.84 mm2
For positive moment
Ast = 70.62 mm2
For steel in long direction (ly)
For positive moment:
Ast = 60.61 mm2
Min. reinforcement = 0.12% = 0.12 x 1000 x 120 / 100 = 144 mm 2
So, provide min. reinforcement 144mm2 in both directions
Max. dia. allowed as given in Cl. 26.5.2.2 of IS 456 is 120/8 = 15 mm which is more than the dia.
used here (= 8 mm)
The maximum spacing of main bars as given in Cl. 26.3.3 (1) of IS 456 is lesser of (3x96 = 288)
and 300 mm.
So, 288 mm is the maximum spacing.

Number of bars = 144/ (π/4 x 82) =2.86 (provide 4 bars)

So, Spacing =1000/4 = 250 mm
So provide 4 - ɸ 8 mm dia bars @ 250 mm c/c. (In both directions)
Ast provided = 4 x 50.24 = 201.06 mm2

Maximum shear force in either direction:

Vu = Wu lx/2 = 7.875 x 2.716/ 2
Vu = 10.69 KN

Check for shear:

From table 19 of IS 456, τc = 0.2867 N/mm2 (for 100 Ast/bd = 0.1596)

Table 20 of IS 456 gives τc max = 3.1 N/mm2

τv = Vu / bd = 10.69 x 103 / 1000 x 96 = 0.112

N/mm2 Since, τv < τc < τc max, so safe in shear.

Check for deflection:

pt = 100 x 201.06/(1000 x 96) = 0.2 %
fs = 0.58 fy (Ast required / Ast provided) = 0.58x500(144/201.06)= 207.7N/mm2
Modification factor Kt = 2.0 from Cl. 23.2 IS 456
(l/d) max allowable =basic value of span to depth x modification factor= 26 x 2= 52
(l/d) actual provided =lx /d = 2716/96 = 28.29
(l/d) max allowable > (l/d) actual provided
Hence ok.
Development length (Ld):
Using cl. 26.2.1 Development length of

bars Ld = ɸ σ s / (4 x τbd)

τbd = 1.6 x 1.4

Ld = (0.87 x 500 x 8)/4 x 1.6 x 1.4
= 388.4 mm, provide 390 mm

4.2 DESIGN OF RAMP –

Ramp is a means of giving access to different floors or levels of a hospital. Ramp is used in almost
all hospital buildings. Ramp acts as a measure of safe and fast evacuation of patients in cases of
emergency situation like fire followed by electrical failure.
4.1.1. Design of ramp –
Available width of ramp = 2440 mm
Consider 2 flights of dog legged ramp.
Let us assume width of each flight as 1.23 m
Space between 2 flight = 0.150 m
As there will be 2 flights each flight will have a height = 3350/2 = 1675 mm
Total length available for landings = 9850-7390=2460 mm
Width of each landing = 2460/2 = 1230 mm
Effective span of flight = 9850 + 230/2 + 230/2 = 10080 mm
Assuming 0.2% of steel
Thickness of waist slab = (1/20) x(1/1.4) x (10/10.08) x span
= 357mm
Provide D = 380 mm
d = 350 mm
Loads –
Flight –
Self-weight of slab = 0.380x25 = 9.5 KN/m 2
Live load = 3 KN/m2
F.F. = 1 KN/m2
Total load wd = 13.5 KN/m2
Landing –
Assuming D = 380 mm
Self weight = 9.5 KN/m2
Live load = 3 KN/m2
F.F. = 1 KN/m2
Total wl = 13.5 KN/m2
Considering 1 m width of flight and landing loads are 13.5 KN/m.

Design moment –

Reaction at supports = Ra = Rb

Ra x 9.85 = 13.5 x1.23 x(1.23/2 + 8.62) + 13.5x7.39x(7.39/2+1.23) + 13.5x1.23x1.23/2

Ra = 66.49 KN = Rb

B.M. at mid span = 66.49 x 4.925 – 13.5 x 1.23 x (1.23/2 + 7.39/2) – 13.5 x 7.39/4 x 7.39/2
Mu = 163.8 KN-m

Mu lim = .133xfckxbxd2 = .133x25x1000x3502 = 407.31 KN-m > Mu

Ast = 1152.27 mm2

Provide 16 mm ɸ bar @ 100 mm c/c

Distribution steel = .12% of area = .12 x 1000 x 350/100 = 420 mm 2

Provide 10 mm ɸ bar @ 200 mm c/c

Ld = 16 x .87 x 500/(4 x1.6x1.4) = 776.7 mm

Provide 780 mm development length.

Check for shear

Vu = 13.5 x 9.85/2 = 66.49 KN

From table 19 of IS 456, τc = 0.512N/mm2 (for 100 Ast/bd = 0.2032)

Table 20 of IS 456 gives τc max = 3.1 N/mm2

τv = Vu / bd = 66.49 x 103 / 1000 x 350 = 0.190

N/mm2 Since, τv < τc < τc max, so safe in shear.

Check for deflection:

pt = 0.57 %
fs = 0.58 fy (Ast required / Ast provided) = 0.58x500(1152.27/2007.04)= 166.49 N/mm 2
Modification factor Kt = 1.6 from Cl. 23.2 IS 456
(l/d) max allowable =basic value of span to depth x modification factor= 20 x1.6 = 36 (l/d)
actual provided =l /d = 10.08 /0.35 = 28.8
(l/d) max allowable > (l/d) actual provided
Hence ok.
4.3 Analysis and design using STAAD.PRO
A model of the entire structure was created in STAAD.Pro
 The properties for the various members were given.
 Supports were assigned to the base of structure.
 Beams = .230 x .380 m
 Columns = .300 x .300 m

LOADS AND DEFINATIONS

 Define seismic load parameters.
 Apply all loads: Seismic load in both directions i.e. x & z, Dead load and live load as
defined above.
 All load combinations were generated (combinations as per IS1893, defined above).

Fig. 4.1 load application in STADD

 Fig.4.2 application of load

DESIGN

 In design parameter we select concrete and IS 456

 Give commands to design beam and columns as per combinations
 Also define parameters like grade of steel and concrete.

Finally the structure was analysed and we get the results in output file.

4.3.1 Beams designed by STAAD.PRO (beam no 79,80,81)

Beam no. 79
Fig.4.3 Concrete design of beam no. 79
Beam no. 80
 Fig.4.4 Concrete design of beam no. 80

Beam no. 81
Fig.4.5 Concrete design of beam no. 81
Manually design and detailing of beam number 81 according to IS-13920

Table 4.6 force and moment in beam no. 81

Check for Member Size

Width of beam, B = 230 mm > 200 mm,

Hence, ok (Clause 6.1.3; IS 13920:2016)

Depth of beam, D = 380 mm

B/D = 230/300 = 0.605> 0.3, hence ok (Clause 6.1.2; IS 13920:2016)

Span, L = 3225.8 mm

L/D = 3225.8/380 = 8.4889> 4, hence ok (Clause 6.1.4 of IS: 13920-2016)

Check for Limiting Longitudinal Reinforcement

Effective depth for moderate exposure conditions with 12 mm diameter bars in two layers on an
average = 380 - 30 - 8 - 12 - (12/2) = 324 mm

Minimum reinforcement = 0.24 ƒfck = 0.24%

fy

= 0.24 x 230 x 324/100 = 178.85 mm 2 (Clause 6.2.1(b) of IS 13920: 2016)

Maximum reinforcement = 2.5 % = 1863 mm 2 (Clause 6.2.2 of IS 13920: 2016)

Design for flexure :

a) Design for Hogging Moment at right end (Mu = 79.36 KN-m)

Mu/bd2 = 3.2869

Referring to SP: 16,

Ast at top = 0.93 % = 0.93 x 230 x 324 /100 = 693.0524 mm 2 > Minimum reinforcement

< Maximum reinforcement

Asc at bottom = 0.12 %

But Asc must be at least 50% of Ast, hence, revise to .93/2 = 0.4650 % (Clause 6.2.3 of IS: 13920-
2016)

Hence, Asc at bottom = 0.465 x 230 x 324 /100 = 346.52 mm 2

b) Design for Hogging Moment at left end (Mu = 84.19 KN-m)

Mu/bd2 = 3.4869

Referring to SP: 16,

Ast at top = 0.99 % = 0.99 x 230 x 324 /100 = 737.74 mm 2 > Minimum reinforcement

< Maximum reinforcement

Asc at bottom = 0.12 %

But Asc must be at least 50% of Ast, hence, revise to .99/2 = 0.450 % (Clause 6.2.3 of IS: 13920-
2016)

Hence, Asc at bottom = 0.495 x 230 x 324 /100 = 368.87 mm 2

c) Design for Sagging Moment (Mu = 49.04 KN-m)

Mu/bd2 = 2.03

Referring to SP: 16,

Ast at bottom= 0.5214 % = 0.5214 x 230 x 324 /100 = 388.56 mm 2 > Minimum reinforcement

< Maximum reinforcement

Asc at top = 0.12 %

But Asc must be at least 50% of Ast, hence, revise to .5214/2 = 0.2607 % (Clause 6.2.3 of IS:
13920-2013)

Hence, Asc at top = 0.2607 x 230 x 324 /100 = 194.27 mm 2

Required Reinforcement –

Top reinforcement required at left and right end is 693.0524 mm 2 and 737.74 mm2.
Bottom reinforcement required left ,center and right of 346.52 mm 2, 388.56 mm2 and 368.87 mm2.
Details of reinforcement –

Provide 4 – 16 ɸ straight bars are provided throughout the length of beam at top.

4 – 12 ɸ straight bars are provided throughout the length of beam at bottom.

Design for shear –

Design shear strength of concrete

Tensile steel provided at left end = 1.0789%

Permissible design shear stress of concrete,

τc = 0.658 MPa (IS 456:2000 Table 19)

Design shear strength of concrete (Vc) = τc b d = 0.658x 230 x 324 /1,000 = 49.03 KN
Similarly, design shear strength of concrete at center and right end is evaluated as 49.03 KN and
36.1 KN, respectively.
Anchorage of beam bars in an external joint –

In this case,Fe500 steel and M25 grade concrete, from Table 66 of SP16,(cl.6.2.5,IS 13920:2016)

ld = 48.5 ɸ + 10 ɸ - 8 ɸ = 50.5 ɸ

= 606 mm for 12– ɸ

=808 mm for 16- ɸ

Shear force due to Plastic Hinge Formation at the ends of the beam

The additional shear due to formation of plastic hinges at both ends of beam is evaluated as per
clause 6.3 of IS 13920:1993 and is given by
± 1.4(Muac+Mubh)
Vsway to
L
right=

± 1.4(Mubc+Muah)

Vsway to left = L

the sagging and hogging moments of resistance (M Ah, M Bs, M Ah, M Bh ) at both ends of the beam
u u u u
are to be calculated on the basis of the actual area of steel provide in the section.

The beam is provided with a steel area of 804 mm 2 (i.e., pt=1.0789%) at top and 452.16 (i.e.,
pt=0.6068) in the bottom on the left end of the beam.
For pt = 1.0789 and pc = 0.6068 referring to SP 16.
Hogging moment capacity at A,
MuAh = 91.75 KN-m
Sagging moment capacity at A,
MuAs = 55.52 KN-m
Hogging moment capacity at B,
M uBh = 91.75 KN-m
Sagging moment capacity at B,
M uBs = 55.52 KN-m
Vsway to right = ± 63.915 KN
 Vsway to left = ± 63.915 KN
Design shear –
Dead load (DL) = 63.06 KN
Live load (LL) = 10.4058 KN
Shear at left end for sway to right,
1.2(DL+LL) 1.4(Muac+Mubℎ)
Vu,a= 2 − L

=1.2(63.06+10.4058)/2 – 34.7659 = -17.8358 KN

Shear at left end for sway to left,
1.2(DL+LL) 1.4(Muac+Mubℎ)
Vu,a= 2
+ L

=1.2(63.06+10.4058)/2 + 34.7659 = 105.9 KN

Shear at right end for sway of right,
1.2(DL+LL) 1.4(Mubc+Muaℎ)
Vu,b= 2
+ L

=1.2(63.06+10.4058) + 34.7659 = 105.9 KN

Shear at right end for sway of
left, 1.2(DL+LL)
Vu,b = −
1.4(Mubc+Muaℎ)
2 L

=1.2(63.06+10.4058) - 34.7659 = -17.8358 KN

The required capacity of shear reinforcement at the left end of the beam is:

Vus = Vu – Vc = 105.9 – 49.03 = 59.96 KN

Refer to table 62 of SP 16, the spacing of 2 legged 8 ɸ stirrups at 230 mm c/c at left and at the right
end.

As per clause 6.2.6 of IS13920:2016 the spacing of stirrups to rest of member shall be limited to
d/2 = 324/2 = 162 mm c/c, 150mm.

Spacing of links over a length of 2d at either ends of beam as per clause 6.3.5 of IS 13920 : 2016
shall be least of

1. d/4 = 324/4 = 54 mm
2. 8 times diameter of smallest bar = 8 x 12 = 96 mm
3. 100 mm
Hence provide 2 legged 8 ɸ stirrups @ 50mm c/c at left and right end of member over a length 2d
= 648 mm at either end of beam and 2 legged 8 ɸ stirrups @ 150 mm c/c for rest of length of
member.

Fig.4.6 Reinforcement detailing of beam 81

Fig.4.7 section AA of beam 81 reinforcement

 Fig.4.8 Details of transverse reinforcement in beams (as per IS-13920)

4.3.2 COLUMNS DESIGNED BY STAAD.PRO –

 Fig. 4.9 Column designed by staad.pro

Table 4.7 Forces in Column 204 (1st storey end column)

Manually design and detailing of column no. 204 according to IS-13920

Design Checks –

Check for Axial Stress

Factored axial force = 808.74 KN

Factored axial stress = 808740 / (300 x 300) = 8.98 MPa ˃ 0.10 fck

Hence, design as a column member. (Clause 7.1; IS 13920:2016)

Check for member size –

Width of column, B = 300 mm ≥ 300 hence, ok. (Clause 7.1.1; IS 13920:2016)

Depth of column, D = 300 mm

B/D = 300/300 = 1˃ 0.45, hence ok. (Clause 7.1.2; IS 13920:2016) Span, L = 3,350 mm

L/D = 11.16 < 12, i.e., Short column. Hence, ok. (Clause 25.1.2 of IS 456: 2000)

Minimum reinforcement = 0.8 % = 0.8 x 300 x 300/100

= 720 mm2 (Clause 26.5.3.1 of IS 456: 2000)

Maximum reinforcement = 4% = 4 x 300 x 300/100

= 3600 mm2 (Clause 26.5.3.1 of IS 456: 2000)

Design for Earthquake in X-direction –

Pu = 808.74 KN

Mu2 = 60.874 KN-m

Pu / fckbD = 0.3594

Mu / fck bD2 = 0.0902

Referring to Charts 37 and 38 of SP16

For d’/D = (40 + 20/ 2) / 300 = 0.1667, we get p/f ck = 0.072

Design for Earthquake in Y-direction –

Pu = 808.74 KN

Mu1 = 59.328 KN-m

Pu / fckbD = 0.3594

Mu / fck bD2 = 0.0879

Referring to Charts 37 and 38 of SP16

For d’/D = (40 + 20 / 2) /300 = 0.1667, we get p/f ck = 0.06

Longitudinal Steel –

The required steel will be governed by the higher of the above two values and hence

Take p/fck = 0.072

Required steel = (0.072 x 25) % = 1.8 % = 1.8 x 300 x 300 /100 = 1575 mm 2

Provide 4-20Φ4-16 Φ.

Asc provided = 2059 mm2

i.e., 2059.84 x100 / (300 x 300) = 2.28%.

Hence, p/fck provided = 2.28/25 = 0.0912

Design for shear –

τc = 0.8536 MPa (IS 456:2000 Table 19)

Design shear strength of concrete (Vc) = τc b d = 0.8536x 300 x 300 /1,000 = 76.824 KN

1.4(Muac+Mubℎ)
Vu= L
=1.4(15.30+57.96)/3.35= 30.61 KN
 1.4(Mubc+Muaℎ) L
Vu =
=1.4(21.32+65.24)/3.35 = 36.17 KN

As both are less than designed shear strength so nominal shear reinforcement is provided

Transverse reinforcement –

Special confining reinforcement (Clause 8 of IS-13920: 2016) is provided:

At the joint provided up-to the length of L0 = maximum of least lateral dimension, 1/6 of clear
span of member or 450 mm. i.e. 300 mm or 3350/6=558.33 or 450 mm

Therefore L0 = 560 mm.

Spacing not more than ¼ of smallest dimension member = 75 mm, 6 times diameter of smallest
longitudinal reinforced bars = 6 x 16 = 96 mm or 100mm (Clause 8.1 IS 13920)

Closed links shall have 1350 hook ends with an extension of 6 times its diameter (but not less than
65mm) at each end, which are embedded in the confined core of the column (Clause 7.4 IS-
13920), maximum spacing of links = half the least lateral dimension of column = 150 mm

Provide 8mm dia bar closed ties up to 300 mm near both joints at the spacing 75 mm c/c and after
that provide same at 150 mm c/c to rest of span.

Fig.4.10 reinforcement detailing of column 204

 Fig.4.11 reinforcement detailing of column 204 as per 13920:2016

4.3.3 SHEAR WALL DESIGNED BY STAAD.PRO –

 CHAPTER 5
DESIGN OF SUBSTRUCTURE
A foundation (or, more commonly, base) is the element of an architectural structure which
connects it to the ground, and transfers loads from the structure to the ground. Foundations are
generally considered either shallow or deep.
Types of foundation
 Shallow foundations
 Deep foundations
Shallow foundations are those founded near to the finished ground surface; generally where the
founding depth (Df) is less than the width of the footing and less than 3 m. These are not strict
rules, but merely guidelines: basically, if surface loading or other surface conditions will affect the
bearing capacity of a foundation it is 'shallow'. Shallow foundations (sometimes called 'spread
footings') include pads ('isolated footings'), strip footings and rafts. Shallows foundations are used
when surface soils are sufficiently strong and stiff to support the imposed loads; they are generally
unsuitable in weak or highly compressible soils. Deep foundations are those founding too deeply
below the finished ground surface for their base bearing capacity to be affected by surface
conditions, this is usually at depths >3 m below finished ground level. They include piles, piers
and caissons or compensated foundations using deep basements and also deep pad or strip
foundations. Deep foundations can be used to transfer the loading to deeper, more competent strata
at depth if unsuitable soils are present near the surface.
Since in our STAADPRO design foundation is 1m below plinth level, so we will provide shallow
foundation for chosen superstructure.

Following are some of the common types of shallow foundations:

i) Isolated foundation

ii) Combined foundation

iii) Strip foundation

iv) Raft or mat foundation

Due to overlapping of isolated foundation at some nodes provided Mat foundation at those areas.
 5.1 Design of Isolated Foundation

Using STAAD-pro and STAAD foundation we design the footings of the structure. After analyze the
structure we go to foundation design of structure in STAAD pro and selected the load cases which
has to be considering in the designing of footing, then run STAAD foundation and we get the footing
recommendations in STAAD foundation for selected supports. Assuming safe bearing capacity of
soil is 180 kn/m2.

Table 5.1 isolated foundation cross section area provided

Table 5.2 Reinforcement detailing of isolated foundations

 Fig. 5.1 elevation view of isolated footing

Design Parameters

Concrete and Rebar Properties –

Unit Weight of Concrete: 25.000 KN/m3

Strength of Concrete: 25.000 N/mm2
Yield Strength of Steel: 500.000 N/mm2
Minimum Bar Size: Ø12
Maximum Bar Size: Ø32
Minimum Bar Spacing: 50.000 mm
Maximum Bar Spacing: 300.000 mm
Pedestal Clear Cover (P, CL): 50.000 mm
Footing Clear Cover (F, CL): 50.000 mm
Soil Properties –

Soil Type: Drained

Unit Weight: 22.000 KN/m3

Soil Bearing Capacity: 180.000 KN/m2 (Assumed)

Soil Surcharge: 30.000 KN/m2

Depth of Soil above Footing: 1000.000 mm

Sliding and Overturning –

Coefficient of Friction: 0.500

Factor of Safety against Sliding: 1.500

Factor of Safety against Overturning: 1.500

Design Calculations

Footing Size

Initial Length (Lo) = 1.000 m

Initial Width (Wo) = 1.000 m

Area from initial length and width, Ao = Lo x Wo = 1.000 m2

Min. area required from bearing pressure, Amin = P / qmax = 3.932 m2 P

= Critical factored axial load

qmax = Factored bearing capacity

Final Footing Size

Length (L2) = 2.200 m

Width (W2) = 2.200 m

Depth (D2) = 0.405 m

Area (A2) = 4.840 m2

 Table 5.3 pressure on isolated foundation corners

Table 5.4 summary of adjusted pressure at four corners

Table 5.5 check For Stability against Overturning and Sliding

Reinforcement Calculation –
Calculation of Maximum Bar Size
Along X Axis
Bar diameter corresponding to max bar size (d b) = 16 mm
As Per IS 456 2000 Clause 26.2.1

Development Length(ld) = = 0.777 m

Allowable Length (ldb) = =

0.900 m ldb >=ld hence, safe

Along Z Axis
Bar diameter corresponding to max bar size(d b) = 16 mm
As Per IS 456 2000 Clause 26.2.1

Development Length(ld) = = 0.777 m

Allowable Length(ldb) = =
0.900 m ldb >=ld hence, safe

Bottom Reinforcement Design –

Along Z Axis
For moment w.r.t. X Axis (Mx)
As Per IS 456 2000 Clause 26.5.2.1
Critical Load Case = #5
Minimum Area of Steel (Astmin) = 1069.200 mm2
Calculated Area of Steel (Ast) = 1050.710 mm2
Provided Area of Steel (Ast,Provided) = 1069.200 mm2
Astmin<= Ast,Provided Steel area is accepted
Selected bar Size (db) = Ø12
Minimum spacing allowed (Smin) = 52.000 mm
Selected spacing (S) = 232.000 mm
Smin <= S <= Smax and selected bar size < selected maximum bar size.
Based on spacing reinforcement increment, provided reinforcement is Ø12 @ 230 mm c/c
Along X Axis
For moment w.r.t. Z Axis (Mz)
As Per IS 456 2000 Clause 26.5.2.1
Critical Load Case = #5
Minimum Area of Steel (Astmin) = 1069.2 mm2
Calculated Area of Steel (Ast) = 1005.161 mm2
Provided Area of Steel (Ast,Provided) = 1069.200 mm2
Astmin<= Ast,Provided Steel area is accepted
Selected bar Size (db) = Ø12
Minimum spacing allowed (Smin) = 50.000 mm
Selected spacing (S) = 232.000 mm
Smin <= S <= Smax and selected bar size < selected maximum bar size.
The reinforcement is accepted.
Based on spacing reinforcement increment, provided reinforcement is Ø12 @ 230 mm c/c

Top Reinforcement Design –

Along Z Axis
Minimum Area of Steel (Astmin) = 1069.200 mm2
Calculated Area of Steel (Ast) = 1069.200 mm2
Provided Area of Steel (Ast,Provided) = 1069.200 mm2
Astmin<= Ast,Provided Steel area is accepted
Governing Moment = 8.411 KN-m
Selected bar Size (db) = Ø12
Minimum spacing allowed (Smin) = 50 mm
Selected spacing (S) = 230.000 mm
Smin <= S <= Smax and selected bar size < selected maximum bar size.
Based on spacing reinforcement increment; provided reinforcement is Ø12 @ 230 mm c/c
Along X Axis
Minimum Area of Steel (Astmin) = 1069.200mm2
Calculated Area of Steel (Ast) = 1069.200 mm2
Provided Area of Steel (Ast,Provided) = 1069.200 mm2
Astmin<= Ast,Provided Steel area is accepted
Governing Moment = 8411 KNm
Selected bar Size (db) = Ø12
Minimum spacing allowed (Smin) = 50.000 mm
Selected spacing (S) = 232.000 mm
Smin <= S <= Smax and selected bar size < selected maximum bar size...
Based on spacing reinforcement increment; provided reinforcement is Ø12 @ 232 mm c/c

Fig. 5.2 reinforcement detailing of isolated foundation

5.2 Design Of Mat foundation –
Mat foundation 1 –
Table 5.6 columns of Mat1 – foundation
Included support
X (m) Y (m) Z (m)

154 3.226 -1.000 4.851

155 4.315 -1.000 4.851

156 6.299 -1.000 4.851

157 8.915 -1.000 4.851

158 6.299 -1.000 6.604

159 8.915 -1.000 6.604

161 4.315 -1.000 7.964

Table 5.7 Reaction at nodes Mat-1 foundation

Fx Fy Fz Mx My Mz
NODE NO.

(kN) (kN) (kN) (kNm) (kNm) (kNm)

154 24.555 -892.186 66.864 18.786 -0.121 -6.930

155 -5.365 -609.889 -13.255 -3.890 -0.108 1.841

156 -19.037 -1096.261 52.137 15.961 -0.348 6.053

157 40.583 -1117.703 39.421 11.574 0.506 -16.499

158 -28.177 -760.465 -13.735 -3.405 0.141 10.605

159 23.989 -908.523 -9.721 -1.024 -0.907 -8.704

161 36.981 -1040.358 5.501 1.213 0.122 -12.126

 Table 5.8 properties of Mat1 foundation
Boundary Sub-grade Modulus Soil Height Above Mat Thickness (m) Material

MAT1 18000.00 KN/m2/m 1.00 m 0.500 m Concrete

Table 5.9 punching shear analysis Mat1 foundation

Column Load Case Allow. Stress Corner 1 Corner 2 Corner 3 Corner 4 Status

(KN/m²) (KN/m²) (KN/m²) (KN/m²) (KN/m²)

154 5 1369.307 -445.056 -425.448 -478.607 -498.215 Pass

155 5 1369.307 -318.601 -323.812 -312.806 -307.595 Pass

156 5 1369.307 -536.324 -553.452 -598.615 -581.487 Pass

157 5 1369.307 -585.537 -538.850 -571.600 -618.287 Pass

158 5 1369.307 -383.461 -413.468 -403.834 -373.827 Pass

159 5 1369.307 -484.050 -459.423 -456.526 -481.154 Pass

161 5 1369.307 -553.971 -519.660 -523.093 -557.403 Pass

Design calculation
Top of Mat1 longitudinal Direction-
Governing Moment (MGOV) = 78.912(KN-m/m)
Effective Depth = D – (cc + 0.5 x d b)= 0.434 (m)
Limit Moment of Resistance (Mumax) = Rumax x B x d 2 e= 749.978 (KN-m)
MGOV<= Mumax hence OK Steel
Required
Calculated Area of Steel = 600.000 (mm2)
Minimum Area of Steel = 600.000 (mm2)
Provided Area of Steel = 600.000 (mm2)

Reinforcement Details
Bar size = 16 ɸ
Maximum Spacing (Smax) = 300.000(mm)
Minimum Spacing (Smin) = 50.000(mm)
Actual Spacing (S) = 300(mm)
Smin<= S <= Smax

Top of mat1 transverse direction –

Governing Moment (MGOV)= 64.967(KN-m/m)
Effective Depth = D – (cc + 0.5 x d b) = 0.422 (m)
Limit Moment of Resistance (Mumax) = Rumax x B x d 2 e= 709.078 (KN-m)
MGOV<= Mumax hence OK
Steel Required
Calculated Area of Steel = 600.000 (mm 2)
Minimum Area of Steel = 600.000 (mm2)
Provided Area of Steel = 600.000 (mm 2)
Reinforcement Details
Bar size = 16 ɸ
Maximum Spacing (Smax) = 300.000(mm)
Minimum Spacing (Smin) = 50.000(mm)
Actual Spacing (S) = 300(mm)
Smin<= S <= Smax

Bottom of Mat Longitudinal Direction -

Governing Moment (MGOV)= -360.712(KN-m/m)
Effective Depth = D – (cc + 0.5 x d b) = 0.434 (m)
Limit Moment of Resistance (Mumax) = Rumax x B x de2 = 749.978 (KN-m)
MGOV<= Mumax hence OK Steel
Required
Calculated Area of Steel = 2076.186 (mm 2)
Minimum Area of Steel = 600.000 (mm2)
Provided Area of Steel = 2230.044 (mm2)

Reinforcement Details
Bar size = 16 ɸ
Maximum Spacing (Smax) = 300.000(mm)
Minimum Spacing (Smin) = 50.000(mm)
Actual Spacing (S) = 90(mm)
Smin<= S <= Smax

Bottom of Mat Transverse Direction –

Governing Moment (MGOV) = -242.036(KN-m/m)
Effective Depth = D – (cc + 0.5 x d b) = 0.422 (m)
Limit Moment of Resistance (Mumax) = Rumax x B x d 2 e= 709.078 (KN-m)
MGOV<= Mumax hence OK

Steel Required
Calculated Area of Steel = 1395.398 (mm 2)
Minimum Area of Steel = 600.000 (mm2)
Provided Area of Steel = 1404.92 (mm 2)

Reinforcement Details
Bar size = 16 ɸ
Maximum Spacing (Smax) = 300.000(mm)
Minimum Spacing (Smin) = 50.000(mm)
Actual Spacing (S) = 140 (mm)
Smin<= S <= Smax
Mat foundation 2 –
Table 5.10 columns of Mat-2 foundation

Included support X(m) Y(m) Z(m)

163 4.315 -1.000 10.541

164 6.299 -1.000 10.541

167 4.315 -1.000 13.564
167 6299 -1.000 13.564

Table 5.11 properties of Mat-2 foundation

Boundary Sub-grade Modulus Soil Height Above Mat Thickness (m) Material

MAT2 18000.00 KN/m2/m 1.00 m 0.500 m Concrete

Table 5.12 punching shear analysis Mat2 foundation

Column Load Case Allow. Stress Corner 1 Corner 2 Corner 3 Corner 4 Status
(kN/m²) (kN/m²) (kN/m²) (kN/m²) (kN/m²)

163 5 1369.307 -552.263 -516.560 -507.877 -543.580 Pass

164 5 1369.307 -304.432 -297.384 -300.211 -307.259 Pass

167 5 1369.307 -507.166 -469.459 -479.858 -517.565 Pass

168 5 1369.307 -322.292 -315.063 -310.798 -318.027 Pass

Design calculation –
Top of Mat Longitudinal Direction -
Governing Moment (MGOV) = 7.773(KN-m/m)
Effective Depth = D – (cc + 0.5 x d b) = 0.434 (m)
Limit Moment of Resistance (Mumax) = Rumax x B x de2 = 648.741 (KN-m)
MGOV <= Mumax hence OK
Steel Required
Calculated Area of Steel = 600.000 (mm 2)
Minimum Area of Steel = 600.000 (mm2)
Provided Area of Steel = 600.000 (mm 2)
Reinforcement Details
Bar size = 16 ɸ
Maximum Spacing (Smax) = 300.000(mm)
Minimum Spacing (Smin) = 50.000(mm)
Actual Spacing (S) = 300(mm)
Smin<= S <= Smax
Top of Mat Transverse Direction –
Governing Moment (MGOV) = 108.236(KN-m/m)
Effective Depth = D – (cc + 0.5 x d b) = 0.422 (m)
Limit Moment of Resistance (Mumax) = Rumax x B x de2 = 613.362 (KN-m)
MGOV<= Mumax hence OK
Steel Required
Calculated Area of Steel = 731.426 (mm 2)
Minimum Area of Steel = 600.000 (mm2)
Provided Area of Steel = 802.816 (mm 2)
Reinforcement Details
Bar size = 16 ɸ
Maximum Spacing (Smax) = 300.000(mm)
Minimum Spacing (Smin) = 50.000(mm)
Actual Spacing (S) = 250 (mm)
Smin<= S <= Smax
Bottom of Mat Longitudinal Direction –
Governing Moment (MGOV) = -180.127(kN-m/m)
Effective Depth = D – (cc + 0.5 x d b) = 0.434 (m)
Limit Moment of Resistance (Mumax) = Rumax x B x de2 = 648.741 (kNm)
MGOV <= Mumax hence OK
Steel Required
Calculated Area of Steel = 1205.077 (mm 2)
Minimum Area of Steel = 600.000 (mm2)
Provided Area of Steel = 1205.077 (mm2)
Reinforcement Details
Bar No= 16 ɸ
Maximum Spacing (Smax) = 300.000(mm)
Minimum Spacing (Smin) = 50.000(mm)
Actual Spacing (S) = 110(mm)
Smin<= S <= Smax
Bottom of Mat Transverse Direction –
Governing Moment (MGOV) = -163.084(KN-m/m)
Effective Depth = D – (cc + 0.5 x d b) = 0.422 (m)
Limit Moment of Resistance (Mumax) = Rumax x B x de2 = 613.362 (KNm)
MGOV<= Mumax hence OK
Steel Required
Calculated Area of Steel = 1119.683 (mm 2)
Minimum Area of Steel = 600.000 (mm2)
Provided Area of Steel = 1119.683 (mm2)
Reinforcement Details
Bar No= 16 ɸ
Maximum Spacing (Smax) = 300.000(mm)
Minimum Spacing (Smin) = 50.000(mm)
Actual Spacing (S) = 210(mm)
Smin<= S <= Smax
 REFRENCES

 Dr. B.C. Punmia – “R.C.C. Design (Reinforced concrete structures)”

 IS 456:2000 - BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS, Plain And Reinforced Concrete -
Code Of Practice.
 IS 875 PART 1 - BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS, Code of practice for Design loads
(other than earthquake) for buildings and structures - Dead loads — unit weights of
building materials and stored materials.
 IS 875 PART 2 - BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS, Code of practice for Design loads
(other than earthquake) for buildings and structures – Imposed loads.
 IS 1893(Part 1):2002 - BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS, Criteria for Earthquake
resistant design of structures.
 IS 13920:2016 - BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS, Ductile Detailing of reinforced
concrete structures subjected to seismic forces – Code of practice
 APPENDIX A
ARCHITECTURAL DRAWINGS

Site plan
Ground floor plan
G+1 floor plan
G+2 floor plan
G+3 floor plan
APPENDIX B
Structural drawings