PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAMS

PIPING & INSTRUMENTATION

DIAGRAMS
 CONTROL LOOP
Disturbances
DV

Manipulated Variable Controlled Variable CV

PROCESS
MV

Final control Sensor &

element Transducer

PV Process Variable

Error
OP e
ALGORITAM Comparator
Controller output

CONTROLLER
SP Set point
© Laboratory for Automatics and Measurement, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb
 PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAMS (PFDs)
• Used mainly in chemical and process engineering;
• Show the flow of chemicals and the equipment in the process;
• PFD shows only the major equipment without details.

© Laboratory for Automatics and Measurement, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb
 PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAMS (PFDs)

© Laboratory for Automatics and Measurement, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb
 PIPING AND INSTRUMENTATION DRAWING
PROCESS & INSTRUMENTATION DIAGRAM
• Graphical description of the process and process equipment
using standard symbols (ANSI/ISA-S5.1 Instrumentation
Symbols and Identification)
• The P&ID is used by field technicians, engineers and
operators to better understand the process and how the
instrumentation is interconnected.

F– flow
L– level
T– temperature
P– pressure
A– analyzer
C– control

© Laboratory for Automatics and Measurement, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb
 P&I DIAGRAM

• Includes more details than a PFD;

• Major and minor flows, control loops and instrumentation;
• It shows the process flow, measuring sensors, transducers
and final control elements and devices.

© Laboratory for Automatics and Measurement, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb
 P&I DIAGRAMS
• On P & I diagrams we can find pipes, pneumatic/hydraulic
elements, electrical elements, instruments and process
equipmemnt
• Examples of symbols:

pipe
35 kW heater
valve

check valve vessel/ reactor

solenoid valve (on/off)

control valve
Heat exchanger
pump, or
© Laboratory for Automatics and Measurement, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb
 TEMPERATURE PROCESS – Building P&ID

© Laboratory for Automatics and Measurement, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb
 BUILDING THE P&ID

© Laboratory for Automatics and Measurement, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb
 TAG NUMBERS
• Tag “numbers” are letters and numbers placed within or near
the instrument to identify the type and function of the device.

© Laboratory for Automatics and Measurement, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb
 TAG DESCRIPTORS

© Laboratory for Automatics and Measurement, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb
 NOMENCLATURA DE INSTRUMENTOS
XYZ CODIGO QUE INDICA EL TIPO DE INSTRUMENTO
SIMBOLO CODIGO DE UBICACION DEL INSTRUMENTO
NNNN
YZ
LETRA SIGNIFICADO
X INGLES ESPAÑOL
LETRA SIGNIFICADO AL ALARM LOW ALARMA DE BAJA
INGLES ESPAÑOL AH ALARM HIGH ALARMA DE ALTA
A ANALYSIS ANALISIS AHH ALARM HIGH HIGH ALARMA DE MUY ALTA
C CONDUCTIVITY CONDUCTIVIDAD AHL ALARM, HIGH-LOW ALARMA ALTA - BAJA
D DENSITY DENSIDAD C CONTROLLER BLIND CONTROLADOR CIEGO
E VOLTAGE VOLTAJE IC CONTROLLER, INDICATING CONTROLADOR INDICADOR
F FLOW FLUJO RC CONTROLLER, RECORDER CONTROLADOR REGISTRADOR
H HAND MANUAL E ELEMENT ELEMENTO PRIMARIO
I CURRENT CORRIENTE I INDICATOR INDICADOR
J POWER POTENCIA QI INTEGRATOR, TOTALIZER INTEGRADOR, TOTALIZADOR
K TIME TIEMPO R RECORDER REGISTRADOR
L LEVEL NIVEL S SWITCH INTERRUPTOR
M MOISTURE HUMEDAD SH SWITCH HIGH INTERRUPTOR DE ALTA
N VIBRATION VIBRACION SL SWITCH LOW INTERRUPTOR DE BAJA
O TORQUE TORQUE T TRANSMITTER TRANSMISOR
P PRESSURE PRESION IT TRANSMITTER, INDICATING TRANSMISOR INDICADOR
Q QUANTITY CANTIDAD L LIGHT LUZ DE ESTADO
R RADIATION RADIACION V CONTROL VALVE VALVULA
S SPEED VELOCIDAD CV REGULATOR VALVULA REGULADORA
T TEMPERATURE TEMPERATURA EV SOLENOID VALVE VALVULA SOLENOIDE
V VISCOSITY VISCOSIDAD SV SAFETY, RELIEF VALVE VALVULA DE SEGURIDAD O ALIVIO
W WEIGHT PESO Y RELAY RELE
Z POSITION POSICION Z FINAL ELEMENT ELEMENTO FINAL DE CONTROL
CODIGO DE IDENTIFICACION DE INSTRUMENTOS
 TAG DESCRIPTORS

© Laboratory for Automatics and Measurement, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb
 INSTRUMENT LOCATION
• The presence or absence of a line determines the location of
the physical device;
• For example no line means the instrument is installed in the
field near the process.

FRC
Ejemplo: 5 Montado en el panel de control Nº 5
102
 SHARED DISPLAYS / SHARED CONTROL
• Some instruments are part of a Distributed Control System
(DCS) where a specific controller or indicator can be selected
from many others but shown in one location (like a terminal
screen).

© Laboratory for Automatics and Measurement, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb
 INSTRUMENT TYPE AND LOCATION

© Laboratory for Automatics and Measurement, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb
 PIPING AND CONNECTION SYMBOLS
• Used to identify how the instruments in the process connect to
each other and hat type of signal is being used.

Process connection

Pneumatic signal

Electrical signal

Capillary tubing for filled system

Hydraulic signal line

Guided electromagnetic ili
sonic signal
Internal system connection
(data link)

Source: Control Engineering, ISA S5.1 standard

 Símbolos de instrumentos

Suministros Localización
SA Suministro de aire PP En línea de proceso
SE Suministro eléctrico LO En campo, local
SG Suministro de gas PNB En tablero principal de control
SH Suministro hidráulico BPNB Parte posterior del tablero
SN Suministro de nitrógeno PNBL En tablero de control local
SS Suministro de vapor
SW Suministro de agua
LI
2702
SA
Elementos primarios para
control de temperatura

TG
 Elementos primarios para
control de temperatura

TR 31 es un registrador de temperatura conectado

directamente a la tubería del proceso por un
sistema de llenado térmico.

TW es un termo pozo que trabaja como elemento

primario el cual es instalado de 10 a 12 pulgadas
dentro del elemento térmico.

TG es un termómetro de vidrio bimetálico

Elementos primarios para
control de presión

TUBO DEL PROCESO

 LT
18

Elementos primarios para

control de nivel
 FE FE
1 4

Elementos primarios para

control de flujo
FE
8

FT
11
VÁLVULA DE CONTROL DIAFRAGMA EMPUJA PARA CERRAR EMPUJA PARA ABRIR FALLA
WS FALLA DE AIRE ABRE (FO) FALLA FALLA DE AIRE ABRE DE AIRE CIERRA
DE AIRE CIERRA (FC)

Elementos finales de
control
VÁLVULA DE MARIPOSA FALLA DE
AIRE ABRE (FO) FALLA DE AIRE
EMPUJA PARA ABRIR FALLA EMPUJA PARA CERRAR
DE AIRE CIERRA FALLA DE AIRE ABRE
CIERRA (FC)

TRES VIAS TRES VIAS

DESVIACIÓN HACIA BOLA SOLENOIDE SOLENOIDE
DESVIACIÓN ALTERNADA
ABAJO DIRECTA

VÁLVULA CON DIAFRAGMA WS PISTÓN PISTÓN DE DOBLE

POSICIONADOR ACCIÓN
Diversos símbolos
 P&ID EXCERCISE

© Laboratory for Automatics and Measurement, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb
 P&ID EXCERCISE

© Laboratory for Automatics and Measurement, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb
EXAMPLE OF THE P&I DIAGRAM
EXAMPLE OF THE P&I DIAGRAM
 Electrical signal
“bypass” valve

Block valve
Pneumatic signal

Instrumentation air

Block valve

FV
001
I/P
FY
001

ispusni valve

© Laboratory for Automatics and Measurement, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb
Símbolos de instrumentos en un
proceso simple

El transmisor de flujo FT 100 envía una señal eléctrica al registrador de flujo

FR 100 ubicado en el panel. El dispositivo primario es un tubo de Venturi.

En el lazo de temperatura TRC 101, el elemento final de control es una válvula

TV 101. Las letras FO debajo del símbolo de la válvula indica que ésta se abre
si el diafragma se rompe, o la señal de aire falla o si existe una condición
similar. TS 101 es un interruptor para activar un TAL 101 (alarma por baja
temperatura).
El elemento primario para medir el flujo y la presión del vapor es la placa
orificio FE 102. Los transmisores de flujo FT 102 y presión PT 103, conectados
a la salida de la placa orificio, envían las señales neumáticas a los respectivos
registradores FR 102 y PR103. Cuando se trabajan con fluidos compresibles
como gas, aire y vapor, el uso de la presión de entrada o de salida afectará
significativamente la cantidad final o el volumen que se calcule con los datos
registrados en las gráficas
 CONTROL VALVE CONFIGURATION

© Laboratory for Automatics and Measurement, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb