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Electrical Concepts: Gapless Zinc Oxide Lightening / Surge Arrestor

Zinc oxide surge arrestors are used to protect electrical equipment from overvoltages caused by lightning or switching operations. They contain zinc oxide blocks that provide nonlinear voltage-current characteristics. This allows the arrestors to limit overvoltages in equipment below the equipment's withstand voltage. When normal system voltage is applied, the arrestor experiences some leakage current. However, during a lightning or surge event, the zinc oxide's resistance drops and large currents in the kA range flow to clamp the voltage. This protects equipment from overvoltages that could otherwise reach dangerous amplitudes.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
115 views4 pages

Electrical Concepts: Gapless Zinc Oxide Lightening / Surge Arrestor

Zinc oxide surge arrestors are used to protect electrical equipment from overvoltages caused by lightning or switching operations. They contain zinc oxide blocks that provide nonlinear voltage-current characteristics. This allows the arrestors to limit overvoltages in equipment below the equipment's withstand voltage. When normal system voltage is applied, the arrestor experiences some leakage current. However, during a lightning or surge event, the zinc oxide's resistance drops and large currents in the kA range flow to clamp the voltage. This protects equipment from overvoltages that could otherwise reach dangerous amplitudes.

Uploaded by

Sureshraja9977
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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2/22/2017 Gapless 

Zinc Oxide Lightening / Surge Arrestor | Electrical Concepts

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Construction, Working
Principle and Types Over  voltages  in  power  system  may  occur  due  to  lightning  or
switching operation. These overvoltages could reach dangerous
Resistance Switching in amplitudes  for  power  system  apparatus.  To  protect  the  system
Circuit Breaker
electrical equipment and to guarantee an economic and reliable
Current Chopping in Circuit operation,  surge  arresters  are  applied  in  almost  all  types  of
Breaker electrical  power  network.  Gapless  zinc  oxide  (ZnO)  surge
arresters  are  widely  used.  The  surge  arresters  are  usually
connected  between  the  phase  and  ground  terminals.  They
RECOMMENDED limit the voltage level in equipments such as transformers below
the withstand voltage level.

BOOKS
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2/22/2017 BOOKS Gapless Zinc Oxide Lightening / Surge Arrestor | Electrical Concepts

 
Figure  below  shows  the  values  of  overvoltage  which  can  be
reached without the use of arrester in per units.
 

MY FAVORITE BOOKS

 
 
The time axis is divided into the range of lightning overvoltage in
microsecond,  switching  overvoltage  in  millisecond  and
temporary  overvoltage  in  second.  In  the  lightning  overvoltage
and  switching  overvoltage  range,  the  magnitude  of  overvoltage
can  reach  several  per  unit  if  the  system  is  without  arrester
protection.  Arrester  could  limit  overvoltage  below  withstand
voltage  of  equipment.  This  phenomenon  clearly  shows  the
importance of arresters for lightning overvoltage protection.
 
Construction of Zinc Oxide Surge / Lightening Arrester:
 
The  construction  of  ZnO  Lightening  Arresters  is  very  simple.
They consist of an insulating housing which is made of porcelain
and  the  inner  column  is  made  of  the  ZnO  blocks  as  shown  in
Figure below.
 


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2/22/2017 Gapless Zinc Oxide Lightening / Surge Arrestor | Electrical Concepts

 
 
ZnO  block  provide  the  Voltage­  Current  non­linear
characteristics which serves the main purpose for the protection
from overvoltage. Thus we can say that ZnO block has non­liner
resistivity.
 
Voltage Current Characteristics of Zno Block:
 
Figure  below  shows  the  V­I  characteristics  of  ZnO  element
which  are  divided  into  three  regions,  being  low  current  region
(A), operating region (B) and high current region (C).
 

 
The  non  linear  resistance  characteristics  of  ZnO  block  can  be
expressed as shown below, 
 
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2/22/2017 Gapless Zinc Oxide Lightening / Surge Arrestor | Electrical Concepts

I/Ir = (V/Vr)x

Where
 
Ir = Reference Current of Zno block
 
Vr = Reference Voltage of Zno block
 
x=  Constant  the  value  of  x  is  30  to  40  in  case  of  Zinc  oxide
block.
 
Working Principle of Lightening / Surge Arrestor:
 
When  system  voltage  is  applied  on  the  surge  arrester  at
continuous  operating  voltage,  about  80%  of  the  rated  voltage,
the  arrester  experiences  some  leakage  current.  The  amplitude
of  the  leakage  current  depends  on  the  condition  of  the  surge
arrester. The leakage current consists of the capacitive and the
resistive  current  component.  This  leakage  current  generates
heat.  This  generated  heat  should  be  dissipated  properly
otherwise  the  temperature  of  the  LA  may  rise  which  further
increases  the  leakage  current.  Because  of  this  the  proper
thermal  design  of  surge  arrester  housing  plays  an  important
role.
 
When  a  high  voltage  surge  is  impressed  on  the  surge  /
lightening arrestor, the resistance of the ZnO becomes low and
as  can  be  seen  from  the  voltage­current  characteristics,  the
current through the Lightening / Surge Arrestor becomes high of
the range of kA. The voltage, beyond which the current through
the  LA  becomes  such  high,  is  known  as  reference  voltage  and
the  current  at  reference  voltage  is  known  as  reference  current.
As  LA  is  connected  in  between  phase  and  ground,  the  high
voltage surge is discharged to ground by low resistance offered
by the Zinc Oxide blocks and in this way prevents the equipment
from damage due to voltage surge.
 

Thank you!


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