Subject : PHYSICAL SCIENCE
Subject Code:Sci 02
Module: Q1W5
Chemical Changes
Main Idea
Main Idea A balanced chemical equation describes the rearrangement of atoms in a chemical reaction..
Relate to Real World
Real-World Reading Link When you eat an apple, what happens to it? Chemical reactions occur inside your body
that break down the apple and provide you with energy and nutrients.
The Law of Conservation of Mass
matter is not created or destroyed, but conserved in a chemical reaction.
French chemist Antoine Lavoisier established that the total mass of the products always equals the total
mass of the reactants.
Chemical reaction is a change in which one or more substances are converted into new substances.
• In chemical reactions, the amount of particles in the reactants is equal to the amount of particles in the
products.
Chemical reactions involve changes in the chemical composition of matter
Creates new materials with new properties
AMOUNT of matter does not change!
Chemical Reaction
Chemical equations
describe a chemical reaction
Written similar to a mathematical equation/is like a ‘RECIPE’
Reactants
- The starting substances that react
- Atoms or compounds that are changed in a chemical reaction (LEFT SIDE)
Products
Atoms or compounds that are generated as a result of a chemical reaction (RIGHT SIDE)
Coefficients
represent the number of units of each substance taking part in a reaction.
Yields
It tells you that the reactants become the product through a chemical Reaction
Symbols Used in Chemical Equations
Symbol Meaning
→ produces or yields
+ plus
(s) solid
(l) liquid
(g) gas
(aq) aqueous—a substance is dissolved in water
heat The reactants are heated
light The reactants are exposed to light
elec. An electric current is applied to the reactants.
Parts of Chemical Equation
Example: 1
Na +Sodium
Cl Chlorine
→ NaClSodium Chloride
Reactants Yields Products
Example: 2
Coefficient Yields
2H2 + O2 → 2H2O Products
Subscript Products
Reactants
Example: 3
HgO(s) heat
Hg(l) + O2(g)
Types of compound
Reactant Types of Yields Subscript or element
compound or
element
BALANCING CHEMICAL EQUATION
Rules for Chemical Equations
Because of Law of Conservation of Mass, chemical equations MUST BE BALANCED
BALANCED = same number of each kind of atom on both sides (reactants and products)
Steps in Balancing the Equation.
Magnesium (Mg) burns with such a brilliant white light that it is often used in fireworks, as
shown in Figure a. Burning leaves a white powder called magnesium oxide (MgO). To write a balanced
chemical equation, follow these steps.
Figure a. When
magnesium combines
with oxygen, it produces
a bright white flame,
making it ideal for
applications such as
sparklers, fireworks, and
flares.
Step 1. Write a chemical equation for the reaction of magnesium with oxygen. Recall that oxygen is a
diatomic molecule.
Mg(s) + O2 (g) → MgO(s)
Solution:
Step 2. Count the atoms in reactants and products. The magnesium atoms are balanced, but the oxygen
atoms are not.
Mg =1 Mg =1
O=2 O=1
Step 3. Choose coefficients that balance the equation. Remember, never change subscripts of a correct
formula to balance an equation. Try putting a coefficient of 2 before MgO.
Mg(s) + O2 (g) → 2MgO(s)
Mg =1 Mg =1 x 2 = 2
O=2 O = 1 x 2 =2
Step 4. Recheck the numbers of each atom on each side of the equation and adjust coefficients again if
necessary. Now two Mg atoms are on the right side and only one is on the left side. So a coefficient of 2
is needed for Mg to balance the equation.
2Mg(s) + O2 (g) → 2MgO(s)
Mg =1 x 2 = 2 Mg =1 x 2 = 2
O=2 O = 1 x 2 =2
Example: CH4 + 2O2 → CO2 + 2H2O
Solution: C=1 C=1
H=4 H=2 x 2 = 4
O=2 x 2 = 4 O=2+2(1)=4
Understanding Chemical Equations
From Periodic Table:
C(s) + O2(g) → CO2(g)
1 atom 1 molecule 1 molecule
12.01 amu 32.00 amu 44.01 amu
from the periodic table that the average mass of a carbon atom is 12.01 amu
the average mass of an oxygen atom is 16.00 amu. Therefore, the average mass of an O 2 molecule is 32.00
amu (2 × 16.00 amu)
the average mass of a CO2 molecule is 44.01 amu (12.01 amu + (2 × 16.00 amu)).
Instead, chemists use masses in grams, rather than amu.
For example, 12.01 grams of carbon reacts with 32.00 grams of oxygen, the same ratio of masses as in the
balanced equation. That’s because the number of carbon atoms in 12.01 grams of carbon must be very
nearly equal to the number of oxygen molecules in 32.00 grams of oxygen. In fact, 12.01 grams of carbon
contains 6.02 × 10 23 carbon atoms and 32.00 grams of oxygen contains 6.02 × 10 23 oxygen molecules.
Because the number of particles involved in most chemical reactions is so large, chemists use a counting unit
called the mole (mol).
One mole is the amount of a substance that contains 6.02 × 10 23 particles of that substance.
The reaction between one mole of carbon and one mole of oxygen, yielding one mole of carbon dioxide is
summarized in Table b.
Table b. Moles, Mass, and Particles
Equation C(s) + O2(g) → CO2(g)
Number of moles 1 1 1
Mass 12.01 g 32.00 g 44.01 g
Number of particles 6.02 × 1 0 23 6.02 × 1 0 23 6.02 × 1 0 23
atoms molecules molecules
The mass in grams of one mole of a substance is called its molar mass.
different substances have different molar masses.
Example: Element
The atomic mass of titanium (Ti) is 47.87 amu, and the molar mass is 47.87 g/mol.
the atomic mass of sodium (Na) is 22.99 amu, and its molar mass is 22.99 g/mol.
Example: for compound the molar mass is the sum of the masses of its component atoms.
Molecule of nitrogen dioxide (NO2)
one nitrogen atom (1 × 14.01 amu)
two oxygen atoms (2 × 16.00 amu = 32.00 amu).
NO2 has a molar mass of 46.01 g/mol (14.01 g/mol + 32.00 g/mol = 46.01 g/mol).
Mole-Mass Conversions
Given the mass of a substance, you can use the molar mass as a conversion factor to calculate the number of
moles. The following example uses this method to calculate the number of moles in 50.00 g of NO 2.
50.00 g NO2 x 1 mol NO2 = 1.087 mol NO2
46.01g NO2
Similarly, given the number of moles of a substance, you can use the molar mass as a conversion factor to
calculate the mass. What is the mass of 0.2020 mol of NO 2 ?
0.2020 mol NO2 x 46.01g NO2 = 9.294 g NO2
1 mol NO2
