967 ACES JOURNAL, Vol. 30, No.

9, September 2015

Reflectarray Nano-Dielectric Resonator Antenna Using Different Metals

Hend A. Malhat, Nermeen A. Eltresy, Saber H. Zainud-Deen, and Kamal H. Awadalla

Department of Electrical Engineering
Faculty of Electronic Eng., Menoufia University, 32952, Egypt
[email protected], [email protected]

Abstract ─ Nano-antennas have been introduced with surface plasmon polariton resonances SPPRs. The
wide bandwidth for faster data communications. The optical properties of these metals are described by the
material properties of good conducting metals introduce Drude-Lorentz model, which considers both the free
plasmonic behavior at THz frequencies. The material electrons contributions and harmonic oscillator SPPRs
property of good conducting metals using the Durde contributions [8]. However, only the high ohmic losses
Lorentz model have been investigated. The radiation of metals at THz frequencies affect the radiation
characteristics of nano-dielectric resonator antenna efficiency of nano-antennas [2]. The nano-antenna
NDRA reflectarray at 633 nm have been investigated. A resonance length is not determined by the free space
parametric study for the NDRA unit-cell dimensions and wavelength, but by the SPP wavelength in the metal [2].
material has been introduced. Different types of metals The current distribution on the nano-antenna has a
are used as a supporting plane of the NDRA unit-cell. A standing wave pattern similar to that of the RF antennas,
NDRA with silver, copper, and aluminum supporting but with non-uniform spacing between subsequent
plane have been designed and analyzed for reflectarray current lobes. Nano-antenna arrays introduce a superior
antennas. A nano-reflectarray unit-cells with supporting directivity, field confinement, absorption cross-section
plane having different metals have been introduced. and flexibility in beam shaping compared with single
Comparisons between the radiation characteristics of nano-antennas. Dielectric resonator antennas DRAs
reflectarrays with different supporting plane metals have have many attractive features and applications at
been illustrated. A compromise between the size, microwave frequencies [9]. The DRAs have different
maximum gain, and operating bandwidth of the nano- shapes such as a hemisphere, cylinder, or rectangular and
reflectarray is investigated for terahertz applications. are typically mounted on a metal layer regarded as
The finite integral technique is used to carry a full wave perfect electric conductor. The DRAs are generally
analysis to design a NDRA reflectarray. constructed from low-loss high-permittivity dielectric
materials up to εr=100. To increase the efficiency of
Index Terms ─ DRA, nano-antenna, reflectarray. resonant nano-antennas, the low-loss high-permittivity
dielectric materials available at THz frequencies are
I. INTRODUCTION used. At THz frequencies, the wave penetrates the metals
The radiation characteristics of a conventional due to the plasmonic effect and the antenna scaling
radio-frequency RF antenna have been presented in property is not valid. The radiation characteristics of the
detail [1]. Nano-antenna is a resonant device, which DRA at 633 nm have been investigated in [10]. High-
converts the EM wave into a localized energy at terahertz gain microwave antennas have been employed in many
frequencies [2]. Recently, wide bandwidth nano- applications such as radar and satellite communications.
antennas have been introduced for faster information The parabolic reflector and phased array antenna have
exchange. Nano-antennas have many applications high gain, narrow main lobe and high power capacity,
including solar cells, on-chip wireless optical but suffer some disadvantages as high cost, large
communication and biological imaging. Different forms volume, and lossy feed networks. Reflectarray antenna
of the microwave antennas such as dipole, monopole, combines the advantages of parabolic reflector and
Yagi-Uda, and bow-tie antenna have been investigated phased array and overcomes their disadvantages [11].
at the terahertz frequencies [3-6] which focus on The reflectarray antenna consists of a primary source
resonant metallic nanostructures. The materials of nano- illuminating a planar surface composed of an array of
antennas are generally good conducting metals such as unit-cells. The phase shift of each unit-cell is adjusted to
gold and silver [7]. The resonant structures of good collimate the reflected wave in the desired direction.
conducting metals show electromagnetic resonances, Reflectarray suffers from feeder blocking effect, so it
when being excited by an incident light, this is called requires an offset feed to avoid blockage losses, which

Submitted On: March 10, 2015

Accepted On: June 1, 2015
1054-4887 © 2015 ACES
MALHAT, ELTRESY, ET. AL.: REFLECTARRAY NANO-DIELECTRIC RESONATOR ANTENNA USING DIFFERENT METALS 968

leads to destroying the symmetry of the antenna aperture permittivity and conductivity of all metals take an
and increases the angle of incidence to some individual exponential variation with frequency. ߝଵ ܽ݊݀ߪଶ are
elements [12-14]. The detailed analysis of the radiation increased by increasing frequency negative with reduced
characteristics of NDRA element and NDRA magnitude with higher frequency while ߝଶ ƒ†ߪଵ are
reflectarray at 633 nm investigated in [10]. decreased in magnitude by increasing frequency. The
In this paper, the optical material properties of skin depth is representing how deep the electromagnetic
different conducting metals at THz frequencies have wave can penetrate the material surface [8]:
been investigated. A parametric study of the NDRA unit- ഄ భ
cell for reflectarray at 633 nm has been introduced. The ଶ௖ඨ భ ା ටఌభమ ାఌమమ
మ మ
effect of changing the type of the metal material ߜሺ߱ሻ ൌ , (4)
ఠఌమ
properties on the performance of the NDRA unit-cell is where c is the speed of light. The variations of skin-depth
investigated. A 21×21 unit-cell elements NDRA versus frequency for different types of metals are shown
reflectarray has been designed and analyzed using the in Fig. 2. At 474 THz, the skin depth is 32 nm for gold,
finite integral technique based on the commercial 28 nm for copper, 24.5 nm for silver and 17 nm for
software CST Microwave Studio [15,16]. Reflectarray aluminum.
with different metal supporting plane have been
introduced. A comparison between the radiation 500
Gold

model
characteristics of reflectarray with silver, copper and 350 Copper

dispersion
Silver
aluminum supporting plane has been presented.

dispersion:Drude
200
ߝଶ Aluminium

50
II. MATERIAL PROPERTIES AT
Electrical
TERAHERTZ RANGE -100

At THz frequencies, the behavior of conventional Electric -250 ߝଵ

metals properties behaves in a different way compared
-400
to the microwave frequencies [7]. In microwave 100 200 300 400 500 600
Frequency (THZ)
frequency range the electric field inside the conductors
is zero, which leads to perfect reflection from the surface (a)
17
x 10
of the metal, as the conductivity of metal is very high. 3
Gold
However, at THz frequencies, the assumption of perfect
Electrical conductivity (s/m)

2 ߪଵ Copper
conductor metals is not valid and the losses cannot be Silver
neglected [8]. The material properties in the THz range 1 Aluminium
can be described by a free electron gas moving through 0
a lattice of positive ions. The frequency dependent
-1
complex permittivity and the electrical conductivity of
metal in the THz frequency range are described using -2 ߪଶ
Durde Lorentz model [8]: -3
మ
ఠ೛ 100 200 300 400 500 600
ߝ௥ ൌ ߝଵ ൅ ݆ߝଶ ൌ ሾͳ െ ሿ, (1) Frequency (THZ)
ఠఠି௝ణ೛
మ
(b)
ఠ೛
ߪ ൌ ߪଵ ൅ ݆ߪଶ ൌ ߝ௢ , (2)
௝ఠାణ೛ Fig. 1. The variations of complex permittivity and
where ߝଵ is the real part of permittivity and is a measure electrical conductivity versus frequency for different
of how much energy from an external field is stored in a types of metals: (a) electrical dispersion, and (b) electrical
material. ߝଶ is the imaginary part of permittivity loss conductivity.
factor. It is a measure of how dissipative or lossy a
material is to an external field, ߝ௢  is the dielectric 35

constant of vacuum, ߱ is the angular frequency of the 30

electromagnetic wave, ߴ௣  is the angular collision
Skin depth (nm)

25
frequency, and ߱௣  is the electron plasma angular
20
frequency [8]:
Gold
߱௣ ൌ ඥ݊௘ ‫ ݍ‬ଶ Ȁߝ௢ ݉௘  = ͷ͸ǤͶͲඥ݊௘ , (3) 15
Copper
where ne is the free electron density, me is the electron 10 Silver
Aluminium
mass, and q is the charge of the electron. Figure 1 shows 5
100 200 300 400 500 600
the variation of electric permittivity ߝ, and the Frequency (THZ)
conductivity ߪ, versus frequency in the THz range of
gold, copper, silver and aluminum. The electrical Fig. 2. The skin depth variation versus frequency.
969 ACES JOURNAL, Vol. 30, No. 9, September 2015

III. THEORY OF REFLECTARRAY infinite array approach. First, all elements of the
ANTENNA reflectarray/transmitarray are identical; this is not the
The reflectarray operation can be seen as a phased case in the real reflectarray/transmitarray in which the
array with spatial feed located at (xf, yf, zf) from the array diameters of the NDR in each cell element must vary
aperture. For the reflectarray located in x-y plane, the according to the required phase compensation. Secondly,
wave is reflected from each unit-cell at direction ሺߠ଴ ,‫׎‬௢ ሻ the reflectarray/transmitarray itself is not infinite in
suffer from additional phase shift due to the position of extent. Finally, only normal incidence is considered.
the element in the array ሺ‫ݔ‬௖௜ ǡ ‫ݕ‬௖௜ ሻ and spacing between However, the plane wave has an oblique angle on the real
the cell element and the feeding horn ݀௜௝ , as shown in array element, but the phase variation is nearly the same
Fig. 3. To collimate the reflected wave at direction for incidence angles up to 30o [14]. Different types of
ሺߠ଴ ,‫׎‬௢ ሻ each unit-cell require a compensation phase: metals are used for ground plane as silver, gold, copper,
and aluminium. The properties of the ground plane
߮௜௝ ሺ‫ݔ‬௖௜ ǡ ‫ݕ‬௖௜ ሻ ൌ ݇௢ ݀௜௝ ൅ ‫׎‬௖௜௝ , (5) metals are determined using Eq. (1) at 474 THz and are
where ݇௢ ൌ ʹߨȀߣ௢ is the wave number, ݀௜௝ is given by listed in Table 1. The required compensation phase of the
[12]: reflection coefficient for each unit-cell is achieved by
ଶ varying the NDRA radius R. Figure 5 shows the variation
݀௜௝ ൌ ට‫ݔ‬௖௜ െ ‫ݔ‬௙ ଶ ൅ ൫‫ݕ‬௖௜ െ ‫ݕ‬௙ ൯ ൅ ‫ݖ‬௙ ଶ , (6) of the reflection coefficient magnitude and phase versus
and ‫׎‬௖௜௝ is the phase shift due to the location of the unit- the NDRA radius at 474 THz for different types of
cell in the array: ground plane metals. The gold ground plane has the
worst reflection coefficient variation from -30.4 to -2.9,
߮௖௜௝ ൌ െ‫ݔ‬௖௜ ‫ߠ݊݅ݏ‬଴ ܿ‫׎ݏ݋‬௢ െ ‫ݕ‬௖௜ ‫ߠ݊݅ݏ‬଴ ‫׎݊݅ݏ‬௢ . (7)
while the silver ground plane gives the best reflection
z coefficient magnitude varies from -5.8 to -1.7 dB for the
NDRA radius varying from 85 nm to 170 nm. This is
(xf, yf, zf) Beam direction because the conductivity of the aluminum material is
(ߠ଴ ,‫׎‬௢ ሻ higher than that of the silver material at 474 THz as
݀௜௝ appeared in Fig. 1 (b), and the penetration depth in
F aluminum ground plate is higher than that of silver as
shown in Fig. 2. The phase of the reflection coefficient
span of variation is 360o for the silver, 19o for gold, 215o
for the copper, and 136o for the aluminum ground plate.
y The silver material has the best performance for the
(࢞ࢉ࢏ ǡ ࢟ࢉ࢏ ) reflectarray unit-cell with reflection coefficient magnitude
x variation from -5.8 to -1.7 dB, and phase variation from
0 to 360 degrees.
Fig. 3. The detailed structure of the reflectarray configuration.
z R
IV. DESIGN OF NDRA REFLECTARRAY
WITH SILVER SUPPORTING PLANE hd
The unit-cell of nano dielectric resonator
reflectarray consists of a NDRA made of titanium h
dioxide TiO2, with anisotropic frequency independent L x
dielectric permittivity of 8.29 in x- and y-axis directions
and 6.71 in z-axis direction. The estimated loss tangent
(a) (b)
is 0.001 [10]. The NDRA has a cylindrical shape with
radius R and height hd placed on a square ground plane
Fig. 4. The detailed structure of the NDRA reflectarray
with side length L and thickness h as shown in Fig. 4 (a).
unit-cell: (a) 3-D view, and (b) side view.
To calculate the required reflection coefficient phase
compensation in each unit-cell, the unit-cell is put in a
Table 1: The optical properties of the different types of
waveguide simulator [13]. The perfect electric and
metals at 474 THz [17]
magnetic wall boundary conditions are posted onto the
sides of the surrounding waveguide, and result in an Metal ߱௣ (rad/sec) ᖳ௣ (rad/sec) ߜ (nm)
infinite array. A linearly polarized plane wave was Silver 1.28×1016 9.19×1013 24.5
applied as the far-field excitation of the unit-cells inside Gold 0.98×1016 2.8×1014 32
the waveguide simulator and only normal incidence Copper 1.13×1016 3.2×1014 28
angle is considered. There are several limitations to the Aluminum 2.3×1016 1.04×1015 17
MALHAT, ELTRESY, ET. AL.: REFLECTARRAY NANO-DIELECTRIC RESONATOR ANTENNA USING DIFFERENT METALS 970

0 reflectarray located at 8.133 μm from the array aperture.

Reflection coefficient (dB) -5 The nano-horn antenna is constructed from gold with
-10 Lh =487.5 nm, and aperture size a×b of 810 nm × 1275 nm.
-15 The nano-horn antenna has a maximum gain of 11.1 dBi
-20
at 474 THz. The E- and H-plane radiation patterns at
474 THz of the nano-horn and the NDRA reflectarray
-25
Gold with different plane thickness h=30, 70 and 200 nm are
-30 Copper
Silver
shown in Fig. 9. The maximum gain of the NDRA
-35 reflectarray is increased by increasing the plane
Aluminium
-40 thickness and the SLL is decreased. For h=200 nm, the
85 100 115 130 145 160 170
NDRA raduis (nm) first SLLs are -17.9 dB and -15.1 dB in E- and H-plane
(a) respectively. The HPBW of the NDRA reflectarray is
360
4.5 degrees in E-plane and 4.7 degrees in H-plane
Gold compared to 40.3 degrees in E-plane and 41.3 degrees in
Reflection phase (degrees)

300 Copper
Silver H-plane for the nano-horn antenna.
Aluminium
240 0
-1
180

Reflection magnitude (dB)

-2
120 -3
-4
60 -5 h=20 nm
-6 h=30 nm
0
85 100 115 130 145 160 170 -7 h=50 nm
NDRA raduis (nm) -8 h=70 nm
h=100 nm
(b) -9
h=200 nm
-10
85 100 115 130 145
45 160 17
170
Fig. 5. The variation of the reflection coefficient NDRA raduis (nm)
magnitude and phase versus the NDRA radius at 474 (a)
THz: (a) reflection coefficient magnitude, and (b) 360
h=20 nm
reflection coefficient phase magnitude.
Reflection phase (degress)

300 h=30 nm
h=50 nm
h=70 nm
Figure 6 shows the effect of changing the silver 240
h=100 nm
ground plane thickness of the unit-cell on the variation 180 h=200 nm
of the reflection coefficient magnitude and phase. By
increasing the ground plane thickness, the reflection 120

coefficient magnitude is decreased and the reflection 60

coefficient phase variation is increased to achieve 360
degrees. A compromise between the magnitude and 0
85 100 115 130 145 160 170
phase of the reflection coefficient has been made. A NDRA raduis (nm)
ground plane thickness of 200 nm has been chosen for (b)
reflection coefficient magnitude variation from -1.7 to
-5.8 and 360 degrees phase variations. The electric field Fig. 6. The variations of the reflection coefficient
distribution on the unit-cell of the NDRA reflectarray magnitude and phase versus the NDRA radius: (a)
with silver supporting plane h=200 nm, hd =50 nm, and reflection coefficient magnitude, and (b) reflection
R=130 nm is shown in Fig. 7. The incident plane wave coefficient phase magnitude.
penetrate the silver supporting plane at a distance equal
to the skin depth at this frequency 24.5 nm and reflects
back to the source direction. The reflection occurs
Silver
NDRA

because the thickness of the silver supporting plane is

much bigger than the silver skin depth about 8.16 ߜ.
h
A 21×21 unit-cell elements NDRA reflectarray is
constructed using silver plane with L=350 nm, h=200 nm,
and hd =50 nm as shown in Fig. 8. The array has total Fig. 7. The electric field distribution on the unit-cell with
dimensions of 7.35×7.35 μm2. A linearly polarized silver supporting plane, h=200 nm, L=350 nm, hd =50
pyramidal nano-horn antenna is used to feed the NDRA nm and R=130 nm.
971 ACES JOURNAL, Vol. 30, No. 9, September 2015

y copper supporting plane are shown in Fig. 10. A 300o

Lh phase shift of the reflection coefficient unit-cell is
a achieved by varying the NDRA radius R from 75 to
175 nm. While the reflection coefficient magnitude is
changed from -1.8 to -5.6 dB at 474 THz. A 21×21 unit-
b
cell elements NDRA reflectarray with copper supporting
F x
Nano horn plane of thickness h=200 nm, length of 7.35 μm and
Lt NDRA height of 105 nm is constructed. The NDRA
z
reflectarray has maximum gain of 27.2 dBi with front to
Lt back ratio of 21 dB. The gain variation versus frequency
for the NDRA reflectarray with copper supporting plane
Fig. 8. The 21×21 unit-cell elements NDRA reflectarray and the nano-horn are shown in Fig. 11. The 1-dB gain
with silver supporting plane. bandwidth is 35 dB.

30 0 360 0
5
h=30 nm

Transmission phase (degrees)

Transmission magnitude (dB)

0

5
h=70 nm 300 -4
20 0

5 h=200 nm
0 240 -8
dBi
(dBi)

5
10
Gain

180 -12
Gain

0
120 -16

-10 60 -20

-20 0 -24
-180 -120 -60 0 60 120 180 75 100 125 150 175
Elevation (degrees) NDRA raduis (nm)

(a)
30
Fig. 10. The variation of the reflection coefficient phase
h=30 nm and magnitude versus the NDRA radius at 474 THz.
20 h=70 nm
h=200 nm
30
Gain (dBi)

10
dBi

25
Gain

0 20
Gain (dB)
Gain dBi

-10 15

10
-20
-180 -120 -60 0 60 120 180 Horn
5
Elevation (degrees) 21×21 reflectarray
(b) 0
445 460 475 490 500
Frequency (THZ)
Fig. 9. The gain patterns plot for a 21×21 NDRA
reflectarray with silver supporting plane for variable Fig. 11. The gain variation versus frequency for a 21×21
ground plane thickness. NDRA reflectarray with copper supporting plane at
L=350 nm, h=200 nm, and hd =105 nm.
V. DESIGN OF NDRA REFLECTARRAY
WITH COPPER SUPPORTING PLANE VI. DESIGN OF NDRA REFLECTARRAY
The NDRA unit-cell with copper supporting plane WITH ALUMINUM SUPPORTING PLANE
has the same construction as shown in Fig. 4. The A NDRA reflectarray unit-cell with aluminum
supporting plane is replaced by copper material. The supporting plane with side length L=350 nm, thickness
dimensions of the NDRA unit-cell with copper h=200 nm, and hd=170 nm operated at 474 THz is
supporting plane is designed and optimized to operate at investigated. Figure 12 (a) shows the electric field
474 THz. The unit-cell dimensions are hd =105 nm distribution on NDRA reflectarray unit-cell with
placed on a square copper ground plane with side length aluminum supporting plane at 474 THz with h=200 nm,
L=350 nm, thickness h=200 nm and variable values for hd=170 nm and R=130 nm. The reflection coefficient
NDRA radius R. The incident wave penetrate the copper magnitude and phase variations versus the NDRA radius
supporting plane down to the skin depth and reflects are shown in Fig. 12 (b). A 360o phase variation and
back to the source. The variations of the reflection reflection coefficient magnitude variation from -4.7 to
coefficient magnitude and phase for the unit-cell with -5.4 dB are achieved. The gain variation versus
MALHAT, ELTRESY, ET. AL.: REFLECTARRAY NANO-DIELECTRIC RESONATOR ANTENNA USING DIFFERENT METALS 972

frequency for the NDRA reflectarray with aluminum with different metals supporting plane. A compromise
supporting plane is shown in Fig. 13. between gain, 1-dB bandwidth, SLL, and HPBW has
been applied for choosing the appropriate reflectarray for
THz applications.

Aluminum
NDRA
30
Silver
20 Copper
Aluminium
h

dBi)
10

i
Gain (dB
(a)

Gain
0
360 0

-10
Reflection phase (degrees)

300 -4

Reflection magnitude (dB)

240 -8 -20
-180 -120 -60 0 60 120 180
Elevation (degrees)
180 -12
(a) x-z plane
120 -16 30
Silver
60 -20 Copper
20
Aluminium
0 -24

dBi
105 117 129 141 152

)
10

i
Gain(dB
NDRA raduis (nm)

Gain
(b) 0

-10
Fig. 12. (a) The electric field distribution on the NDRA
reflectarray unit-cell with aluminum supporting plane, -20
-180 -120 -60 0 60 120 180
and (b) the reflection coefficient phase and magnitude Elevation (degrees)
versus the NDRA radius at 474 THz. (b) y-z plane
30
Fig. 14. The gain radiation patterns plot for a 21×21
25 NDRA reflectarray with different supporting plane nano
20
metals.
(dB)
Gain dBi

15 Table 2: Comparison between the radiation characteristics

Gain

10 of NDRA reflectarrays with different metals supporting

Horn
planes
5
21×21 reflectarray Material Silver Copper Aluminum
0
445 460 475 490 500
Gain dBi 25.8 27.2 25.4
Frequency (THZ) 1-dB BW 30 THz 35 THz 40 THz
SLL (dB) -17.9 -19.4 -12.51
Fig. 13. The gain variation versus frequency for a 21×21 HPBW (degrees) 4.5 4.5 4.3
NDRA reflectarray with aluminum supporting plane.
VIII. CONCLUSION
VII. COMPARISON BETWEEN NDRA The use of NDRA in the design of nano-reflectarray
REFLECTARRAYS WITH DIFFERENT for terahertz application at 633 nm is introduced. The
METAL SUPPORTING PLANES reflectarray unit-cell consists of a cylindrical NDR on a
The E-and H-plane gain patterns for 21×21 NDRA square ground plane of a good conductor. A parametric
reflectarrays with silver, copper, and aluminum study for the unit-cell dimensions has been introduced.
supporting planes are shown in Fig. 14. The reflectarray The gold ground plane has got the worst reflection
with copper supporting plane has the maximum gain of coefficient, while the silver ground plane gives the best
27.8 dBi with lower HPBW of 4.4o due to the higher reflection coefficient magnitude. A compromise between
reflection coefficient magnitude relative to the other the magnitude and phase of the reflection coefficient has
metals. The reflectarray with aluminum supporting plane been made. A silver ground plane thickness of 200 nm
has the lower gain and the higher bandwidth, due to the has been chosen for reflection coefficient magnitude
increase in the NDRA height with variation of its relative variation from -1.7 to -5.8 dB and 360 degrees phase
permittivity in the z-direction. Table 2 lists a comparison variation. A 21×21 unit-cell elements NDRA
between the radiation characteristics of the reflectarrays reflectarray is constructed using silver supporting plane
973 ACES JOURNAL, Vol. 30, No. 9, September 2015

with L=350 nm, h=200 nm, and hd=50 nm. The Maten, and S. H. Houben, “Recent advances in
maximum gain of the NDRA reflectarray is increased by finite integration technique for high frequency
increasing the plane thickness and the SLL is decreased. applications,” Scientific Computing in Electrical
Engineering, vol. 4, pp. 46-57, 2004.
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optical response of plasmonic nanoantennas,” 2011. She is currently an Associat Professor in the
Optics Express, vol. 16, no. 12, pp. 9144-9154, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering in
Jun. 2008. the Faculty of Electronic Engineering, Menoufia
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using optical antennas,” Ph.D. Thesis, University
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Australia, Mar. 2013. nano-antennas, DRA, transmitarray, and reflectarray.
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2013. November 15, 1955. He received
[12] J. Huang and J. A. Encinar, Reflectarray Antennas, the B.Sc. and M.Sc. degrees from
John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New Jersy, USA, 2007. Menoufia University in 1973 and
[13] S. H. Zainud-Deen, H. A. Malhat, S. M. Gaber, and 1982, respectively, and the Ph.D.
K. H. Awadalla, “Perforated nanoantenna degree in Antenna Engineering from
reflectarray,” Progress in Electromagnetics Menoufia University, Egypt in
Research M, PIER M, vol. 29, pp. 253-265, 2013. 1988. He is currently a Professor in the Department of
[14] H. A. Malhat, S. H. Zainud-Deen, and S. M. Gaber, Electrical and Electronic Engineering in the Faculty of
“Circularly polarized graphene based transmitarray Electronic Engineering, Menoufia University, Egypt.
for terahertz applications,” Progress in His research interest at present include microstrip and
Electromagnetics Research M, PIER M, vol. 36, leaky wave antennas, DRA, RFID, optimization
pp. 185-191, 2014. techniques, FDFD and FDTD, scattering problems and
[15] R. Schumann, T. Weiland, W. H. Schilders, E. J. breast cancer detection.
MALHAT, ELTRESY, ET. AL.: REFLECTARRAY NANO-DIELECTRIC RESONATOR ANTENNA USING DIFFERENT METALS 974

Kamal H. Awadalla was born in El- and Electronic Engineering in the Faculty of Electronic
Santa - Gharbiya - Egypt, on February Engineering, Menoufia University, Egypt. His research
1, 1943. He received the B.Sc. and interest at present include microstrip and leaky wave
M.Sc. from the Faculty of Engineering, antennas, DRA, RFID, optimization techniques.
Cairo University, Egypt, in 1694 and
1972, respectively, and the Ph.D.
degree from the University of
Birmingham, UK. in 1978. He is
currently a Professor Emeritus in the Dept. of Electrical
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