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Scope: State and Path Functions Revisited

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Chandler Manlongat
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50 views4 pages

Scope: State and Path Functions Revisited

Uploaded by

Chandler Manlongat
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Scope

• Non-reacting Systems
– Steady-state open system
First Law of Thermodynamics – Closed System
– Isolated System
• Reacting Systems

State and Path Functions Revisited First Law of Thermodynamics


• The first law of thermodynamics is a
statement of the conservation of energy, i.e.
energy cannot be created nor destroyed, it
can only be converted from one form into
another. As a consequence, this law states
that the energy of the thermodynamic
universe is constant.

Review: Thermo Systems Thermodynamic System (???)


Boundary is perfectly
insulated and impermeable • Closed box with a gas inside; perfectly insulated
to mass
• Well-insulated cubic storage tank with a vent
Boundary is well-lagged • Well-insulated cubic storage tank connected to a
gas tank, supplying gas to the storage tank
Boundary is a diathermal • Piston-cylinder setup
wall
• Mechanical equipment (pump, compressor)
• Heat exchanger
• Evaporator
Continuity Equation Equation of Energy

! = !"!

!"!
!=
!

Steady-state Flow (Open) System


Simplifying Conditions

Steady-state Open System


Equation of Energy
Single Inlet and Single Outlet
DH + DE K + DE p = Q + Ws
Ws (+) Ws (-)
Q (-)
Du 2 u 22 - u12
Q (+)
where DE K = =
system Outlet (2) 2 2
u2 DE p = gDz = g (z 2 - z1 )
z2
DH = H 2 - H1
Inlet (1)
u1 Q is positive (+) when energy is added to the system and negative (-) when energy is
z1 released from the system
Reference or datum level Ws is positive (+) when work is consumed by the system or supplied to the system (eg.
compressor, blower, fan) and negative (-) if work is produced by the system (eg.
turbine)
Closed System

Closed System
DU = Q + W

where DU = U 2 - U1
W = -ò pdV
Q is positive (+) when energy is added to the system and negative (-) when energy is
released from the system
W is positive (+) if work is done on the system and negative (-) when work is done by
the system

Isolated System Review: Definitions


Enthalpy H º U + PV
• Mass is invariant Gibbs Free Energy G º H - TS
Helmholtz Free Energy A º U - TS
• Energy is invariant Constant-volume heat capacity æ ¶U ö
CV = ç ÷
è ¶T øV
Always true
• ΔU=0 Constant-pressure heat capacity æ ¶H ö
CP = ç ÷ regardless of
è ¶T ø P nature of the
Coefficient of thermal expansion 1 æ ¶V ö system!
a= ç ÷
V è ¶T ø P
Isothermal compressibility 1 æ ¶V ö
kT = - ç ÷
V è ¶P øT
Joule-Thomson coefficient é æ ¶V ö ù
êV - T ç ÷ ú
ë è ¶T ø P û
µ=-
CP

Always True for an Ideal Gas


Regardless of Process
Cp= Cv + R
Thermodynamic Processes of
an Ideal Gas in a Closed System
(see separate file)
Thermodynamic Processes Polytropic Process
• polytropic • W eqn 3.35 (Smith, Van Ness, Abbott)
• Q eqn 3.36 (Smith, Van Ness, Abbott)

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