BAB I

KONSIDERASI DESAIN

1. Diameter Tube :

- Tube range : ¼” s/d 2 “

- Kilang/Refinery : 5/8” , ¾” , 1” , 1 ¾”

2. Tebal Tube.

- Umumnya range : 0.065” – 0.109” (BWG 16 – BWG 12)

- Untuk OD ≥ 1 in, 10 – 16 BWG
- Untuk OD < 1 in, 12 – 18 BWG

3. Panjang Tube.

– TEMA : 8, 10, 12, 16, 20 ft

– Umum digunakan : 16 ft(4,9 m) dan 20 ft (6.1m)

4. Tube Lay Out

450 300 600 900

5. Tube Pitch.

TEMA : minimum tube pitch = 1.25 x OD tube , in

misal OD tube = 1 in, maka tube pitch = 1 x 1,25 = 1.25 in

Literatur : “ Applied Process Design For Chemical and Petrochemical

Plants ” , Ernest E. Ludwig, vol III

Tube OD Tube Lay Out Tube Pitch Tube Tube Tube Pitch
OD Lay Out
¾” ‫ڤ‬ 1“ 5/8” ∆ 13/16”
1” ‫ڤ‬ 1 ¼” ¾” ∆ 15/16”
1 ¼” ‫ڤ‬ 1 9/16” 3/4:” ∆ 1”
1 ½” ‫ڤ‬ 1 7/8” 1” ∆ 1 ¼”
1 ¼” ∆ 1 9/16”
1 ½” ∆ 1 7/8”
 c. Engineering Design Practice Pertamina : 1.25 – 1.5 x OD tube
Clearance : Jarak terdekat antara dua buah tube, > ¼ diameter
tube

6. Baffle Cut

20 – 25 % cut segmental baffle.

7. Baffle Spacing : Jarak antara 2 (dua) baffle

Baffle spacing tidak boleh melebihi jarak yang sama dengan diameter
shell atau lebih kecil dari 1/5 diameter shell (1/5 – 1.0 kali ID Shell)

8. Allowable Pressure Drop

Untuk cairan yang dipompa (per shell)

Viskositas (Cp) Shell Side (psi) Tube Side

(psi)
< 1.0 2.5 5.0
1.0 – 5.0 5.0 7.5
5.0 – 15 7.5 10
15 – 25 10 15
25 – 50 15 25
> 50 Consult mechanical group

Untuk Condenser (per shell)

Pressure system (psig) Allowable ∆ P, psi

Tekanan ≥ 1 atm 1–5
Tekanan vakum 10 – 20 mm Hg

Cooling Water Side

 Maksimum ∆ P = 15 psi
 Maksimum velocity ; 10 – 12 ft/sec
9. Allowable Water Velocities in Tubes

Fluid Tube Minimum Maximum Preferred

material
Sea Water 70:30 CuNi, 2.5-3.0 12 ft/sec 6-8 ft/sec
0.5 % Fe ft/sec
Sea Water 90:10 CuNi, 2.5-3.0 10 ft/sec 6-8 ft/sec
1.25% Fe ft/sec
Sea Water Al Brass 2.5-3.0 8 ft/sec 5-6 ft/sec
ft/sec
Brackish water Steel 2.5 ft/sec 5 ft/sec 4 ft/sec
Cooling Tower Steel 2-3 ft/sec 12 ft/sec 6-8 ft/sec
Treated
Cooling Tower Admiralty or 2.5-3.0 10 ft/sec 6-8 ft/sec
Treated equal ft/sec
River Water Steel 2-3 ft/sec 12 ft/sec 6-8 ft/sec
Clean
Condensate Steel 2-3 ft/sec 10 ft/sec 6-8 ft/sec
 BAB II.
PERHITUNGAN 1-2 HEAT EXCHANGER

Data – Data Yang Diperlukan.

Hot Fluid:
1. Flow rate : Wh lb/hr
2. Temperatur inlet : T1, 0F
3. Temperatur outlet : T2, 0F
4. Viskositas : μh, centpoise , lb/(ft)(hr) = 2.42 x cp
5. Kapasitas panas jenis : Cph
6. Specific gravity

Cold Fluid:
1. Flow rate : Wc , lb/hr
2. Temperatur inlet : t1, 0F
3. Temperatur outlet : t2 , 0F
4. Viskositas : μc, , cp atau lb/(ft )(hr) = cp x 2.42
5. Kapasitas panas jenis : Cpc
6. Specific gravity

Data – data HE yang harus diketahui:

Shell Side:

1. Inside Diameter : ID inch

2. Baffle space
3. Jumlah pass :

Tube Side :

1. Out side diameter tube : OD inch

2. BWG
3. Jumlah tube
4. Panjang tube
5. Pitch
6. jumlah pass

Perhitungan:

1. Heat Balance :

Hot Side : Qh = Wh x Cph x (T1 – T2) Btu/hr

Cold Side : Qc = Wc x Cpc x (t1 – t2) Btu/hr
Heat Duty , Q = Qh = Qc
 2. True temperature difference , ∆Tm

a. LMTD (Log mean Temperature Difference)

(T1 – t2) – (T2 – t1)

LMTD =
Ln (T1 – t2) / (T2 – t1)

b. Temperature difference factor, FT

R = (T1 – T2) / (t2 – t1)

S = (t2 – t1) / (T1 – t1)
FT dapat dicari dari Figure. 18)
FT ≥ 0.85

Δ Tm = LMTD x FT

3. Calorific Temperatur (th, tc)

∆ tc = T2 – t1
∆ th = T1 – t2
∆ tc / ∆ th = (T2 – T1) / (T1 – t2)
Dari figure. 17 Fc dapat dicari.

th = T2 + Fc (T1 – T2) 0F
tc = t1 + Fc (t2 – t1) 0F

A Tube Side

1. Asumsi Uo dari tabel 6.2

2. Total area, A = Q/Uo ∆Tm , ft2

3. Jumlah tube
Tentukan : OD tube, Tube lay out dan BWG tube
A
NT = -------------- , L = panjang tube ft
(L – 0.5) x a” a” = Tabel 10, ft2/lin ft

Dengan mengacu pada OD tube dan tube lay out dan jumlah tube
perhitungan diatas, dari table 9 tentukan ID shell, jumlah pass
 4. Hitung flow area tube (at)

- Cari flow area per tube (a’t) dari tabel 10

- at = jumlah tube x flow area per tube/jumlah pass
- at =Nt a’t /144 n

5. Linear velocity tube, Vt = Wt /ρ at , ft/sec

6. Hitung mass velocity (Gt)

– Gt = wt / at , lb / (hr)(ft2)

7. Hitung bilangan Reynold Number Ret

Ret = Di Gt / μ

– Di = inside diameter tube, in (Tabel 10)

– μ = viskositas fluida yang melalui tube pada kondisi tc 0F (Fig.14)
- Gt = mass velocity, lb/(hr)(ft2)

8. Cari JH dari Figure. 24

Dengan menghitung L/Di (panjang tube) / inside diameter tube) ,dan

Ret maka dari Fig. 24 dapat dicari JH

9. Hitung (Cp μ / k)1/3

Cp = kapasitas panas jenis fluida , Btu / (lb)( 0F) (Fig. 4)

k = thermal conductivity fluida, Btu / (hr)(ft )( F/ft) ( Fig. 1)
2 0

10. Hitung hi / Φt

hi / Φt = JH (k/Di) (Cp μ/k)1/3

hi = heat transfer coefficient inside tube, Btu / (hr)(ft 2)(0F)
Φt = (μ/μw)0.14

11. Hitung hio / Φt

hio / Φt = hi / Φt x Di / Do
hio =heat transfer coefficient out side tube, Btu / (hr)(ft 2)(0F)
Di = inside diameter tube, in
Do = out side diameter tube , in

12. Hitung tube wall temperatur (tw)

Bila hot fluid dalam inside tube

hio/Φt
tw = tc + ------------------ (th– tc) 0F
hio/Φt + ho/Φs
 atau
ho/Φs
tw =th - ------------------ (th– tc) 0F
hio/Φt + ho/Φs

Bila hot fluid pada outdide tube

ho/Φs
tw = tc + ------------------ (th– tc) 0F
hio/Φt + ho/Φs

atau
hio/Φt
tw = th - ---------------------- (th– tc) 0F
hio/Φt + ho/Φs

13. Hitung Φt = (μ / μw)0.14

14. μw = viskositas pada tube wall temperature (tw) dicari dari Fig. 14 [lb/
(ft)(hr)]

15. Hitung hio (corrected coefficient)

hio = hio/Φt x Φt

B. Shell Side

1. ID shell, dari tabel 10 dengan NT dan tube pass dapat dicari

2. Hitung flow area (as)

as = ID x C’ B / 144 PT ft2
ID = inside diameter shell, in
C’ = baffle cuts / clerance, diambil 25 %
B = baffle spacing, umumnya 75 % dari ID
PT = Tube pitch, jarak terpendek antara tube yang berhubungan
OD = ¾ in, square pitch, PT =1in
OD = 1 in, square pitch, PT = 1 ¼ in
OD = ¾ in, triangular pitch, PT = 1 ¼ in
OD = 1 in, triangular pitch, PT = 1 in atau PT = 15/16 in

3. Mass velocity (Gs)

Gs = Ws /as, lb / (hr) (ft2)
Ws = lb/hr
as = flow area , ft2
4. Faktor heat transfer (JH)
 Res = De x Gs / μ
Res = bilangan reynold
De = equivalent diameter = 4 x flow area / wetted perimeter
(Fig.28)
µ = viskositas pada Tc (Fig.14) , cp atau = 2.42 x cp, lb/(hr) (ft)
Dari Figure. 28 JH dapat dicari.

5. Dengan Tc , cari Cp (kapasitas panas jenis) dari Fig. 4 Btu/(lb) ( 0F),

k (thermal conductivity) dari Fig. 1 dalam Btu/(hr)(ft 2)(0F/ft).

6. Hitung (Cpµ / k)1/2

7. Hitung ho/Φs

ho/Φs = JH x (k /De) x (Cp /k)1/2

ho = heat transfer coefficient out side fluid, Btu/(hr)(ft2)(0F)
Φs = (μ/μw)0.14
μw = viskositas pada tube wall temperatur = 2.42 x cp = lb/(hr)(ft)

8. Hitung tube wall temperature (tw)

Bila hot fluid dalam inside tube

hio/Φt
tw = tc + ------------------ (th– tc) 0F
hio/Φt + ho/Φs
atau
ho/Φs
tw =th - ------------------ (th– tc) 0F
hio/Φt + ho/Φs

Bila hot fluid pada outside tube

ho/Φs
tw = tc + ------------------ (th– tc) 0F
hio/Φt + ho/Φs

atau

hio/Φt
tw =th - ------------------ (th– tc) 0F
hio/Φt + ho/Φs

Dari Fig. 14 μw dapat dicari

Φs = (μ/μw)0.14 dapat dihitung

 9. Hitung ho

ho = ho/Φs x Φs

C. Clean Overall Coefficient Heat Transfer (Uc)

hio x ho
Uc = --------------- , Btu / (hr)(ft2)(0F)
hio + ho
ho = Film coefficient of fluid on outside of tube (Btu/(hr)(ft 2)(0F)
hio = Film coefficient of fluid on inside tube, Btu/(hr)(ft 2)(0F)

D. Design atau Dirty Overall Coefficient Heat Transfer (UD)

1/UD = 1/Uc + Rdi + Rdo

Rdi = Dirt factor atau fouling resistance untuk fluida pada inside
diameter tube, (hr)(ft2)(0F)/ Btu
Rdo = Dirt factor atau fouling resistance fluida pada outside tube, (hr)
(ft2)(0F) / Btu

E. Hitung area yang dibutuhkan.

Q
A = ------------
Uo x ∆Tm

F. Hitung area yang tersedia .

Area yang tersedia (A available ) = a” x jumlah tube x (L – 0.5)

Apabila A yang dibutuhkan > dari A yang tersedia ( A available) maka

perhitungan diulangi lagi dengan merubah dimensi shell dan tube

G. Pressure Drop (∆P).

G.1 Pressure drop Shell Side (∆ Ps)

1. Hitung No. of crosses (N + 1)

N + 1 = 12 L / B
N = jumlah baffle
L = panjang tube, ft
B = baffle spacing, in
 2. Hitung pressure drop shell (∆ Ps)

f Gs2 Ds (N + 1)
∆ Ps = --------------------------------- psi
5.22 x 1010 x De x s x Φs

Dimana :

f = factor friksi dapat dicari dariFig. 29

s = specific gravity dapat dicari dari Fig. 6
Gs = mass flow melalui shell, lb/(hr)(ft2)
Ds = inside diameter shell, ft
De = diameter ekivalen, ft

G.2. Tube Side

A. Hitung presuure drop melalui tube ( ∆Pt)

f Gt2 L n
∆ Pt = --------------------------------- psi
5.22 x 1010 x Di x s x Φt

Dimana:

f = factor friksi dalam tube, dapat dicari dari Fig. 29

n = jumlah pass
Gt = mass flow melalui tube, lb / (hr)(ft2)
s = specific gravity, dapat dicari dari Fig.6
Di = inside diameter tube, ft

B. Hitung return loss ( ∆ Pr)

4n V2
∆ Pr = ----- -----
s 2g’

n = jumlah pass
s = specific gravity (Fig.6)
V2/2g’ dapat dicari dari Fig. 27

G.3. Hitung total pressure drop melalui tube side ( ∆ PT)

∆ PT = Pt + Pr
Apabila perhitungan ΔPs atau ΔPT > ΔP allowable
(yang diijinkan) maka perhitungan diulangi lagi dengan
merubah dimensi tube dan atau shell
SOAL : 1.

Kerosene yang keluar dari kolom fraksinasi sejumlah 43.800 lb/hr akan
didinginkan dari 390 0F menjadi 200 0F dengan crude dari storage sejumlah
149.000 lb/hr, temperatur crude akan naik dari 100 0F menjadi 170 0F.
Specific gravity kerosene ; 42 0API
Spesific gravity crude oil : 34 0API

Dengan data – data diatas hitung ukuran HE yang dibutuhkan.

Penyelesaian

Shell Side : Kerosene (hot fluid)

Wh = 43.800 lb/hr
T1 = 390 0F
T2 = 200 0F
Sg = 42 0API
Cp average = 0.605 Btu/(lb)(0F), figure-4

Tube Side : Crude oil (cold fluid)

Wc = 149.000 lb/hr
t1 = 100 0F
t2 = 170 0F
Cp average = 0.49 Btu/(lb)(0F), figure-4

1. Heat Balance :

Hot fluid : kerosene, Qh = 43.800 x 0.605 x (300 – 200 ) Btu/hr

= 5.100.000 Btu/hr

Cold fluid : Crude oil, Qc = 149.000 x 0.49 x (170 – 100)

= 5.100.000 Btu/hr

2. True Temperature difference ( ∆Tm )

a. LMTD (Log Mean Temperature Difference)

(T1 – t2) – (T2 – t1)

LMTD = -------------------------
Ln (T1 – t2)/(T1-t1)

(390 – 170) – (200 – 100)

LMTD = ----------------------------------- =152.5 0F
Ln (390 – 170)/(200 – 100)
 b. Temperatur difference factor ( FT)

R = (T1 – T2) / (t2 – t1) = (390 – 200) / (170 – 100) = 2.71

S = (t2 – t1) / (T1 – t1) = (170 – 100) / (390 – 100) = 0.241
Dari Figure. 18 dengan R dan S dapat dicari FT = 0.905

∆Tm = 0.905 x 152.5 0F = 138 0F

3. Calorific temperature ( Tc, tc)

∆tc / ∆th = (170 –100)/(390 – 200) = 70/190 = 0.455

Dari Fig. 17 Kc = 0.20, Fc = 0.42
th = 200 + 0.42 (390 – 200) 0F = 280 0F
tc = 100 + 0.42 (170 – 100) 0F = 129 0F

4. Ambil UD dari Tabel 5 = 55 Btu/(hr)(ft2)(0F)

5. Heating surface (A) = Q/UD ∆t = 5.100.000/(55)(138) ft2 =

672ft2

6. Asumsi OD tube = 1 in, 13 BWG , panjang tube = 16 ft, 1 ¼ in

square pitch

Dari tabel 10 didapat a” = 0.2618 ft2/lin ft.

Jumlah tube (nt) = 672 /(16-0.5)(0.2618) = 166
Dari tabel 9 bisa dicari ukuran shell dan pass yang sesuai (yang paling
mendekati) untuk perhitungan yaitu: ID shell = 21 1/4 in, 4 pass,
jumlah tube = 158

A. Tube Side : Crude Oil (Cold Fluid)

1. at

at = Nt x at” /144 n
Nt = jumlah tube = 158
n = jumlah pass = 4
at”, dari tabel –10 dengan OD tube 1 in , BWG 13 diperoleh = 0.515
in2

at =158 x 0.515 / (144x 4) = 0.141 ft2

Linear velocity tube, Vt = Wt/ρ at ft/sec

149.000
Vt = ---------------------------------- = 5.7 ft/sec
3600 x(0.83x62.4)x (0.141)
2. Mass Velocity, Gt

Gt = Wc /at = 149.000 / 0.141 = 1.060.000 lb/(hr)(ft 2)

3. Cari JH

Ret = Di Gt / μ
Di = 0.81 in = 0.0675 ft
Gt = 1.060.000 lb/(hr)(ft2)
μ , pada tc (129 0F) = 3.6 Cp = 3.6 x 2.42 lb/(ft)(hr) = 8.7 lb/(ft)(hr)

Ret = 0.0675 x 1.060.000 / 8.7 =8220

L/Di = 16/0.0675 = 237

JH , dari Fig. 24 = 31

4. Hitung (Cp μ / k)1/3

Cp crude oil, pada temperatur tc (129 0F) dari Fig.4 = 0.49 Btu/(lb)( 0F)
k. dari Fig. 1 = 0.077 Btu/(hr)(ft2)(0F/ft)
μ , pada tc (129 0F) = 8.7 lb/(ft)(hr)

(Cp μ /k)1/3 =[ (0.49) x (8.7) / 0.077]1/3 = 3.81

5. Hitung hi/Φt

hi / Φt =JH (k/Di) (Cp μ / k)1/3

JH = 31
k = 0.077 Btu/(hr)(ft2)(0F/ft)
Di =0.0675 ft

hi / Φt = 31x (0.077/0.0675) x 3.81 = 135

6. Hitung hio/Φt

hio / Φt = hi/Φt x Di/Do

hi / Φt = 135
Di = 0.81in
Do = 1 in

hio / Φt = 135 x (0.81/1) = 109

 7. Hitung Φt

Φt = (μ / μw)0.14
μw, pada tw (221 0F) dari Fig.14 = 1,5 Cp = 1,5 x 2.42 = 3.63 lb/(ft)
(hr)
μ = 8.7 lb/(ft)(hr)

Φt = (8.7/3,63)0.14 = 1,11

8. Hitung hio

hio = hio/Φt x Φt =109 x 1.11 = 121 Btu/(hr)(ft 2)(0F)

B. Shell Side; kerosene (Hot Fluid)

1. Flow area, as

as = ID shell x C’ B/144 PT

ID shell = 23.25 in
C’ = baffle cuts = 25 % = 0.25
B = baffle spacing = 5 in
PT = tube pitch, untuk OD 1in dan 1 ¼ in square pitch P T = 1.25 in

as = 21,25 x 0.25 x 5 / (144) x (1.25) = 0.1475 ft2

2. Mass velocity, Gs

Gs = Ws / as = 43.800 / 0.1475 = 297.000 lb/(hr)(ft 2).

3. Cari JH

Res = De Gs / μ
μ pada Tc (280 0F) , dapat dicari dari Fig.14 = 0.4 Cp
μ = 0.4 x 2.42 lb/(ft)(hr) = 0.97 lb/(ft)(hr)
De = 0.99 in = 0.0825 ft (dari Fig. 28)

Res = (0.0825)(297.000)/0.97 = 25.300

Dari Fig.28 didapat JH = 93

4. Hitung (Cp μ / k)1/3

Cp crude pada Tc (280 0F) = 0.59 Btu/(lb)(0F), Fig. 4

μ = 0.97 lb/(ft)(hr)
 k = 0.0765 Btu/(hr)(ft2)(0F/ft)

(Cp μ / k)1/3 = [(0.59)(0.97) / (0.0765)]1/3 = 1.95

5. Hitung ho/Φs

ho/Φs = JH k/De (Cpμ / k)1/3 = (93)x(0.0765 / 0.0825) x 1.95 = 169

6. Tube wall temperatur (tw)

ho/Φs
tw = tc + -------------------- (th – tc)
hio/Φt + ho/Φs

169
tw = 129 + --------------- (280 – 129) = 221 0F
169 + 109

7. Hitung Φs

Φs = (μ / μw)0.14
μ = 0.97 lb/(ft)(hr)
μw pada kondisi tw (235 0F) = 0.56 Cp = 0.56 x 2.42 = 1.36 lb/(hr)
(ft)
(dari Figure. 14)

Φs = (0.97/1.36)0.14 = 0.96

8. Corrected coefficient (ho)

ho = ho/Φs x Φs =169 x 0,96 = 162 Btu/(hr)(ft2)(0F)

C. Clean Overall Coefficient Heat Transfer (Uc)

1/ Uc = 1 / hio + 1/ ho

atau
hio x ho
Uc = ----------------
hio + ho

ho = 162 Btu/(hr)(ft2)(0F)
hio = 121 Btu/(hr)(ft2)(0F)
162 x 121
Uc = ------------- = 69.3 Btu/(hr)(ft2)(0F)
 162 + 121

C. Design atau dirty overall Coefficient Heat Transfer , UD

1/UD = 1/ Uc + Rdi + Rdo

Uc = 69.3 , Btu / (hr)(ft2)(0F)

Rdi = 0.002 , (hr)(ft2)(0F) / Btu
Rdo = 0.001 , (hr)(ft2)(0F) / Btu

1/UD = 1/69.3 + 0.002 + 0.001 = 0.0174

UD = 57.5 Btu/(hr)(ft2)(0F) vs asumsi 55 Btu/(hr)(ft2)(0F)

D. Surface Area yang Dibutuhkan, A

A = Q / U0 ∆Tm

Q = heat duty = Qh = Qc , Btu/hr = 5.100.000 Btu/hr

Uo = 57.5 Btu/(hr)(ft2)(0F)
∆Tm = 138 0F

A = 5.100.000 / 57.5 x 138 = 643 ft2

E. Surface Area Yang Tersedia (Aav)

Aav = NT x (L – 0.5) x a” , ft2 = 158 x (16 – 0.5) x 0.2618 = 662 ft2

A yang tersedia (Aav) terhadap A yang dibutuhkan (Areq)

= 662/643 x 100 % = 103 %. OK!

F. Pressure Drop

F.1 Tube side

Ret = 8220

f = 0.000285ft2/in2 (Fig. 26)

s = 0.83 ( Fig. 6)

f Gt2 L n 0.000285x1.060.000x16x4
∆ Pt = --------------------------- = ----------------------------------------
5.22 x 1010x Dxs xФt 5.22x1010x0.0675x0.83x1.11

=6.3 psi
 Gt = 1.060.000 lb/(hr)(ft2), V2/2g’ = 0.15 (Fig.27)

4n V2 4x4
∆ Pr = --- ------- = ------- (0,15) = 2.9 psi
s 2g’ 0.83

∆ P tube total , ∆ PT = ∆ Pt + ∆ Pr = 6.3 + 2.9 =9.2 psi

F.2 Shell Side

a. Res = 27.863 (Fig. 29)

f = 0.00175 ft2/in2 (Fig.6)

s = 0.73
Ds = 21.25/12 = 1.77 ft

b. No. of crosses, N+1 = 12 L/B = 12 x 16/5 = 39

f Gs2 Ds (N+1) 0.00175 x 297.0002 x 1.77 x 39

∆ Ps = ---------------------------- = ------------------------------------------
5.22 x 1010 De s Фt 5.22 x1010 x 0.0825 x 0.73 x 0.96
= 3.5 psi

Resume hasil kalkulasi pressure drop:

Pressure kalkulasi Allowable

Drop
∆ P tube 9.2 10
∆ P shell 3.5 10
 BAB III
PERHITUNGAN 2 – 4 HEAT EXCHANGER

Digunakan bila harga FT pada 1-2 Heat Exchanger lebih kecil dari
0.8

Perhitungan:

Data – Data Fluida Yang Diperlukan.

Hot Side:
1. Flow rate : Ws lb/hr
2. Temperatur inlet : T1, 0F
3. Temperatur outlet : T2, 0F
4. Viskositas : μh, centpoise
5. Kapasitas panas jenis : Cph
6. Specific gravity

Cold Side:
7. Flow rate : Wt
8. Temperatur inlet : t1, 0F
9. Temperatur outlet : t2 , 0F
10.Viskositas : μc
11.Kapasitas panas jenis : Cpc
12.Specific gravity

Data – data HE yang harus diketahui:

Shell Side:
1. Inside Diameter : ID inch
2. Baffle space
3. Jumlah pass :

Tube Side :
1. Out side diameter tube : OD inch
2. BWG
3. Jumlah tube
4. Panjang tube
5. Pitch
6. jumlah pass

Perhitungan:

1. Heat Balance :
Hot Side : Qh = Wh x Cph x (T1 – T2) Btu/hr
Cold Side : Qc = Wc x Cpc x (t1 – t2) Btu/hr
Heat Duty , Q = Qh = Qc
 2. True temperature difference , ∆ Tm

a. LMTD (Log mean Temperature Difference)

(T1 – t2) – (T2 – t1)

LMTD = --------------------------------
ln (T1 – t2) / (T2 – t1)

b. Temperature difference factor, FT

R = (T1 – T2) / (t2 – t1)

S = (t2 – t1) / (T1 – t1)
FT dapat dicari dari Figure. 18 , FT ≥ 0.80

3. Calorific Temperatur (Tc, tc)

∆ tc = T2 – t1
∆ th = T1 – t2
∆ tc / ∆ th = (T2 – T1) / (T1 – t2)
Dari figure. 17 Fc dapat dicari
th = T2 + Fc (T1 – T2) 0F
tc = t1 + Fc (t2 – t1) 0F

A Tube Side

1. Asumsi Uo dari tabel 6.2

2. Total area, A = Q/Uo ∆te ft2

3. Jumlah tube

A
NT = ----------- , L = panjang tube ft
(L – 0.5) x a” a” = Tabel 10, ft2/lin ft

4. Hitung flow area tube (at)

- Cari flow area per tube (a’t) dari tabel 10

- at = jumlah tube x flow area per tube/jumlah pass
- at =Nt a’t /144 n

5. Linear velocity tube, V = w /3600 ρ at, ft/sec

6. Hitung mass velocity (Gt)

Gt = wt / at , lb / (hr)(ft2)
7. Hitung bilangan Reynold Number Ret
Ret = Di Gt / μ

– Di = inside diameter tube, in (Tabel 10)

– μ = viskositas fluida yang melalui tube pada kondisi tc 0F (Fig.14)
- Gt = mass velocity, lb/(hr)(ft2)

8. Hitung hi (untuk air)

Dengan v dan tc dari Fig. 25 dapat dicari hi
Dengan Di (inside tube) dari Fig. 25 dapat dicari factor koreksi hi
hi terkoreksi = hi dari Fig 25 x factor koreksi

9. Hitung hio

hio = hi x Di / Do
hio =heat transfer coefficient out side, Btu / (hr)(ft2)(0F)
Di = inside diameter tube, in
Do = out side diameter tube , in

Untuk Fluida lain (selain air) perlu ada factor koreksi hi dengan
langkah sebgai berikut:

1. Cari JH dari Figure. 24

Dengan menghitung L/Di (panjang tube) / inside diameter

tube) ,dan Ret maka dari Fig. 24 dapat dicari JH

2. Hitung (Cp μ / k)1/3

Cp = kapasitas panas jenis fluida , Btu / (lb)( 0F) (Fig. 4)

k = thermal conductivity fluida, Btu / (hr)(ft )( F/ft) ( Fig. 1)
2 0

3. Hitung hi / Φt

hi / Φt = JH (k/Di) (Cp μ/k)1/3

hi = heat transfer coefficient inside, Btu / (hr)(ft2)(0F)
Φt = (μ/μw)0.14

4. Hitung hio / Φt

5. hio / Φt = hi / Φt x Di / Do Hitung tube wall temperatur (tw)

ho / Φt
tw = tc + ------------------------- (th – tc) , 0F
hio / Φt + ho / Φt

6. Hitung Φt = (μ / μw)0.14
 7. μw = viskositas pada tube wall temperature (tw) dicari dari Fig. 14
[lb/(ft)(hr)]

8. Hitung hio (corrected coefficient)

hio = hio/Φt x Φt

B. Shell Side (hot fluid)

1. Hitung flow area (as)

as = ½ (ID x C’ B) / 144 PT ft2

ID = inside diameter shell, in

C’ = baffle cuts / clerance, diambil 25 %
B = baffle spacing, umumnya 20 - 75 % dari ID
PT = Tube pitch, jarak terpendek antara tube yang berhubungan
OD = ¾ in, square pitch, PT =1in
OD = 1 in, square pitch, PT = 1 ¼ in
OD = ¾ in, triangular pitch, PT = 1 ¼ in
OD = 1 in, triangular pitch, PT = 1 in atau PT = 15/16 in

2. Mass velocity (Gs)

Gs =ws /as, lb / (hr) (ft2)

Wh = lb/hr
as = flow area , ft2

3. Faktor heat transfer (JH)

Res = De x Gs / μ
Res = bilangan reynold
De = equivalent diameter = 4 x flow area / wetted perimeter
(Fig.28)
µ = viskositas pada Tc (Fig.14) , cp atau = 2.42 x cp, lb/(hr) (ft)
Dari Figure. 28 JH dapat dicari.

4. Dengan Tc , cari Cp (kapasitas panas jenis) dari Fig. 4 Btu/(lb) ( 0F),

k (thermal conductivity) dari Fig. 1 dalam Btu/(hr)(ft 2)(0F/ft).

Hitung (Cpµ / k)1/2

5. Hitung ho/Φs

ho/Φs = JH x (k /De) x (Cp /k)1/2

ho = heat transfer coefficient out side fluid, Btu/(hr)(ft 2)(0F)

 Φs = (μ/μw)0.14
μw = viskositas pada tube wall temperatur = 2.42 x cp = lb/(hr)(ft)

6. Hitung tube wall temperature (tw)

ho/Фs
tw = tc + ----------------------- (th – tc), 0
F
hio/Фt + ho/Фs

atau

hio
tw = th - ------------ (th – tc), 0
F
hio + ho

Dari Fig. 14 μw dapat dicari

Φs = (μ/μw)0.14 dapat dihitung

7. Hitung corrected ho

ho = ho/Φs x Φs

C. Clean Overall Coefficient Heat Transfer (Uc)

hio x ho
Uc = ---------- Btu / (hr)(ft2)(0F)
hio + ho
ho = Film coefficient of fluid on outside of tube (Btu/(hr)(ft 2)(0F)
hio = Film coefficient of fluid on inside tube, Btu/(hr)(ft 2)(0F)

D. Design atau Dirty Overall Coefficient Heat Transfer (UD)

1/UD = 1 / Uc + Rdi + Rdo

Rdi = Dirt factor atau fouling factor fluida pada inside tube , (hr)(ft2)
(0F)/Btu
Rdo = Dirt factor ataufouling factor fluida pada out side tube , (hr)(ft2)
(0F)/Btu

E. Hitung area yang dibutuhkan.

A = Q / UΔ Tm
F. Hitung area yang tersedia .

Area yang tersedia (A available) = a” x jumlah tube x (L – 0.5)

 Apabila A yang dibutuhkan > dari A yang tersedia ( A available)
maka perhitungan diulangi lagi dengan merubah dimensi shell
dan tube

G. Pressure Drop (∆P).

G.1 Pressure drop Shell Side (∆ Ps)

1. Hitung No. of crosses (N + 1)

N + 1 = 12 L / B
N = jumlah baffle
L = panjang tube, ft
B = baffle spacing, in

2. Hitung pressure drop shell (∆ Ps)

f Gs2 Ds (N + 1)
∆ Ps = ------------------------------ psi
5.22 x 1010 x De x s x Φs

f = factor friksi dapat dicari dariFig. 29

s = specific gravity dapat dicari dari Fig. 6
Gs = mass flow melalui shell, lb/(hr)(ft2)
Ds = inside diameter shell, ft
De = diameter ekivalen, ft

G.2. Tube Side

1. Hitung pressure drop melalui tube ( ∆Pt)

f Gt2 L n
∆ Pt = --------------------------------- , psi
5.22 x 1010 x Di x s x Φt

f = factor friksi dalam tube, dapat dicari dari Fig. 29

n = jumlah pass
Gt = mass flow melalui tube, lb / (hr)(ft2)
s = specific gravity, dapat dicari dari Fig.6
Di = inside diameter tube, ft

2. Hitung return loss ( ∆ Pr)

4n V2
∆ Pr = ----- -----
 s 2g’

n = jumlah pass
s = specific gravity (Fig.6)
V2/2g’ dapat dicari dari Fig. 27

3. Hitung total pressure drop melalui tube side ( ∆ PT)

∆ PT = ΔPt + ΔPr

Apabila perhitungan ∆ Ps atau ∆ PT > ∆ P allowable

(yang diijinkan maka perhitungan diulangi lagi dengan
merubah dimensi tube dan atau shell
Contoh Soal 2-4 Heat Exchanger:

Minyak dari kolom distilasi akan didinginkan dari 358 0F menjadi 100 0F,
dengan air (water) dimana temperatur air akan naik dari 90 menjadi 120
0
F
Data – data fluida:
Minyak :
- Api gravity = 33.5 0API
- Flow rate = 49.600 lb/hr
- Viskositas : pada 180 0F= 1.0 cp, pada 100 0F = 2.0

Tentukan ukuran HE

Penyelesaian:

1. Heat Balance :

Hot Side (shell) : Qh = 49.600 x 0.545 x (358 - 100)= 6.980.000

Btu/hr
Cold Side : Qc = Qh = 6.980.000 Btu/hr
Wc = 6.980.000/ (1) (120 – 90) = 233.000 lb/hr
Heat Duty , Q = Qh = Qc = 6.980.000 Btu/hr

2. True temperature difference , ∆ te

a. LMTD (Log mean Temperature Difference)

(T1 – t2) – (T2 – t1)
LMTD = ------------------------------
ln (T1 – t2) / (T2 – t1)

(358 – 120) – (100 – 90)

LMTD = ------------------------------ = 72.0 0F
ln (358 - 120)/(100 – 90)

b. Temperature difference factor, FT

R = (T1 – T2) / (t2 – t1) = (358 – 100)/(120 – 90) = 8.6

S = (t2 – t1) / (T1 – t1) = (120 – 90)/(358 – 90) = 0.012
FT = 0.93 , (Fig. 19) > 0.8 OK

∆ Tm = LMTD x FT

∆Tm = 72 x 0.93 = 66.9 0F

3. Calorific Temperatur (Tc, tc)

∆ tc = T2 – t1= (100 – 90) = 10 0F

 ∆ th = T1 – t2= (358 – 120) = 238 0F

∆ tc / ∆ th = (T2 – T1) / (T1 – t2) = 10/238 = 0.042

Dari figure. 17 , Kc = 0.47 , Fc = 0.25

th= T2+ Fc (T1 – T2) 0F= 100 + 0.25(358 – 100) = 165 0F
tc = t1 + Fc (t2 – t1) 0F = 90 + 0.25 (120 – 10) = 98 0F

A Tube Side (Cold fluid )

1. Asumsi Uo dari tabel 5

Uo = 60 Btu/(hr)(ft2)(0F)

2. Total area, A = Q/Uo ∆Tm ft2

A = 6.980.000/(70)(66.9) = 1490 ft2

3. Jumlah tube

Asumsi : OD tube = 1 in, panjang tube = 12 ft, 1 1/4 in square,

BWG 11

Dari tabel 10, a” = 0.2618 ft2/lin ft

A
NT = ------------------ , L = panjang tube= 12 ft
( L – 0.5) x a” a” = Tabel 10, ft2/lin ft

NT = 1490 / (12 - 0.5) (0.2618) =494 buah

Dari tabel 9 , ambil ID shell = 35 in, 6 pass, diperoleh jumlah tube
= 454

4. Hitung flow area tube (at)

- Dari tabel 10 dengan OD 1 in, 11BWG diperoleh a’t = 0.455 in2

- at = jumlah tube x flow area per tube/jumlah pass
- at =Nt a’t /144 n
- at = 454x 0.455/ (144)(6) = 0.239 ft2

5. Hitung linear velocity tube, V = wt / (3600) (ρ) (at), ft/sec

V = 233.000/ (62.4)(3600)( 0.239) = 4.34 ft/sec

6. Hitung mass velocity (Gt)

Gt = wt / at , lb / (hr)(ft2)
Gt = 233.000 / 0.239= 975.000 lb/(hr)(ft2)
 7. Hitung bilangan Reynold Number Ret

Ret = Di Gt / μ

– Di = inside diameter tube (Tabel 10) = 0.76 in = 0.0633 ft

– μ = viskositas fluida pada kondisi tc 0F (Fig.14) = 1.77 lb/(ft)(hr)
- Gt = 975.000 , lb/(hr)(ft2)

Ret = 0.0633 x 975.000 / 1.77 = 34.490

8. Heat transfer coefficient, hi

Dari Fig. 25 dengan V = 4.34 ft/sec , tc = 98 0F diperoleh hi = 1010

Btu/(hr)(ft2)(0F)
Faktor koreksi = 0.96
hi koreksi = 0.96 x 1010= 970 Btu/(hr)(ft2)(0F)
hio = hi x Di/Do = 970 x 0.76 / 1.0 = 737 Btu/(hr)(ft2)( 0F)

B. Shell Side

1. Hitung flow area (as)

as = ½ (ID x C’ B) / 144 PT ft2

ID = inside diameter shell = 35 in
C’ = 0.25
B = 7 in
PT = Tube pitch, jarak terpendek antara tube yang berhubungan
OD = ¾ in, square pitch, PT =1in
OD = 1 in, square pitch, PT = 1 ¼ in
OD = ¾ in, triangular pitch, PT = 1 ¼ in
OD = 1 in, triangular pitch, PT = 1 in atau PT = 15/16 in

as = ½ (35 x 0.25 x 7) / 144 (1¼) = 0.17 ft2

2. Mass velocity (Gs)

Gs = Ws /as, lb / (hr) (ft2)

Wh = 49.600 lb/hr
as = 0.17 , ft2
Gs = 49.600 / 0.17= 292.000 lb/(hr)(ft2)

3. Reynold Number, Res

Res = De x Gs / μ
Gs = 292.000 lb/(hr)(ft2)
De = 0.99 in = 0.0825 ft , (Fig.28)
 µ pada 165 0F(tc) = 1.12 cp = 1.12 x 2.42 =2.71, lb/(hr) (ft),
Fig.14

0.0825 x 292.000
Res = -------------------------- = 8900
2.71

4. JH = 52.5, (Fig. 28)

5. μ pada 165 0F (th) = 1.12 cp

k(Cp μ /k)1/3 = 0.2 Btu/(hr)(ft2)(0F), (Fig. 16)

6. ho = JH k/De (Cpμ/k)1/3 Φs

ho/Φs = 52.5 x 0.2 / 0.0825 = 127

7. Tube wall temperatur (tw)

h0/Φs
tw = tc+ -------------- (th – tc)
hio + ho/Φs

121
tw = 98 + ------------ (165 – 98) = 105 0F
1007 + 121

8. Φs = (μ/μw)0.14

μw , viskositas pada tw (105 0F) = 1.95 cp = 4.72 lb/(ft)(hr),

Fig.14
μ = 2.71 lb/(ft)(hr)
Φs = (2.71/4.72)0.14 = 0.92

9. ho corrected = 0.92 x 127 = 117Btu/(hr)(ft2)(0F)

C. Clean Overaal Heat Transfer Coefficient (Uc)

hio x ho
Uc = ------------
hio + ho

hio = 737
ho = 117

737 x 117
Uc = -------------- = 101 Btu / (hr)(ft2)(0F)
 737 + 117
D. Overall Heat Transfer (UD)

1/UD = 1/ Uc + Rdi + Rdo

Uc = 101
Rdi (sea. water) = 0.0005
Rdo (oil) = 0.002

1 / UD = 1/101 + 0.002 + 0.0005 = 0.0124

UD = 80.6 Btu / (hr)(ft2)(0F)

E. Area yang dibutuhkan :

Q
A = ------------- ft2
Uo ΔTm

6.980.000
A req = ------------------- = 1321 ft2
80.6 x 66.9

F. Area yang tersedia

Aav = NT (L – 0.5) a” = 454 (12-0.5) 0.2618 = 1425 ft2

A yang tersedia (Aav) terhadap A yang dibutuhkan (Areq)

= 1425 / 1321 x 100 % = 107, 9 % , OK!

G Pressure drop Shell Side (∆ Ps)

1. Hitung No. of crosses (N + 1)

N + 1 = 12 L / B

N + 1 = 12 x 12 / 7 = 20.1≈ 21

2. Hitung pressure drop shell (∆ Ps)

f Gs2 Ds (N + 1)
∆ Ps = ------------------------------ psi
5.22 x 1010 x De x s x Φs

Ds = 35/12 = 2.92 ft
S = 0.82
Gs = 292.000
 f= 0.00215
N + 1 = 21
De = 0.0825 ft
Φs = 0.92

0.00215 x 292.0002 x 2.92 x 21

∆ Ps = --------------------------------------------- = 7.0 psi
5.22 x 1010 x 0.0825 x 0.82 x 0.92

H. Pressure Drop Tube Side

a. Hitung pressure drop melalui tube ( ∆Pt)

f Gt2 L n
∆ Pt = --------------------------------- , psi
5.22 x 1010 x Di x s x Φt

f = 0.000195
n =6
Gt = 975.000
s = 1.0
Di = 0.0633
Φt =1.0

0.000195 x 975.0002 x 12 x 6
∆ Pt = -------------------------------------------- = 4.0 , psi
5.22 x 1010 x 0.0633 x 1.0 x 1.0

b. Hitung return loss ( ∆ Pr)

4n V2
∆ Pr = ----- -----
s 2g’

n=6
s = 1.0
V2/2g’ dapat dicari dari Fig. 27= 0.13

4x6
∆ Pr = ------- x 0.13 = 3.2 , psi
1.0

c. ∆ Ptotal = ∆ Pt + ∆ Pr = 4.0 + 3.2 = 7.2 , psi

Resume kalkulasi pressure drop

Pressure Drop Kalkulasi Allowable

 ∆ P shell 7.0 10.0

∆ P Tube 7.2 10.0

REFERENSI

1. D.Q. Kern “ Process Heat Transfer “

2. W.L. Nelson “ Petroleum Refinery Engineering”

3. “ Heat Exchanger “ Engineering Design Practice

Pertamina

4. “ Introduction to Process Design “ , UOP

5. “ Applied Process Design For Chemical and

Petrochemical Plants ” , Ernest E. Ludwig, vol III
LAMPIRAN – LAMPIRAN