FAKULTI TEKNOLOGI KEJURUTERAAN
UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA
SOLID MECHANICS
BETM 2303 SEMESTER 2 SESI 2016/2017
LAB 4 : FORCE IN TRUSSES 1
NAME MUHAMMAD DZULHELMY BIN CHE HASSIM (B071610023)
MUHAMMAD SHARMIZI BIN ADNAN (B071610829)
MUHAMMAD SYAHID BIN MOHAMMAD TAMIZI
(B071610216)
NUR AFIQAH BINTI ZULKIFLI (B071610842)
COURSE BETD
SECTION / GROUP 1/1
DATE OF LAB
14 APRIL 2017
SESSION
DATE OF REPORT
20 APRIL 2017
SUBMISSION
1. EN MOHD KHALID BIN WAHID
NAME OF
INSTRUCTOR
EXAMINER’S COMMENT VERIFICATION STAMP
EXPERIMENTS: / 20
RESULTS: / 20
DISCUSSION: / 20
CONCLUSION: / 15
REFERENCES: / 5
QUESTIONS: / 20
TOTAL MARKS: / 100
LAB 4: FORCES IN TRUSSES 1 | 1BETD 1/1
RESULTS
Experiment FBD:
Experiment Member Strain Result for a Warren Girder :
Load AB (με) BD (με) DE (με) AC (με) CE (με) BC (με) CD (με)
(N)
0 6 1 3 3 4 2 0
100 15 9 13 2 2 9 2
200 25 19 23 7 7 19 2
300 34 28 33 11 12 29 3
400 42 37 41 15 16 16 39
500 52 47 52 2 22 48 49
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LAB 4: FORCES IN TRUSSES 1 | 1BETD 1/1
DISCUSSION
1. Theoretical Member Strains Results for a Warren Girder
To compare the experimental strain result to the theoretical, we must first know the formula
needed.
Basic static formula to calculate the external force and support reaction of the truss system:
∑ 𝑓𝑥 = 0
∑ 𝑓𝑦 = 0
∑𝑀 = 0
Solving external force:
∑ 𝑓𝑥 = 0
𝐴𝑥 = 0
∑𝑀 = 0
−0.137𝐹 + (2 × 0.137)𝐸𝑦 = 0
(2 × 0.137)𝐸𝑦 = −0.137𝐹
−0.137𝐹
𝐸𝑦 = (
2×0.137)
𝐹
𝐸𝑦 =
2
∑ 𝑓𝑦 = 0
𝐴𝑦 + 𝐸𝑦 − 𝐹 = 0
𝐴𝑦 = − 𝐸𝑦 + 𝐹
𝐹 2𝐹
𝐴𝑦 = − +
2 𝐹
𝐹
𝐴𝑦 =
2
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LAB 4: FORCES IN TRUSSES 1 | 1BETD 1/1
Hence, we get this table for support reaction.
Load Ax Ay Ey
0 0 0 0
100 0 50 50
200 0 100 100
300 0 150 150
400 0 200 200
500 0 250 250
Then, method of joint is conducted to find each individual member internal stress via formula
below:
At Joint A:
∑ 𝑓𝑥 = 0
𝐴𝑋 − 𝐹𝐴𝐵 𝑐𝑜𝑠60 + 𝐹𝐴𝐶 = 0
𝐹𝐴𝐶 = −𝐴𝑋 + 𝐹𝐴𝐵 𝑐𝑜𝑠60
𝐹𝐴𝐶 = 𝐹𝐴𝐵 𝑐𝑜𝑠60
∑ 𝑓𝑦 = 0
𝐴𝑌 − 𝐹𝐴𝐵 𝑠𝑖𝑛60 = 0
𝐴𝑌
𝐹𝐴𝐵 =
sin 60
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LAB 4: FORCES IN TRUSSES 1 | 1BETD 1/1
At Joint B:
∑ 𝑓𝑦 = 0
𝐹𝐴𝐵 𝑠𝑖𝑛60 − 𝐹𝐵𝐶 𝑠𝑖𝑛60 = 0
𝐹𝐴𝐵 = 𝐹𝐵𝐶
∑ 𝑓𝑥 = 0
𝐹𝐴𝐵 𝑐𝑜𝑠60 + 𝐹𝐵𝐶 𝑐𝑜𝑠60 − 𝐹𝐵𝐷 = 0
𝐹𝐵𝐷 = 𝐹𝐴𝐵 𝑐𝑜𝑠60 + 𝐹𝐵𝐶 𝑐𝑜𝑠60
𝐹𝐵𝐷 = 2(𝐹𝐴𝐵 𝑐𝑜𝑠60)
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LAB 4: FORCES IN TRUSSES 1 | 1BETD 1/1
At Joint D:
∑ 𝑓𝑦 = 0
−F𝐷𝐶 𝑠𝑖𝑛60 + 𝐹𝐷𝐸 𝑠𝑖𝑛60 = 0
𝐹𝐷𝐶 = 𝐹𝐷𝐸
∑ 𝑓𝑥 = 0
−𝐹𝐷𝐸 𝑐𝑜𝑠60 − 𝐹𝐷𝐶 𝑐𝑜𝑠60 − 𝐹𝐵𝐷 = 0
𝐹𝐵𝐷 = 𝐹𝐷𝐸 𝑐𝑜𝑠60 + 𝐹𝐷𝐶 𝑐𝑜𝑠60
𝐹𝐵𝐷 = 2(𝐹𝐷𝐶 𝑐𝑜𝑠60)
𝐹𝐵𝐷
𝐹𝐷𝐶 =
2𝑐𝑜𝑠60
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LAB 4: FORCES IN TRUSSES 1 | 1BETD 1/1
At joint E;
∑ 𝑓𝑦 = 0
𝐹𝐷𝐸 𝑐𝑜𝑠60 + 𝐹𝐸𝐶 = 0
𝐹𝐸𝐶 = 𝐹𝐷𝐸 𝑐𝑜𝑠60
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LAB 4: FORCES IN TRUSSES 1 | 1BETD 1/1
Hence, we got the table for internal forces for each member, as shown below;
Load AB (F) BD (F) DE (F) AC (F) CE (F) BC (F) CD (F)
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
100 57.735 57.735 57.735 28.868 28.868 57.735 57.735
200 115.470 115.470 115.470 57.735 57.735 115.470 115.470
300 173.205 173.205 173.205 86.603 86.603 173.205 173.205
400 230.940 230.940 230.940 115.470 115.470 230.940 230.940
500 288.675 288.675 288.675 144.338 144.338 288.675 288.675
From this internal force, we can calculate the stress for each member of the truss when load
is applied using the formula below;
𝐹
𝜎=
𝐴
Where
A= area of cross section of the rod (28.086m2)
F= internal force for each member
Thus, we get the table of stress as shown below.
Load AB (σ) BD (σ) DE (σ) AC (σ) CE (σ) BC (σ) CD (σ)
(N)
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
100 2.06E+06 2.06E+06 2.06E+06 1.03E+06 1.03E+06 2.06E+06 2.06E+06
200 4.11E+06 4.11E+06 4.11E+06 2.06E+06 2.06E+06 4.11E+06 4.11E+06
300 6.17E+06 6.17E+06 6.17E+06 3.08E+06 3.08E+06 6.17E+06 6.17E+06
400 8.22E+06 8.22E+06 8.22E+06 4.11E+06 4.11E+06 8.22E+06 8.22E+06
500 1.03E+07 1.03E+07 1.03E+07 5.14E+06 5.14E+06 1.03E+07 1.03E+07
From the table of stress, we can calculate the amount of theoretical strain each member
possessed through the formula below;
𝜎
𝜖=
𝐸
Where
𝜖 is strain
𝜎 is stress
E is Modulus of Young
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LAB 4: FORCES IN TRUSSES 1 | 1BETD 1/1
Hence, we can get the table of theoretical strain, as shown below.
Load (N) AB (ε) BD (ε) DE (ε) AC (ε) CE (ε) BC (ε) CD (ε)
0 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00
100 9.79E-06 9.79E-06 9.79E-06 4.89E-06 4.89E-06 9.79E-06 9.79E-06
200 1.96E-05 1.96E-05 1.96E-05 9.79E-06 9.79E-06 1.96E-05 1.96E-05
300 2.94E-05 2.94E-05 2.94E-05 1.47E-05 1.47E-05 2.94E-05 2.94E-05
400 3.92E-05 3.92E-05 3.92E-05 1.96E-05 1.96E-05 3.92E-05 3.92E-05
500 4.89E-05 4.89E-05 4.89E-05 2.45E-05 2.45E-05 4.89E-05 4.89E-05
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LAB 4: FORCES IN TRUSSES 1 | 1BETD 1/1
2. Comparison of Experimental and Theoretical Forces at 500N. Rod
Diameter = 5.98mm
Load (N) AB (με) BD (με) DE (με) AC (με) CE (με) BC (με) CD (με)
500 52 47 52 2 22 48 49
Calculation to find the force when given strain data is a reverse process of what we have done
in (1). Hence, first we must find stress using the formula below;
𝐸𝜖 = 𝜎
Where
𝜖 is strain
𝜎 is stress
E is Modulus of Young
Hence, we get the data into table as shown below.
Load (N) AB (σ) BD (σ) DE (σ) AC (σ) CE (σ) BC (σ) CD (σ)
500 1.09E+07 9.87E+06 1.09E+07 4.20E+05 4.62E+06 1.01E+07 1.03E+07
Then from the Stress, we can calculate the internal force
𝐹 = 𝐴. 𝜎
Where
A= area of cross section of the rod (28.086mm2)
F= internal force for each member
𝜎= stress
Hence, we get the data into table as shown below.
Load (N) AB (F) BD (F) DE (F) AC (F) CE (F) BC (F) CD (F)
500 3.07E+02 2.77E+02 3.07E+02 1.18E+01 1.30E+02 2.83E+02 2.89E+02
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LAB 4: FORCES IN TRUSSES 1 | 1BETD 1/1
Hence, comparison is made between experiment and theoretical data as shown below.
Member Experimental Theoretical
Forces (N) Forces (N)
AB 3.07E+02 2.89E+02
BD 2.77E+02 2.89E+02
DE 3.07E+02 2.89E+02
AC 1.18E+01 1.44E+02
CE 1.30E+02 1.44E+02
BC 2.83E+02 2.89E+02
CD 2.89E+02 2.89E+02
Then, a graph is plotted to show the amount of error produce in the experiment.
GRAPH OF FORCE VS TRUSS MEMBER
3.50E+02
3.00E+02
2.50E+02
2.00E+02
FORCE
1.50E+02
1.00E+02
5.00E+01
0.00E+00
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Experiment 3.07E+02 2.77E+02 3.07E+02 1.18E+01 1.30E+02 2.83E+02 2.89E+02
Theory 2.89E+02 2.89E+02 2.89E+02 1.44E+02 1.44E+02 2.89E+02 2.89E+02
TRUSS MEMBER
Experiment Theory
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LAB 4: FORCES IN TRUSSES 1 | 1BETD 1/1
Percentage error is then calculated via the following formula and put into the table:
𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 − 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑦
%𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = | | 𝑥100
𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑦
Hence,
Member Error (%)
AB 6.24
BD 3.97
DE 6.24
AC 91.83
CE 10.10
BC 1.93
CD 0.11
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LAB 4: FORCES IN TRUSSES 1 | 1BETD 1/1
3. Graph for member AB Strains against load for experiment and theoretical
value.
Experiment Theory
Load AB (ε) AB (ε)
(N)
0 6.00E-06 0.00E+00
100 1.50E-05 9.79E-06
200 2.50E-05 1.96E-05
300 3.40E-05 2.94E-05
400 4.20E-05 3.92E-05
500 5.20E-05 4.89E-05
Graph of Strain vs Load
6.00E-05
5.00E-05
4.00E-05
Strain
3.00E-05
2.00E-05
1.00E-05
0.00E+00
0 100 200 300 400 500
Experiment 6.00E-06 1.50E-05 2.50E-05 3.40E-05 4.20E-05 5.20E-05
Theory 0.00E+00 9.79E-06 1.96E-05 2.94E-05 3.92E-05 4.89E-05
Load
Experiment Theory
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LAB 4: FORCES IN TRUSSES 1 | 1BETD 1/1
Percentage error is then calculated via the following formula and put into the table:
𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 − 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑦
%𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = | | 𝑥100
𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑦
Hence,
Load (N) Error (%)
0 undefined
100 53.24
200 27.70
300 15.78
400 7.27
500 6.24
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LAB 4: FORCES IN TRUSSES 1 | 1BETD 1/1
CONCLUSION
At the end of this laboratory session, we can conclude that we have achieved our objective for
this experiment. We are now able to understand the behavior of truss system that are
subjected to point loading.
We also able to determine the internal for each member of the truss system by using joint
method or/and section method. However, for this case, we finished the discussion part using
method of joint.
We also learn to identify and specify whether the truss members in tension or compression
through the analytical analysis conducted in the discussion part and compare with the
experimentally measured strains data.
Through this laboratory experiment also, we learn the understanding of basic laboratory
practice, including design of experiments, write a clear and well-presented technical report,
data acquisition, interpretation and analysis, and the relationship between experiments and
theory.
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