Introduction to Electronics

Engineering
TN 123
Lecture 7
Bipolar Junction Transistors
(BJTs)

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Bipolar Junction Transistors
(BJTs)
• BJT is constructed with three doped
semiconductor regions separated by two pn
junctions
• The three regions are called emitter, base and
collector

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• The base region is lightly doped and very
narrow compared to the heavily doped emitter
and collector regions
• The term Bipolar refers to the use of both
holes and electrons as carriers in the transistor
• In order for the transistor to function, the base
emitter and base-collector pn junctions have to
be correctly biased (i.e. Forward or Reverse
Bias)
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NPN BJTs
• We shall use the NPN transistor for illustration

• The transistor pn junctions are forward-reverse

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NPN BJTs….
• We shall use the NPN transistor for illustration

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NPN BJTs….
• The base region has only a few free holes
• It is not likely that an electron coming from the
emitter will find a hole in the base to with
which to combine
• With so few electron-hole recombination in the
base, the base current is very small
• The collector is n-type region but positively
charged
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NPN BJTs….
• Since the base is such a narrow region, the
positive field of the collector is quite strong
and the great majority of the electrons coming
from the emitter are attracted and collected by
the collector
• The flow of electrons in the emitter, collector
and base will cause currents IE , IC , and IB to
flow respectively
• Current IC can flow only if current IB exists
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NPN BJTs….

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PNP BJTs….

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BJTs Current Relationship

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DC Analysis

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Collector characteristics curve

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DC Load line

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DC Load line…

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Cut-off region

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Linear region

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Maximum Transistor rating

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Safe Operating Area (SOAR)

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Derating

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Basic BJT Connections

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CE BJT connection

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Common collector Connection

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Common Base connection

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BJT applications
• BJT finds many applications in electronics.
Firstly they are applied as a amplifier devices.
This can only happen when a BJT is operated
in a linear region of the IV characteristics
• The second major application is electronic
switch. This can be achieved when the BJT
operates in Cut-off and Saturation region

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BJT as a switch…

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BJT as a switch….

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BJT as a switch…

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BJT as a switch….

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