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Testing FSO WDM communication system in simulation software optiwave

OptiSystem in different atmospheric environments

Conference Paper · September 2016

DOI: 10.1117/12.2237903

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 Testing Resistance Modulation Formats for FSO Communication
in Turbulent Environment, with Used Simulation Box
Ales Vanderka, Lukas Hajek, Jan Latal, Jan Vitasek, Stanislav Hejduk, Vladimir Vasinek
VSB-Technical University of Ostrava, Department of Telecommunications, 17. listopadu 15/2172,
Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic

ABSTRACT

In this article the author’s team deals with problems of modulation formats for Free Space Optical (FSO) Communica-
tions. FSO communications have high bandwidth, low signal attenuation, quick installation, security, unlicensed band
and low cost. In FSO communication occurs due to the influence of atmospheric effect (attenuation, and fluctuation the
received power signal, influence turbulence). Here will be dealing modulation schemes OOK (On-Off keying) and Sub-
carrier Intensity Modulation (SIM) based on a BPSK (Binary Phase Shift Keying). In which will studied their character-
istic and effect of atmospheric influence on the received signal. This results in decreased Eye-Diagram, Signal-to-Noise
Ratio (SNR) and Bit Error Rate (BER). To evaluate the modulation formats in atmospheric turbulence is used simula-
tion box with heat and wind sources.
Keywords: Free space optics, fluctuations, turbulences, modulation, demodulation, OOK, BPSK.

1. INTRODUCTION
At FSO the communication runs by means of light in the atmosphere under the full-duplex operation. There is
a carrier wave that is used for communication. This wave includes one or more wave divisible channels. The power of
these channels is transmitted by one or more volumes. The FSO transmission path consists of two optical heads
integrating both the optical transmitter and the receiver. The transmitting unit is composed of a modulator and radiation
sources. The receiver section consists of a detector and a demodulator. Both the receiver and the transmitter are equipped
with adaptive optics. Adaptive optics focuses the optical beam on the detector and this way it increases its profits.
In the optical transmitter, the laser, laser diodes (LDs), LEDs, or infrared emitting diodes (IREDs) are used as the sources
of radiation. The sources of radiation are modulated either indirectly or directly by changing the excitation current of the
optical source. The communication takes place in the transmission windows of 850 nm, 1550 nm, and at longer
wavelengths. At the receiver, the photodiodes of the PIN type as well as more sensitive avalanche photodiodes APD are
used [1], [2].
The advantages of FSO are the installation speed, operating in an unlicensed band, security (complex interception),
high data rate and ease of portability. FSO can be used for the last mile networks as a replacement for the RF [1], [2],
[13].
As compared with the RF system, FSO is less affected by rain and snow, but, on the other hand, it can be more affected
by atmospheric turbulences and fog. The RF communication is very sensitive to rainfall (hydrometeors). During the
turbulences, the turbulent cells of different refractive indices are created. These refractive indices vary due to the fluctua-
tions of their density and temperature. These changes in refractive index bend the light beam (from its original path),
resulting in fluctuations of the received light output. The size and frequency of the fluctuations of the received power
depend on the amplitude of the turbulent cells. The change of path occurs when the beam passes through a cell that is
bigger than this volume. When the beam passes through the smaller cell, there appears the deformation of the wave front
[4].

1.1 Modulation techniques

A modulation technique influences parameters, such as bandwidth and energy efficiency, which affect the total system
power. The most frequently used modulation for free space optics is OOK (On-Off Keying) [14]. The other modulation
formats are PSK (Phase Shift Keying), DPSK (Differential Phase Shift Keying) and orthogonal modulation formats.
The choice of the modulation technique depends on the type of use, where the compromise between the complexity,
optical power, photo efficiency and bandwidth is important. The modulation formats exhibit different sensitivity on the
*[email protected]; phone +420 731 317-374; http://optice.vsb.cz/

Laser Communication and Propagation through the Atmosphere and Oceans IV, edited by Alexander M. J. van Eijk,
Christopher C. Davis, Stephen M. Hammel, Proc. of SPIE Vol. 9614, 96140S
© 2015 SPIE · CCC code: 0277-786X/15/$18 · doi: 10.1117/12.2180335

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 turbulence flow in the transmission environment (atmosphere), which causes decrease in received optical power.
The level of the received optical power is significant for maintaining the correct bit-error-ratio (BER) with the same
bit-rate. The modulation formats should be energetically efficient with low difficulty on the construction of both the
receiver and the transmitter. They should also have the smallest bandwidth [3], [10].

1.1.1 OOK-NRZ
OOK (On-Off-Keying) is the most used modulation format in commercial surface FSO communications. One of its
advantages is resistance to non-linearity on the laser and on the external modulator. But it is sensitive to turbulences and
other disturbances when the received optical power fluctuates. To reduce the fluctuation of the received power it is pos-
sible to replace the solid decision-making level by the adaptive decision-making level. OOK can be used in the format
NRZ or RZ. At the NRZ, the optical power “αe PT“ represents symbol “0“ and the optical power ”PT“ represents sym-
bol “1“. The extinction ration of the optical source is situated in 0 <αe> 1. The duration of the pulse is the same as the
duration of the symbol ”T”. The required bandwidth corresponds to the transmission speed. The probability of errors can
be expressed as the function [4], [5], [6], [14]:

1  1 
BER OOK  NRZ  erfc  SNR  , (1)
2 2 2 
1.1.2 BPSK
This modulation is two-state. The phase of carrying wave is influenced here. The format changes the phase of the refer-
ence carrier signal. The change of the phase is controlled by the modulating rectangular polar pulses of duration time T
when the phase can acquire two discrete states, for example 0 and 180. The BPSK is the simplest form of the PSK.
It is the sturdiest form of all PSK. For the incorrect detection of the bite this form needs the largest noise or distortion.
The bandwidth is the same as the bite speed. The probability of error can be expressed as a function [4], [5], [6]:

1  SNR 
BER BPSK  erfc  
2  2 , (2)
 

1.1 The influence of turbulences on the optical beam

Turbulent flow is based on the turbulent cells that have different size, temperature and density, they are unstable in time
(they arise, change and disappear). According to the size of optical beam we can divide turbulent cells into three catego-
ries: light beam is smaller, bigger or same as the turbulent cell. The refraction arise here, it is caused by the change
of the refractive index between turbulent cells. The optical beam leaves the turbulent cell at different angle than is the
entrance angle. This leads to the fluctuation of the received power on the receiver and fluctuation of the coherent wave
phase. If the optical beam has smaller diameter than that of the turbulent cell it release into deflection of the entire optical
beam from its path. The optical beam leave the turbulent cell at different angel then is the entrance angel. This is called
refraction which is caused by the change of the refractive index gradient in the turbulent cells (Fig. 1) and the power on
the receiver decreases [7], [8].

a) b)
Figure 1: a) Bigger turbulence than optical beam b) Smaller turbulence than optical beam [8].
If the diameter of the optical beam is the same as the diameter of the turbulent cell the turbulence behaves as the lens
which don’t change the direction of the optical beam but increases its divergence. At this type of turbulence,
there is constant change of attenuation and phase delay. If the optical beam has bigger diameter than that of turbulent

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 cell, the optical beam is separate into bundles which leaves the cell at different angles (Fig. 1.a). This leads to intensive
dispersion and interference that causes scintillation. This scintillation can be removed by using more transmitters or us-
ing bigger receiving surface [1], [8], [9].
The amplitude and frequency of scintillation depends on the cell size compared to the size of the optical beams. With the
increasing light frequency the amplitude and frequency of scintillations increases. For the flat wave in the environment
with low turbulences and for the concrete receiver, the scintillating dispersion can be expressed by this relation [9], [10]:
7
11
 2 6
 sin  2 23,17   10 9   C n2  L 6 dB , (3)
  
where λ is transmission wavelength [nm], L is the length of the transmission channel [m], Cn2 is structural parameter of
the refractive index [m-2/3].

1.1 The influence of fog on the optical beam

Fog caused attenuation on the optical path, this attenuation has major effect on the FSO communication. It is determined
as the visibility less than 500 m. Fog can be simulated with Kim’s or Krus’s mathematical model. Kim’s model is exten-
sion and accuracy improvement of the Krus’s model for visibility on the smaller distances. For this reason is better to use
Kim’s model. Visibility is parameter which expresses the transparency of the atmosphere. It is defined as the distance
to the subject when the contrast of the imagine decreases to the certain threshold compared to the origin contrast.
Today, two definitions of the resolution threshold τ roz are used: 2 % type used by Krus’s model and 5 % type used in
aviation. Visibility is measured at the center of sensibility for the human eye at 550 nm and at bandwidth of 250 nm. It is
calculated by Koschmieder’s equation [9], [10].

ln  roz
V , (4)
 koef (550 nm)
where τroz is resolution threshold [%], αkoef is extinction coefficient [km-1].

1.2 Measuring station for testing atmospheric effects on the modulations formats at FSO
For the purposes of the measurements, a measuring station was established (Fig. 2.). It consists of a measuring box, with
length 2.5 m. The box is made of plexiglass 4 mm thick. It is equipped with powerful fans to enable measuring of the
influence of the mechanical turbulences on the optical beam. For the simulation of the thermal turbulences the direct
heaters were used and the glycerin mist generator (Antari F-80Z) was used in order to create the fog. The box was placed
on an iron construction, ahead it the holder of a laser diode was installed on an aluminum construction. The laser diode
shone upright through the faces of the box, the light beam landed on the photo-detector. The photo-detector was also
placed on the aluminum construction.
Current Controller
and Temperature
Controller Mounting and Simulation box
collimation of
TDC205C Photodetector
the LD
CLDM9

TED200C Oscilloscope
TL

LeCroy 204Xi

PRBS

Signal generator of Modulator Demodulator

PRBS (Pseudo-
Random Bit Sequence)

Figure 2: Diagram of the measuring workplace composition.

To provide the temperature and current stabilization of the laser diode, the Thorlabs equipment was used (TDC205C -
setting of the DC component of the current, TED200C - setting of the operating temperature, TLCLDM9 - the holder

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 of the laser diode with the input for the modulation voltage). To generate the signal PRBS (pseudo-random bit sequenc-
es), the Stanford CG635 generator was used, the output of which was connected to the modulator where it was possible
change the amplitude of the modulation voltage for a certain laser diode. This signal directly modulates the laser diode
installed in the TLLDM9 holder. For wavelength 650 nm was used laser diode U-LD-650543A with optical power 5 mW. 850 nm
L850P010 with 10 mW for 1550 nm ML925B45F with 10 mW. The laser beam from the laser diode was collimated and fo-
cused on the photo-detector where the optical signal was converted back to the electrical signal. The signal from the
photo-detector was observed directly using an eye diagram on an oscilloscope (in case of the OOK modulation). In case
of BPSK modulation the signal was observed at the output of the demodulator only. The measurement was performed
with a constructed trans-impedance photo-detector and also with Thorlabs detectors (PDA10C and PDA10A-EC),
the bandwidth of which is larger. At measuring, the same attenuations were ensured by the effect of the box walls when
during each measuring the optical beam passed through one Plexiglas wall. The second wall was either withdrawn, or the
passage was created through it, so the further decay was impossible. For the measurements, the photodetector by
Thorlabs PDA10A for the wavelength of 850 nm and photodetector PDA10CF-EC for the wavelength of 1550 nm were
used. Because of using another photo-detector and also due to difficult collimation of the optical beam, the parameters
were not equal. It is therefore impossible to compare the results gained from measuring with the wavelength of 1550 nm.

1.2.1 Thermal turbulences and fog

During measurements the thermal turbulences the bottom wall of the box was removed as well as the wall ahead the
detector. Hot air was blown into the box using direct heaters (CTH-5000 Empire), which were placed under the box.
The output of the heaters was 2 kW, a ventilator, which was placed on the top of the lid. The warm air could also freely
issue from the open side. The measurement was carried out with several combinations of the switched fans. Because of
the reference, the eye diagram was always measured at the inactive hot-air fans. Then the hot-air fans were gradually
switched on in the following combinations: the 1st and 2nd fan switched on, the 1st, 2nd and 3rd fan switched on.
It is shown in Fig. 4.a. The fan at the top of the box remained active even at the thermal turbulences due to the extraction
of the excessive hot air to prevent the box from being filled up with the air of the same temperature. The temperature in
the box with the three fans on was measured using a thermal camera Fig. 3. (FLIR E50). Alternating of the areas with
warm and cold air.

Figure 3: Picture from thermal camera.

The effect of fog was observed in a closed box where the opening for the laser beam was made on the side of detector
Fig. 4.b. to ensure same conditions for measurement. During all measurements firstly the frequency without fog was
measured, then fog was injected to the box for the time of 6 seconds. After 4 minutes when fog dispersed equally in the
box the measurement started and fog condensed gradually on the sides of the box.

1 2 3
a) b)
Figure 4: a) Box for thermal turbulences. b) Box setup for measuring of fog influence.
During all measurements the diagram of the eye was made. In the box with fog in example with red optical beam we can
see divergence caused by crossing between air-plexiglass-air. Furthermore, we can observe Mie’s disperse on fog parti-
cles. This disperse is manifested by visibility of laser beam from the side view.

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 1.3 Measuring eye diagram
For the detailed evaluation of the measurement the double value of the reserve signal-to-noise was deducted from the eye
diagram (Figure 5 from the LEcROi 204Xi oscilloscope).
Before each measurement of the atmospheric effects, the reference value of the eye diagram was recorded. Afterwards,
the eye diagram was measured with the atmospheric influences. Then the ratio between the reference of the eye diagram
opening and the value of the opening of the eye diagram under the influences of the atmosphere was calculated. This
ratio was brought to the graph.

Figure 5: Measuring of eye diagram opening.

A ref
A , (5)
A inf
where the variable Aref represents the variable reference eye diagram and the Ainf represents the variable eye diagram
with atmospheric influence.

2. RESULTS

2.1 BPSK modulator and demodulator

GD
R9
1k

R8

-1=-
51
Cl
0.1
- 1k

GOD
C2

N
R15
MC1496
R1
SI V+ 3.9k 3 5.t

X2
GNCGNO
C3
0.1u
R13
14
r
1-23- GA N+C3

GAI OUT2 R17

= 11
R18 510
1 4 S12 ITC2 510
R12
PR °` ' R1s
-¢-
BAISCAR2 1k
R7 R6 R5 LM7171
10kD 10k 51 OUT ITCt

R14 WC CAR
GD GD 50k
YID G

R3
6.811 GOD

CS C
vD +12V
LM78012 6.8u 6.87 u
LM7908

-12V
X
C6 C8
0.1u 01u 1u
D GÑD
GOD

Figure 6: Circuit design of modulator in Eagle software.

To complete the modulator and demodulator the integrated circuit MC1496 from ON Semiconductor was used. During
the modulation the carrier sinusoidal signal with frequency of 10 MHz and amplitude of 160 mV is fed to input X1.

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 To the second input X2, the signal from generator is fed using pseudo-random sequence with LVDS logic. To filtered
DC (direct current) component there is used a separating capacitor C3 - the input signal has voltage Upp = 0.5 V.
To connect this signal to the controller of the laser diode, it was necessary to place the operational amplifier LM7171 on
the output. With this amplifier we can set amplitude of the output signal. The demodulator differs from the modulator in
absence of PRBS signal on the input X2. The demodulator has BPSK signal from the photodetector and behind MC1496
there is low-pass filter to filtrate carrier frequency Fig. 6.

2.1 The influence of fog on the eye diagram

There was verified the influence of fog on the level of the receiving optical signal which caused decrease of amplitude of
the eye diagram opening. At this real simulation of the atmospheric phenomena, no fluctuation of eye diagram was
noticed, the opening of the eye diagram decreased. This is especially critical when there is high concentration of fog over
great distances. The loss of the optical power is bigger and the eye diagram is closed.

2.1.1 OOK-NRZ modulation 20 Mbps

This phenomenon has a major impact on the OOK NRZ modulation when with increasing concentration of fog (increas-
ing of attenuation) the amplitude of the eye diagram opening decreased. On Fig. 7.a. we can see the eye diagram without
the influence of fog whose amplitude of opening is at its maximum and it is taken as reference.

.®
................................................. ........................:......
i..... ...............................
Cl Cl
L
770 mV1tliV 770 mVldiv,
-2.770 V oist -2.770 V ofst
L 1.315V 1.638 V
p 1.3O 15 4 T 1.638V
Dy m 6y 0 mV

a) b)
Figure 7: a) The eye diagram without the influence of fog at OOK NRZ modulation (λ = 650nm)
with bite speed 20 Mbps. b) The eye diagram for fog with attenuation of 3.14 dB on 2.5 m.
The amount of fog that was inflated into the box was determined as a time of dosage (5 seconds). After dispersion of fog
in the box, the measurement started (2 minutes) when at maximal concentration of artificial fog in the box the eye dia-
gram was recorded Fig. 7.b.
With decreasing concentration of fog which condensed on the side of the box the attenuation caused by fog decreased
and the amplitude of the eye diagram opening increased.

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 2.1.2 BPSK modulation 1 Mbps

I I' 'Yt`..lr:',..,..J,r
...1

.................................ç.....................................[....................... l /p.

é1.
1/4 : .

cl OEM
385 mVicliv
1

385 mVld
O rnV offset
0 mV offset
856 mV 497 mV
856 mV 497 mV
Dy o my 'Sy 0

a) b)
Figure 8: a) The eye diagram without the impact of fog on the BPSK (λ = 650nm) with bite speed 1 Mbps.
b) The eye diagram on the BPSK modulation (λ = 650 nm) with attenuation 3.58 dB on 2.5 meters.
The measurement of the fog effect on the eye diagram was done on the BPSK modulation when fog has same impact on
this modulate format as on the OOK-NRZ modulation when the amplitude of the eye diagram opening decreased. On the
Fig. 8.a. there is eye diagram without the impact of fog (reference). The effect of fog caused decreasing of the optical
signal power and so the amplitude of the eye diagram opening decreased. Fig. 8.b.

2.2 The impact of selected wavelength on attenuation caused by fog

1400
650 nm
850 nm
1200
1550 nm
Attenuation [dB.km ]

1000
-1

800

600

400

200

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Measurement time [min]

Figure 9: The impact of fog on the wavelength on the OOK-NRZ modulation.

On the OOK-NRZ modulation the impact of fog was measured on the selected wavelength (650 nm, 850 nm and 1550
nm) with bite speed of 20 Mbit·s-1. At the same concentration of fog in the box the decreasing of amplitude of the eye
diagram compared to reference value (without fog) was the biggest at wavelength of 650 nm, viz. Fig.9. The smallest
attenuation was on the wavelength of 1550 nm.

2.3 Impact of turbulences on eye diagram

The optical beam was influenced significantly by the thermal turbulences; there was significant fluctuation in the
received optical power. This caused the closure of the eye diagram. With each added thermal fan the size of the turbu-
lences increased. These thermal turbulences caused increasing of the closure of the eye diagram. The worst values were
achieved for significant difference in temperature when the 1st and 3rd thermal fans were switched on. Thus, two areas
with the thermal turbulences were formed and in the middle there was airflow of the room temperature.

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 2.3.1 OOK-NRZ modulation 20 Mbps
Figure 10.a. shows the eye diagram without any atmospheric turbulences. Figure 10.b. shows the eye diagram when the
1st thermal fan were switched on. Figure 11.c. shows the eye diagram when the 1st and 3rd thermal fans were switched on.
In this case the atmospheric turbulences have significant influence on the fluctuation of the eye diagram. Figure 11.d.
shows the worst state of the eye diagram when all thermal fans were switched on.

'17

a) b)

c) d)

Figure 10: The eye diagram OOK-NRZ modulation – 20 Mbps: a) without any atmospheric turbulences.
b) For switched 1st direct heater. c) For switched 1st and 3rd direct heater. d) For switched 1st, 2nd, 3rd direct heater.

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 2.3.2 BPSK modulation 1 Mbps
The influence of turbulence on the BPSK modulation was observed on the signal with carrier frequency of 10 MHz and
with bite speed 1 Mbit.s-1. At mechanical turbulences the effect wasn’t noticed on the observed eye diagram on the
distance of 2.5 m, the eye diagram wasn’t changed. The eye diagram has the same shape as the reference eye diagram at
thermal turbulences, due to it isn’t showed here.

a) b)

...
. . ,........'
.

s ; ,. ,. ..,, . :' .

c) d)

Figure 11: The eye diagram (BPSK modulation - 1 Mbps) a) without any atmospheric turbulences.
b) For switched 1st direct heater. c) For switched 1st and 3rd direct heater. d) For switched 1st, 2nd, 3rd direct heater.

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 2.4 Comparison of modulation results for NRZ
For this comparison the results with wavelength of 850 nm were chosen. On the Fig. 12. there is compared the eye
diagram opening, the figure shows the influence of turbulence size depending on transmission speed. There is measured
1 and 2) and (1, 2 and 3). For better results legibility the measured values are interspersed with linear regress function.
We can see that with increasing amount of thermal turbulences leaks of optical power increase too. This increase of leaks
is connected with transmission speed when with increasing speed the reference value of the eye diagram opening
decreases and so the influence of thermal turbulence increases. The smallest increase of the eye diagram closing was
noticed after installing 3. thermal heater. Because 3. thermal heater influences only small part of path of the optical
beam. Also temperatures equaled in the box and so the increase is smaller.
1
with turbulences and without turbulences [-]

0.9
Ratio of the eye pattem opening

0.8

0.7

0.6 Heater 1
Heater 1, 2
Heater 1, 2, 3
0.5 Lin. regresion 1
Lin. regresion 1, 2
Lin. regresion 1, 2, 3
0.4
20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Bitrate [Mbps]

Figure 12: Comparison of turbulent influence on modulation OOK-NRZ for 850 nm wavelength.

3. CONCLUSION
In the previous articles there wasn't noticed significant effect of mechanical turbulences so in this article there are men-
tioned thermal turbulences only. However, regarding the thermal turbulences, the fluctuation of the received power at the
receiver was considerable. This fact is proven by the measured values of the eye diagrams for different types of the mod-
ulation and bit rate. The fluctuations of the received optical power caused the decrease in opening the eye diagram. At
increasing the turbulence size the closure of the eye diagram was more significant. The smallest increase of the eye dia-
gram closing was noticed when thermal heater was installed near the receiver. It influences only short part of the optical
beam. After equalizing temperatures inside the box the effect of thermal turbulences decreased. The bit rate also affects
the closure of the eye diagram and the increasing transmission rate leads to the closure of the eye diagram. The closure
causes the increase of the BER.
The thermal turbulences are mainly manifested in clear weather when the surface of the land is heated and the warm
air rises. Due to we should put a big emphasis on the installation, there shouldn’t be thermal turbulences from warm
surface ahead of FSO head. For these reasons, it is necessary to provide a sufficient diameter of the optical beam on the
receiver as well as to count with a sufficient power reserve. Fog has also an important effect on FSO communication.
Fog is caused by condensation of water vapor over the land. Fog consists of dust elements from emission that partici-
pates in its creating and inhibition. This inhibition and attenuating is dispersed by Mie way. We can fight with this atten-
uating using adaptive decisive level or increasing transmitting power.

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 4. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The research described in this article could be carried out thanks to the active support of the Ministry of Education of the
Czech Republic within the projects no. SP2015/130, SP2015/182. This article was supported by projects Technology
Agency of the Czech Republic TA03020439 and TA04021263. The research has been partially supported by the project
no. CZ.1.07/2.3.00/20.0217 (The Development of Excellence of the Telecommunication Research Team in Relation to
International Cooperation) within the frame of the operation programme Education for Competitiveness financed by the
European Structural Funds and from the state budget of the Czech Republic.

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