Master series Mock CAT - 8 2018

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VRC

DILR

QA

Sec 1
Directions for questions 1-6: The following passage consists of a set of six questions. Read the passage
and answer the questions that follow.

The principle of Darwinian evolution now is not just an explanatory theory, but also a debunker of theism.
As such, it has been elevated to a status of unquestionable truth to the extent that biologists who may
have doubts on its reproof status would not admit so in public in case they become pariahs in their
community. The other downside of holding such an absolutist position is that any proposal that may hint at
other mechanisms that do not comfortably t with the orthodox beliefs are dismissed outright as they may
imply some universal intelligence or teleological plan that smack of a heavenly planner. Its most
enthusiastic adherents assert that the theory of evolution has no room for other mechanisms hence no
other possibilities are conceivable or indeed allowable. This in spite of the fact that an unresolved residue
is always present in science even after the most successful application of reductionist principles with the
corollary that all theories should be taken to be provisional and incomplete. In my view, this unscienti c
attitude burdens the Darwinian theory of evolution with a weight it just cannot carry.

There is no doubt that the theory of evolution is handsomely supported by the fossil records and has
considerable explanatory powers. However there are two areas where I nd the current version of
evolution theory unconvincing. The rst is the assertion that evolution is the sole mechanism that drives
matter towards biological development. The second is its incapacity to explain the emergence of
mentality.

Physicists tell us that following the big bang the only element in existence was hydrogen, the simplest in
the periodic table. It was from these humble beginnings that the remaining ninety odd increasingly
complex elements and their vastly more numerous and complex combinations were gradually synthesised
as eons passed. This points to the existence of a natural law which is embedded in the nature of atomic
physics and provides the potential of “evolution” of more complex elements from simpler ones. One could
argue that it is this law of striving complexity that drove matter towards the emergence of increasingly
complex molecules out of the basic elements followed by the emergence of the building blocks necessary
for the appearance of a rst self-replicating entity.

The second di culty I have is related to the spontaneous appearance of information carrying replicating
systems and ultimately of what one may call mentality. At the pre-biotic stage of evolution, Darwinian
competition cannot, by de nition, assist the evolution process. Natural selection requires that primitive life
is already there for the process to begin. The assumption is therefore made that “mindless and blind”
unguided processes have spontaneously resulted in a self-replicating entity that encodes information, the
precursor of the information carrying DNA. This process has been described by some as “evolution of the
gaps” to rhyme with “God of the gaps.” Self replicating systems encode information and therefore exhibit a
quality that transcends inert mater. It is at this stage that another explanation may help. Since ancient
times there have been philosophers, scientist and particularly mystics who held that matter and mentality
are inextricably mixed. I have the incontrovertible direct experience that my mind is capable of directing
the motion of my limbs, i.e. to control god-like “the motion of the atoms,” as Erwin Schrodinger observed.
And I know that a drug can affect the state of my mind. This complementary leverage of mind-over-matter
and matter-over-mind is an extraordinary fact. The phenomenon of mentality, highly developed as
consciousness in man, is also apparent in primates and in diminishing degree as one travels down the
evolutionary tree of the animal kingdom. In high dilution it manifests itself in primitive organisms and the
plant kingdom. A bacterium can be said to possess a faint glimmer of mentality expressed in its ability to
react intelligently to the environment. As the gradation of mentality is continuous I can see no justi cation
in stopping its diminution with a discontinuity when prions or ultimately “inorganic matter” is reached. One
can postulate that information paths, such as those provided by nerve and synaptic systems, are capable
of amplifying mentality and enhancing the richness of experience as they become more complex. The idea
that mentality is just a step-wise epiphenomenon of complexity, usually illustrated by the hypothetical
example of a computer which, if made large enough, will spontaneously show signs of mentality or
consciousness is unproven and in my view absurd.

  Q.1
According to the passage, which of the following can be inferred about “the evolution of the gaps”?

1  It is the rational and scienti c counterpart of the concept of “God of the gaps.”
2 It is an unscienti c explanation which scientists use to hide any scienti c loopholes in a theory.

3 It is the proof that the Darwinian theory of competition can’t be utilized to understand the process of
evolution.

4 It is insu cient to provide an explanation for the missing link in the process of evolution.

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 Answer key/Solution

Directions for questions 1-6: The following passage consists of a set of six questions. Read the passage
and answer the questions that follow.

The principle of Darwinian evolution now is not just an explanatory theory, but also a debunker of theism.
As such, it has been elevated to a status of unquestionable truth to the extent that biologists who may
have doubts on its reproof status would not admit so in public in case they become pariahs in their
community. The other downside of holding such an absolutist position is that any proposal that may hint at
other mechanisms that do not comfortably t with the orthodox beliefs are dismissed outright as they may
imply some universal intelligence or teleological plan that smack of a heavenly planner. Its most
enthusiastic adherents assert that the theory of evolution has no room for other mechanisms hence no
other possibilities are conceivable or indeed allowable. This in spite of the fact that an unresolved residue
is always present in science even after the most successful application of reductionist principles with the
corollary that all theories should be taken to be provisional and incomplete. In my view, this unscienti c
attitude burdens the Darwinian theory of evolution with a weight it just cannot carry.

There is no doubt that the theory of evolution is handsomely supported by the fossil records and has
considerable explanatory powers. However there are two areas where I nd the current version of
evolution theory unconvincing. The rst is the assertion that evolution is the sole mechanism that drives
matter towards biological development. The second is its incapacity to explain the emergence of
mentality.

Physicists tell us that following the big bang the only element in existence was hydrogen, the simplest in
the periodic table. It was from these humble beginnings that the remaining ninety odd increasingly
complex elements and their vastly more numerous and complex combinations were gradually synthesised
as eons passed. This points to the existence of a natural law which is embedded in the nature of atomic
physics and provides the potential of “evolution” of more complex elements from simpler ones. One could
argue that it is this law of striving complexity that drove matter towards the emergence of increasingly
complex molecules out of the basic elements followed by the emergence of the building blocks necessary
for the appearance of a rst self-replicating entity.

The second di culty I have is related to the spontaneous appearance of information carrying replicating
systems and ultimately of what one may call mentality. At the pre-biotic stage of evolution, Darwinian
competition cannot, by de nition, assist the evolution process. Natural selection requires that primitive life
is already there for the process to begin. The assumption is therefore made that “mindless and blind”
unguided processes have spontaneously resulted in a self-replicating entity that encodes information, the
precursor of the information carrying DNA. This process has been described by some as “evolution of the
gaps” to rhyme with “God of the gaps.” Self replicating systems encode information and therefore exhibit a
quality that transcends inert mater. It is at this stage that another explanation may help. Since ancient
times there have been philosophers, scientist and particularly mystics who held that matter and mentality
are inextricably mixed. I have the incontrovertible direct experience that my mind is capable of directing
the motion of my limbs, i.e. to control god-like “the motion of the atoms,” as Erwin Schrodinger observed.
And I know that a drug can affect the state of my mind. This complementary leverage of mind-over-matter
and matter-over-mind is an extraordinary fact. The phenomenon of mentality, highly developed as
consciousness in man, is also apparent in primates and in diminishing degree as one travels down the
evolutionary tree of the animal kingdom. In high dilution it manifests itself in primitive organisms and the
plant kingdom. A bacterium can be said to possess a faint glimmer of mentality expressed in its ability to
react intelligently to the environment. As the gradation of mentality is continuous I can see no justi cation
in stopping its diminution with a discontinuity when prions or ultimately “inorganic matter” is reached. One
can postulate that information paths, such as those provided by nerve and synaptic systems, are capable
of amplifying mentality and enhancing the richness of experience as they become more complex. The idea
that mentality is just a step-wise epiphenomenon of complexity, usually illustrated by the hypothetical
example of a computer which, if made large enough, will spontaneously show signs of mentality or
consciousness is unproven and in my view absurd.

  Q.2
According to the passage, the existence of a natural law:

1  makes it di cult for the author to accept the ndings of Darwin.

2 proves that the ndings of Darwin are not practically applicable.

3 adds to the author’s dilemma in accepting the theory of evolution.

4 was the main reason of the evolution of complex elements from humble beginnings.

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 Answer key/Solution

Directions for questions 1-6: The following passage consists of a set of six questions. Read the passage
and answer the questions that follow.

The principle of Darwinian evolution now is not just an explanatory theory, but also a debunker of theism.
As such, it has been elevated to a status of unquestionable truth to the extent that biologists who may
have doubts on its reproof status would not admit so in public in case they become pariahs in their
community. The other downside of holding such an absolutist position is that any proposal that may hint at
other mechanisms that do not comfortably t with the orthodox beliefs are dismissed outright as they may
imply some universal intelligence or teleological plan that smack of a heavenly planner. Its most
enthusiastic adherents assert that the theory of evolution has no room for other mechanisms hence no
other possibilities are conceivable or indeed allowable. This in spite of the fact that an unresolved residue
is always present in science even after the most successful application of reductionist principles with the
corollary that all theories should be taken to be provisional and incomplete. In my view, this unscienti c
attitude burdens the Darwinian theory of evolution with a weight it just cannot carry.
There is no doubt that the theory of evolution is handsomely supported by the fossil records and has
considerable explanatory powers. However there are two areas where I nd the current version of
evolution theory unconvincing. The rst is the assertion that evolution is the sole mechanism that drives
matter towards biological development. The second is its incapacity to explain the emergence of
mentality.

Physicists tell us that following the big bang the only element in existence was hydrogen, the simplest in
the periodic table. It was from these humble beginnings that the remaining ninety odd increasingly
complex elements and their vastly more numerous and complex combinations were gradually synthesised
as eons passed. This points to the existence of a natural law which is embedded in the nature of atomic
physics and provides the potential of “evolution” of more complex elements from simpler ones. One could
argue that it is this law of striving complexity that drove matter towards the emergence of increasingly
complex molecules out of the basic elements followed by the emergence of the building blocks necessary
for the appearance of a rst self-replicating entity.

The second di culty I have is related to the spontaneous appearance of information carrying replicating
systems and ultimately of what one may call mentality. At the pre-biotic stage of evolution, Darwinian
competition cannot, by de nition, assist the evolution process. Natural selection requires that primitive life
is already there for the process to begin. The assumption is therefore made that “mindless and blind”
unguided processes have spontaneously resulted in a self-replicating entity that encodes information, the
precursor of the information carrying DNA. This process has been described by some as “evolution of the
gaps” to rhyme with “God of the gaps.” Self replicating systems encode information and therefore exhibit a
quality that transcends inert mater. It is at this stage that another explanation may help. Since ancient
times there have been philosophers, scientist and particularly mystics who held that matter and mentality
are inextricably mixed. I have the incontrovertible direct experience that my mind is capable of directing
the motion of my limbs, i.e. to control god-like “the motion of the atoms,” as Erwin Schrodinger observed.
And I know that a drug can affect the state of my mind. This complementary leverage of mind-over-matter
and matter-over-mind is an extraordinary fact. The phenomenon of mentality, highly developed as
consciousness in man, is also apparent in primates and in diminishing degree as one travels down the
evolutionary tree of the animal kingdom. In high dilution it manifests itself in primitive organisms and the
plant kingdom. A bacterium can be said to possess a faint glimmer of mentality expressed in its ability to
react intelligently to the environment. As the gradation of mentality is continuous I can see no justi cation
in stopping its diminution with a discontinuity when prions or ultimately “inorganic matter” is reached. One
can postulate that information paths, such as those provided by nerve and synaptic systems, are capable
of amplifying mentality and enhancing the richness of experience as they become more complex. The idea
that mentality is just a step-wise epiphenomenon of complexity, usually illustrated by the hypothetical
example of a computer which, if made large enough, will spontaneously show signs of mentality or
consciousness is unproven and in my view absurd.

  Q.3
According to the passage, which of the following is not a reason for the author to nd the current version
of evolution theory unconvincing?

1  The existence of fossil records

2 The presumption of the absence of mentality in simple matter

3 The elevated status of the principle of Darwinian evolution

4 The possible existence of a natural law

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 Answer key/Solution

Directions for questions 1-6: The following passage consists of a set of six questions. Read the passage
and answer the questions that follow.

The principle of Darwinian evolution now is not just an explanatory theory, but also a debunker of theism.
As such, it has been elevated to a status of unquestionable truth to the extent that biologists who may
have doubts on its reproof status would not admit so in public in case they become pariahs in their
community. The other downside of holding such an absolutist position is that any proposal that may hint at
other mechanisms that do not comfortably t with the orthodox beliefs are dismissed outright as they may
imply some universal intelligence or teleological plan that smack of a heavenly planner. Its most
enthusiastic adherents assert that the theory of evolution has no room for other mechanisms hence no
other possibilities are conceivable or indeed allowable. This in spite of the fact that an unresolved residue
is always present in science even after the most successful application of reductionist principles with the
corollary that all theories should be taken to be provisional and incomplete. In my view, this unscienti c
attitude burdens the Darwinian theory of evolution with a weight it just cannot carry.

There is no doubt that the theory of evolution is handsomely supported by the fossil records and has
considerable explanatory powers. However there are two areas where I nd the current version of
evolution theory unconvincing. The rst is the assertion that evolution is the sole mechanism that drives
matter towards biological development. The second is its incapacity to explain the emergence of
mentality.

Physicists tell us that following the big bang the only element in existence was hydrogen, the simplest in
the periodic table. It was from these humble beginnings that the remaining ninety odd increasingly
complex elements and their vastly more numerous and complex combinations were gradually synthesised
as eons passed. This points to the existence of a natural law which is embedded in the nature of atomic
physics and provides the potential of “evolution” of more complex elements from simpler ones. One could
argue that it is this law of striving complexity that drove matter towards the emergence of increasingly
complex molecules out of the basic elements followed by the emergence of the building blocks necessary
for the appearance of a rst self-replicating entity.

The second di culty I have is related to the spontaneous appearance of information carrying replicating
systems and ultimately of what one may call mentality. At the pre-biotic stage of evolution, Darwinian
competition cannot, by de nition, assist the evolution process. Natural selection requires that primitive life
is already there for the process to begin. The assumption is therefore made that “mindless and blind”
unguided processes have spontaneously resulted in a self-replicating entity that encodes information, the
precursor of the information carrying DNA. This process has been described by some as “evolution of the
gaps” to rhyme with “God of the gaps.” Self replicating systems encode information and therefore exhibit a
quality that transcends inert mater. It is at this stage that another explanation may help. Since ancient
times there have been philosophers, scientist and particularly mystics who held that matter and mentality
are inextricably mixed. I have the incontrovertible direct experience that my mind is capable of directing
the motion of my limbs, i.e. to control god-like “the motion of the atoms,” as Erwin Schrodinger observed.
And I know that a drug can affect the state of my mind. This complementary leverage of mind-over-matter
and matter-over-mind is an extraordinary fact. The phenomenon of mentality, highly developed as
consciousness in man, is also apparent in primates and in diminishing degree as one travels down the
evolutionary tree of the animal kingdom. In high dilution it manifests itself in primitive organisms and the
plant kingdom. A bacterium can be said to possess a faint glimmer of mentality expressed in its ability to
react intelligently to the environment. As the gradation of mentality is continuous I can see no justi cation
in stopping its diminution with a discontinuity when prions or ultimately “inorganic matter” is reached. One
can postulate that information paths, such as those provided by nerve and synaptic systems, are capable
of amplifying mentality and enhancing the richness of experience as they become more complex. The idea
that mentality is just a step-wise epiphenomenon of complexity, usually illustrated by the hypothetical
example of a computer which, if made large enough, will spontaneously show signs of mentality or
consciousness is unproven and in my view absurd.

  Q.4
In the context of this passage, which of the following is the best example of an “unscienti c attitude”?

1  An renowned critic refusing to accept that he was wrong in his evaluation of a movie

2 A renowned batsman refusing to follow the suggestion of the new coach regarding his batting
technique

3 A scholar of Theology rejecting the ndings of an eminent but atheist scientist

4 A group of researchers refusing to consider data presented by a new scholar

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 Answer key/Solution

Directions for questions 1-6: The following passage consists of a set of six questions. Read the passage
and answer the questions that follow.

The principle of Darwinian evolution now is not just an explanatory theory, but also a debunker of theism.
As such, it has been elevated to a status of unquestionable truth to the extent that biologists who may
have doubts on its reproof status would not admit so in public in case they become pariahs in their
community. The other downside of holding such an absolutist position is that any proposal that may hint at
other mechanisms that do not comfortably t with the orthodox beliefs are dismissed outright as they may
imply some universal intelligence or teleological plan that smack of a heavenly planner. Its most
enthusiastic adherents assert that the theory of evolution has no room for other mechanisms hence no
other possibilities are conceivable or indeed allowable. This in spite of the fact that an unresolved residue
is always present in science even after the most successful application of reductionist principles with the
corollary that all theories should be taken to be provisional and incomplete. In my view, this unscienti c
attitude burdens the Darwinian theory of evolution with a weight it just cannot carry.

There is no doubt that the theory of evolution is handsomely supported by the fossil records and has
considerable explanatory powers. However there are two areas where I nd the current version of
evolution theory unconvincing. The rst is the assertion that evolution is the sole mechanism that drives
matter towards biological development. The second is its incapacity to explain the emergence of
mentality.
Physicists tell us that following the big bang the only element in existence was hydrogen, the simplest in
the periodic table. It was from these humble beginnings that the remaining ninety odd increasingly
complex elements and their vastly more numerous and complex combinations were gradually synthesised
as eons passed. This points to the existence of a natural law which is embedded in the nature of atomic
physics and provides the potential of “evolution” of more complex elements from simpler ones. One could
argue that it is this law of striving complexity that drove matter towards the emergence of increasingly
complex molecules out of the basic elements followed by the emergence of the building blocks necessary
for the appearance of a rst self-replicating entity.

The second di culty I have is related to the spontaneous appearance of information carrying replicating
systems and ultimately of what one may call mentality. At the pre-biotic stage of evolution, Darwinian
competition cannot, by de nition, assist the evolution process. Natural selection requires that primitive life
is already there for the process to begin. The assumption is therefore made that “mindless and blind”
unguided processes have spontaneously resulted in a self-replicating entity that encodes information, the
precursor of the information carrying DNA. This process has been described by some as “evolution of the
gaps” to rhyme with “God of the gaps.” Self replicating systems encode information and therefore exhibit a
quality that transcends inert mater. It is at this stage that another explanation may help. Since ancient
times there have been philosophers, scientist and particularly mystics who held that matter and mentality
are inextricably mixed. I have the incontrovertible direct experience that my mind is capable of directing
the motion of my limbs, i.e. to control god-like “the motion of the atoms,” as Erwin Schrodinger observed.
And I know that a drug can affect the state of my mind. This complementary leverage of mind-over-matter
and matter-over-mind is an extraordinary fact. The phenomenon of mentality, highly developed as
consciousness in man, is also apparent in primates and in diminishing degree as one travels down the
evolutionary tree of the animal kingdom. In high dilution it manifests itself in primitive organisms and the
plant kingdom. A bacterium can be said to possess a faint glimmer of mentality expressed in its ability to
react intelligently to the environment. As the gradation of mentality is continuous I can see no justi cation
in stopping its diminution with a discontinuity when prions or ultimately “inorganic matter” is reached. One
can postulate that information paths, such as those provided by nerve and synaptic systems, are capable
of amplifying mentality and enhancing the richness of experience as they become more complex. The idea
that mentality is just a step-wise epiphenomenon of complexity, usually illustrated by the hypothetical
example of a computer which, if made large enough, will spontaneously show signs of mentality or
consciousness is unproven and in my view absurd.

  Q.5
Why does the author write the line “This complementary leverage of mind-over-matter and matter-over-
mind is an extraordinary fact”?

1  To marvel at the inherent complexity and incomprehensibility of the process of evolution

2 To highlight a loophole in the current theory of evolution accepted by many

3 To drive home the point that the Darwinian theory of evolution cannot explain the emergence of
mentality

4 To question the spontaneous appearance of mentality in the evolution process

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 Answer key/Solution
Directions for questions 1-6: The following passage consists of a set of six questions. Read the passage
and answer the questions that follow.

The principle of Darwinian evolution now is not just an explanatory theory, but also a debunker of theism.
As such, it has been elevated to a status of unquestionable truth to the extent that biologists who may
have doubts on its reproof status would not admit so in public in case they become pariahs in their
community. The other downside of holding such an absolutist position is that any proposal that may hint at
other mechanisms that do not comfortably t with the orthodox beliefs are dismissed outright as they may
imply some universal intelligence or teleological plan that smack of a heavenly planner. Its most
enthusiastic adherents assert that the theory of evolution has no room for other mechanisms hence no
other possibilities are conceivable or indeed allowable. This in spite of the fact that an unresolved residue
is always present in science even after the most successful application of reductionist principles with the
corollary that all theories should be taken to be provisional and incomplete. In my view, this unscienti c
attitude burdens the Darwinian theory of evolution with a weight it just cannot carry.

There is no doubt that the theory of evolution is handsomely supported by the fossil records and has
considerable explanatory powers. However there are two areas where I nd the current version of
evolution theory unconvincing. The rst is the assertion that evolution is the sole mechanism that drives
matter towards biological development. The second is its incapacity to explain the emergence of
mentality.

Physicists tell us that following the big bang the only element in existence was hydrogen, the simplest in
the periodic table. It was from these humble beginnings that the remaining ninety odd increasingly
complex elements and their vastly more numerous and complex combinations were gradually synthesised
as eons passed. This points to the existence of a natural law which is embedded in the nature of atomic
physics and provides the potential of “evolution” of more complex elements from simpler ones. One could
argue that it is this law of striving complexity that drove matter towards the emergence of increasingly
complex molecules out of the basic elements followed by the emergence of the building blocks necessary
for the appearance of a rst self-replicating entity.

The second di culty I have is related to the spontaneous appearance of information carrying replicating
systems and ultimately of what one may call mentality. At the pre-biotic stage of evolution, Darwinian
competition cannot, by de nition, assist the evolution process. Natural selection requires that primitive life
is already there for the process to begin. The assumption is therefore made that “mindless and blind”
unguided processes have spontaneously resulted in a self-replicating entity that encodes information, the
precursor of the information carrying DNA. This process has been described by some as “evolution of the
gaps” to rhyme with “God of the gaps.” Self replicating systems encode information and therefore exhibit a
quality that transcends inert mater. It is at this stage that another explanation may help. Since ancient
times there have been philosophers, scientist and particularly mystics who held that matter and mentality
are inextricably mixed. I have the incontrovertible direct experience that my mind is capable of directing
the motion of my limbs, i.e. to control god-like “the motion of the atoms,” as Erwin Schrodinger observed.
And I know that a drug can affect the state of my mind. This complementary leverage of mind-over-matter
and matter-over-mind is an extraordinary fact. The phenomenon of mentality, highly developed as
consciousness in man, is also apparent in primates and in diminishing degree as one travels down the
evolutionary tree of the animal kingdom. In high dilution it manifests itself in primitive organisms and the
plant kingdom. A bacterium can be said to possess a faint glimmer of mentality expressed in its ability to
react intelligently to the environment. As the gradation of mentality is continuous I can see no justi cation
in stopping its diminution with a discontinuity when prions or ultimately “inorganic matter” is reached. One
can postulate that information paths, such as those provided by nerve and synaptic systems, are capable
of amplifying mentality and enhancing the richness of experience as they become more complex. The idea
that mentality is just a step-wise epiphenomenon of complexity, usually illustrated by the hypothetical
example of a computer which, if made large enough, will spontaneously show signs of mentality or
consciousness is unproven and in my view absurd.

  Q.6
Which of the following is the primary focus of the author in this passage?

1  The existence of logical problems in the explanation of theory of evolution

2 The unscienti c attitude demonstrated by many scientists when it comes to the reputation of Darwin

3 The God-like status of Darwin in the eld of evolutionary biology

4 The lack of explanation regarding the emergence of mentality in the process of evolution

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 Answer key/Solution

Directions for questions 7 and 8: Each of the following questions consists of a set of ve sentences. These
sentences need to be arranged in a coherent manner to create a meaningful paragraph. Type in the correct
order of the sentences in the space provided below the question.

  Q.7

1. Christopher Nolan, director of Memento, The Prestige, Inception, Interstellar and the Dark Knight Trilogy
is using some of his considerable industry clout to promote a programme of newly scrubbed-up 35mm
short lms by stop-motion animators the Brothers Quay.
2. This is a session with a man, usually hammered by fanboy-ish questions, getting a chance to do a little
geeking out.
3. This men-behind-the-curtain peek is directed, shot, edited and scored by Nolan, and is essentially the
movie version of a fan winning Wonka’s golden ticket and poking around the factory.
4. This is no ordinary Q&A.
5. In addition to In Absentia (2000), The Comb (1991) and Street of Crocodiles (1986), the collection
includes Quay, an eight-minute mini-documentary of the brothers in their cramped, magical London studio
lled with decaying doll parts, screws, wigs chewed by bugs and old cameras.

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 Answer key/Solution

Directions for questions 7 and 8: Each of the following questions consists of a set of ve sentences. These
sentences need to be arranged in a coherent manner to create a meaningful paragraph. Type in the correct
order of the sentences in the space provided below the question.
  Q.8

1. Nonetheless, she says: “I’ve gotten really fortunate that Feminist Frequency now has staff, and there are
people who will look at it.”
2. Sarkeesian is the founder of Feminist Frequency, a not-for-pro t educational organisation “that
analyses modern media’s relationship to societal issues such as gender, race and sexuality”.
3. But it’s a double-edged sword: not having to regularly process horri c abuse means Sarkeesian nds it
more di cult when she does see it.
4. She suffered under Gamergate, the campaign conducted under the guise of representing those
concerned about ethics in game journalism, but which was, in reality, a hashtagged rallying cry for those
wanting to harass women in the games industry.
5. As Feminist Frequency tweeted in June of this year, “Gamergate still exists, still harasses marginalised
voices and still affects our daily lives. The abuse has never stopped.”

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 Answer key/Solution

Directions for questions 9-14: The following passage consists of a set of six questions. Read the passage
and answer the questions that follow.

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy was birthed out of two previously separate forms of therapy: behavioral
therapy and cognitive therapy. Behavioral therapy was developed, most famously, by B.F. Skinner and was
propelled into wide use by the needs of soldiers returning from World War II. Cognitive therapy was
developed by Albert Ellis and Aaron Beck. They identi ed irrational thoughts and beliefs as the greatest
cause of psychological problems. Beginning in the late 1970s, those who practiced behavioral therapy
(behaviorists), recognizing the overly simplistic nature of their theories, began incorporating cognitive
approaches into their therapeutic repertoire. This gave rise to Cognitive Behavioral Therapy in the early
1980s. In observing CBT today, the legacies of Skinner, Ellis, and Beck are still readily apparent. CBT
recognizes that, just as thoughts must be addressed in order to change behavior, changing behavior
inevitably helps in the process of changing thoughts.

But recognizing the roles these “grandfathers” of the movement played does not take us back quite far
enough. While the theoretical underpinnings of Skinners’ behaviorism are well-known among
psychologists and can be traced back to the famous experiments of Pavlov, the philosophical
underpinnings of Ellis and Beck are less commonly recognized. Donald Robertson explores this
philosophical backdrop in his book, The Philosophy of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy. He points out that
both Stoicism and CBT assume that thoughts are effective enough to determine emotions and both see
changing our thoughts as the greatest way to change our emotions. In both Stoicism and CBT, cognitions
are central to both the cause and the cure of emotional disturbance.

Or put more simply, “Ellis’ own approach was based on the ancient Stoic philosophy…[which] stated that
facts do not upset people, but rather people upset themselves with the view that they take of those facts.”
This is the assumption that is at the core of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy. 2,300 years after the rst Stoics
and 20 years after Ellis and Beck, David Burns, who popularized CBT (selling over 4 million copies of his
landmark bestseller), summarized CBT in a way that is undeniably Stoic in nature: You can learn to change
the way you think about things, and you can also change your basic values and beliefs. And when you do,
you will often experience profound and lasting changes in your mood, outlook, and productivity. That, in a
nutshell, is what cognitive therapy is all about.

Michelle Craske agrees with Burns and says: “The primary assumption of cognitive therapy is that
dysfunctional thinking can be changed and, in turn, lead to symptomatic relief and improvement in
functioning.” In short, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy is the application of behavioral and cognitive
interventions to address an undesirable psychological problem.

Behavioral interventions are developed reactively from classical conditioning or proactively from
instrumental conditioning. Classical conditioning observes that there are certain innate, involuntary
responses that follow certain stimuli. But it also recognizes that these involuntary responses can be
changed.

Instrumental conditioning, on the other hand, is not aimed at reacting to involuntary responses but at
eliciting certain desirable responses by means of reinforcement or punishment. Simply put, behavior can
be altered through a systematic and consistent application of positive and negative reinforcements that
encourage adaptive behavior and discourage maladaptive behavior.

Cognitive interventions differ from behavioral interventions in that they are consciously aimed at the more
complex cognitive process of how life is interpreted and discerned. Whereas a behaviorist would simply
observe that a certain event produces a certain behavior or emotion, the cognitive therapist observes that,
in fact, a certain event produces a certain cognition, which in turn produces a certain behavior or emotion.
When these “cognitions” are maladaptive or problematic they are sometimes called “negative automatic
thoughts.” But these automatic thoughts don’t spring from thin air. If they did, they might be easier to
change. However, cognitive therapists observe that these negative automatic thoughts are the natural
byproduct of dysfunctional assumptions and that these dysfunctional assumptions stem from problematic
core beliefs.

  Q.9
According to the passage, CBT:

1   is one of the most empirically supported treatments available for a wide variety of psychological
disorders.

2 is premised on the fact that thought patterns and beliefs, emotional state, and behavior are all
interconnected.

3 focuses on the development of personal coping strategies that target solving problems and changing
unhelpful patterns in cognitions, behaviors, and emotional regulation.

4 is different from historical approaches to psychotherapy, such as the psychoanalytic approach where
the therapist looks for the unconscious meaning behind behaviors and then formulates a diagnosis.

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 Answer key/Solution

Directions for questions 9-14: The following passage consists of a set of six questions. Read the passage
and answer the questions that follow.

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy was birthed out of two previously separate forms of therapy: behavioral
therapy and cognitive therapy. Behavioral therapy was developed, most famously, by B.F. Skinner and was
propelled into wide use by the needs of soldiers returning from World War II. Cognitive therapy was
developed by Albert Ellis and Aaron Beck. They identi ed irrational thoughts and beliefs as the greatest
cause of psychological problems. Beginning in the late 1970s, those who practiced behavioral therapy
(behaviorists), recognizing the overly simplistic nature of their theories, began incorporating cognitive
approaches into their therapeutic repertoire. This gave rise to Cognitive Behavioral Therapy in the early
1980s. In observing CBT today, the legacies of Skinner, Ellis, and Beck are still readily apparent. CBT
recognizes that, just as thoughts must be addressed in order to change behavior, changing behavior
inevitably helps in the process of changing thoughts.

But recognizing the roles these “grandfathers” of the movement played does not take us back quite far
enough. While the theoretical underpinnings of Skinners’ behaviorism are well-known among
psychologists and can be traced back to the famous experiments of Pavlov, the philosophical
underpinnings of Ellis and Beck are less commonly recognized. Donald Robertson explores this
philosophical backdrop in his book, The Philosophy of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy. He points out that
both Stoicism and CBT assume that thoughts are effective enough to determine emotions and both see
changing our thoughts as the greatest way to change our emotions. In both Stoicism and CBT, cognitions
are central to both the cause and the cure of emotional disturbance.

Or put more simply, “Ellis’ own approach was based on the ancient Stoic philosophy…[which] stated that
facts do not upset people, but rather people upset themselves with the view that they take of those facts.”
This is the assumption that is at the core of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy. 2,300 years after the rst Stoics
and 20 years after Ellis and Beck, David Burns, who popularized CBT (selling over 4 million copies of his
landmark bestseller), summarized CBT in a way that is undeniably Stoic in nature: You can learn to change
the way you think about things, and you can also change your basic values and beliefs. And when you do,
you will often experience profound and lasting changes in your mood, outlook, and productivity. That, in a
nutshell, is what cognitive therapy is all about.

Michelle Craske agrees with Burns and says: “The primary assumption of cognitive therapy is that
dysfunctional thinking can be changed and, in turn, lead to symptomatic relief and improvement in
functioning.” In short, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy is the application of behavioral and cognitive
interventions to address an undesirable psychological problem.

Behavioral interventions are developed reactively from classical conditioning or proactively from
instrumental conditioning. Classical conditioning observes that there are certain innate, involuntary
responses that follow certain stimuli. But it also recognizes that these involuntary responses can be
changed.

Instrumental conditioning, on the other hand, is not aimed at reacting to involuntary responses but at
eliciting certain desirable responses by means of reinforcement or punishment. Simply put, behavior can
be altered through a systematic and consistent application of positive and negative reinforcements that
encourage adaptive behavior and discourage maladaptive behavior.

Cognitive interventions differ from behavioral interventions in that they are consciously aimed at the more
complex cognitive process of how life is interpreted and discerned. Whereas a behaviorist would simply
observe that a certain event produces a certain behavior or emotion, the cognitive therapist observes that,
in fact, a certain event produces a certain cognition, which in turn produces a certain behavior or emotion.
When these “cognitions” are maladaptive or problematic they are sometimes called “negative automatic
thoughts.” But these automatic thoughts don’t spring from thin air. If they did, they might be easier to
change. However, cognitive therapists observe that these negative automatic thoughts are the natural
byproduct of dysfunctional assumptions and that these dysfunctional assumptions stem from problematic
core beliefs.

  Q.10
Which of the following is a valid inference based on the above passage?

1  No other form of therapy has the scienti c validation and popular support currently enjoyed by CBT.

2 CBT has the power of treating chronic pain, insomnia, depression, OCD, opioid abuse, suicidal
thoughts, and even memory loss from chemotherapy.

3 Stoicism is a philosophical precursor to Skinner’s theory of behaviorism.

4 CBT is essentially about altering the way one perceives things.

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 Answer key/Solution

Directions for questions 9-14: The following passage consists of a set of six questions. Read the passage
and answer the questions that follow.

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy was birthed out of two previously separate forms of therapy: behavioral
therapy and cognitive therapy. Behavioral therapy was developed, most famously, by B.F. Skinner and was
propelled into wide use by the needs of soldiers returning from World War II. Cognitive therapy was
developed by Albert Ellis and Aaron Beck. They identi ed irrational thoughts and beliefs as the greatest
cause of psychological problems. Beginning in the late 1970s, those who practiced behavioral therapy
(behaviorists), recognizing the overly simplistic nature of their theories, began incorporating cognitive
approaches into their therapeutic repertoire. This gave rise to Cognitive Behavioral Therapy in the early
1980s. In observing CBT today, the legacies of Skinner, Ellis, and Beck are still readily apparent. CBT
recognizes that, just as thoughts must be addressed in order to change behavior, changing behavior
inevitably helps in the process of changing thoughts.

But recognizing the roles these “grandfathers” of the movement played does not take us back quite far
enough. While the theoretical underpinnings of Skinners’ behaviorism are well-known among
psychologists and can be traced back to the famous experiments of Pavlov, the philosophical
underpinnings of Ellis and Beck are less commonly recognized. Donald Robertson explores this
philosophical backdrop in his book, The Philosophy of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy. He points out that
both Stoicism and CBT assume that thoughts are effective enough to determine emotions and both see
changing our thoughts as the greatest way to change our emotions. In both Stoicism and CBT, cognitions
are central to both the cause and the cure of emotional disturbance.

Or put more simply, “Ellis’ own approach was based on the ancient Stoic philosophy…[which] stated that
facts do not upset people, but rather people upset themselves with the view that they take of those facts.”
This is the assumption that is at the core of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy. 2,300 years after the rst Stoics
and 20 years after Ellis and Beck, David Burns, who popularized CBT (selling over 4 million copies of his
landmark bestseller), summarized CBT in a way that is undeniably Stoic in nature: You can learn to change
the way you think about things, and you can also change your basic values and beliefs. And when you do,
you will often experience profound and lasting changes in your mood, outlook, and productivity. That, in a
nutshell, is what cognitive therapy is all about.

Michelle Craske agrees with Burns and says: “The primary assumption of cognitive therapy is that
dysfunctional thinking can be changed and, in turn, lead to symptomatic relief and improvement in
functioning.” In short, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy is the application of behavioral and cognitive
interventions to address an undesirable psychological problem.

Behavioral interventions are developed reactively from classical conditioning or proactively from
instrumental conditioning. Classical conditioning observes that there are certain innate, involuntary
responses that follow certain stimuli. But it also recognizes that these involuntary responses can be
changed.

Instrumental conditioning, on the other hand, is not aimed at reacting to involuntary responses but at
eliciting certain desirable responses by means of reinforcement or punishment. Simply put, behavior can
be altered through a systematic and consistent application of positive and negative reinforcements that
encourage adaptive behavior and discourage maladaptive behavior.

Cognitive interventions differ from behavioral interventions in that they are consciously aimed at the more
complex cognitive process of how life is interpreted and discerned. Whereas a behaviorist would simply
observe that a certain event produces a certain behavior or emotion, the cognitive therapist observes that,
in fact, a certain event produces a certain cognition, which in turn produces a certain behavior or emotion.
When these “cognitions” are maladaptive or problematic they are sometimes called “negative automatic
thoughts.” But these automatic thoughts don’t spring from thin air. If they did, they might be easier to
change. However, cognitive therapists observe that these negative automatic thoughts are the natural
byproduct of dysfunctional assumptions and that these dysfunctional assumptions stem from problematic
core beliefs.

  Q.11
According to the last paragraph, how do cognitive interventions help people?

1   They create mental representations that surface to consciousness when we perceive, reason, or form
mental images

2 They work on the principle that people acquire knowledge through their observations of the world
around them.

3 They facilitate the identi cation of problematic core beliefs and their replacement with more healthy
beliefs.

4 They inherently address psychological problems at the level of unconscious mind, through the
activation and analysis of thoughts, experiences, memories, and senses.

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 Answer key/Solution
Directions for questions 9-14: The following passage consists of a set of six questions. Read the passage
and answer the questions that follow.

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy was birthed out of two previously separate forms of therapy: behavioral
therapy and cognitive therapy. Behavioral therapy was developed, most famously, by B.F. Skinner and was
propelled into wide use by the needs of soldiers returning from World War II. Cognitive therapy was
developed by Albert Ellis and Aaron Beck. They identi ed irrational thoughts and beliefs as the greatest
cause of psychological problems. Beginning in the late 1970s, those who practiced behavioral therapy
(behaviorists), recognizing the overly simplistic nature of their theories, began incorporating cognitive
approaches into their therapeutic repertoire. This gave rise to Cognitive Behavioral Therapy in the early
1980s. In observing CBT today, the legacies of Skinner, Ellis, and Beck are still readily apparent. CBT
recognizes that, just as thoughts must be addressed in order to change behavior, changing behavior
inevitably helps in the process of changing thoughts.

But recognizing the roles these “grandfathers” of the movement played does not take us back quite far
enough. While the theoretical underpinnings of Skinners’ behaviorism are well-known among
psychologists and can be traced back to the famous experiments of Pavlov, the philosophical
underpinnings of Ellis and Beck are less commonly recognized. Donald Robertson explores this
philosophical backdrop in his book, The Philosophy of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy. He points out that
both Stoicism and CBT assume that thoughts are effective enough to determine emotions and both see
changing our thoughts as the greatest way to change our emotions. In both Stoicism and CBT, cognitions
are central to both the cause and the cure of emotional disturbance.

Or put more simply, “Ellis’ own approach was based on the ancient Stoic philosophy…[which] stated that
facts do not upset people, but rather people upset themselves with the view that they take of those facts.”
This is the assumption that is at the core of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy. 2,300 years after the rst Stoics
and 20 years after Ellis and Beck, David Burns, who popularized CBT (selling over 4 million copies of his
landmark bestseller), summarized CBT in a way that is undeniably Stoic in nature: You can learn to change
the way you think about things, and you can also change your basic values and beliefs. And when you do,
you will often experience profound and lasting changes in your mood, outlook, and productivity. That, in a
nutshell, is what cognitive therapy is all about.

Michelle Craske agrees with Burns and says: “The primary assumption of cognitive therapy is that
dysfunctional thinking can be changed and, in turn, lead to symptomatic relief and improvement in
functioning.” In short, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy is the application of behavioral and cognitive
interventions to address an undesirable psychological problem.

Behavioral interventions are developed reactively from classical conditioning or proactively from
instrumental conditioning. Classical conditioning observes that there are certain innate, involuntary
responses that follow certain stimuli. But it also recognizes that these involuntary responses can be
changed.

Instrumental conditioning, on the other hand, is not aimed at reacting to involuntary responses but at
eliciting certain desirable responses by means of reinforcement or punishment. Simply put, behavior can
be altered through a systematic and consistent application of positive and negative reinforcements that
encourage adaptive behavior and discourage maladaptive behavior.

Cognitive interventions differ from behavioral interventions in that they are consciously aimed at the more
complex cognitive process of how life is interpreted and discerned. Whereas a behaviorist would simply
observe that a certain event produces a certain behavior or emotion, the cognitive therapist observes that,
in fact, a certain event produces a certain cognition, which in turn produces a certain behavior or emotion.
When these “cognitions” are maladaptive or problematic they are sometimes called “negative automatic
thoughts.” But these automatic thoughts don’t spring from thin air. If they did, they might be easier to
change. However, cognitive therapists observe that these negative automatic thoughts are the natural
byproduct of dysfunctional assumptions and that these dysfunctional assumptions stem from problematic
core beliefs.

  Q.12
Which of the following best traces the relationship between CBT and Stoicism?

1   Both CBT and Stoicism tell us that beliefs and ideas are powerful and they can therefore alter the way
we feel in a particular situation or towards a particular thing.

2 CBT targets underlying value judgments, while Stoicism might be described as more philosophical as
it tends to concern the very nature of the good itself.

3 Both CBT and Stoicism tell us that our emotions are connected to our thoughts, and the importance
and value we assign to things.

4 There are different tenets of Stoicism that have formed the framework for CBT.

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 Answer key/Solution

Directions for questions 9-14: The following passage consists of a set of six questions. Read the passage
and answer the questions that follow.

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy was birthed out of two previously separate forms of therapy: behavioral
therapy and cognitive therapy. Behavioral therapy was developed, most famously, by B.F. Skinner and was
propelled into wide use by the needs of soldiers returning from World War II. Cognitive therapy was
developed by Albert Ellis and Aaron Beck. They identi ed irrational thoughts and beliefs as the greatest
cause of psychological problems. Beginning in the late 1970s, those who practiced behavioral therapy
(behaviorists), recognizing the overly simplistic nature of their theories, began incorporating cognitive
approaches into their therapeutic repertoire. This gave rise to Cognitive Behavioral Therapy in the early
1980s. In observing CBT today, the legacies of Skinner, Ellis, and Beck are still readily apparent. CBT
recognizes that, just as thoughts must be addressed in order to change behavior, changing behavior
inevitably helps in the process of changing thoughts.

But recognizing the roles these “grandfathers” of the movement played does not take us back quite far
enough. While the theoretical underpinnings of Skinners’ behaviorism are well-known among
psychologists and can be traced back to the famous experiments of Pavlov, the philosophical
underpinnings of Ellis and Beck are less commonly recognized. Donald Robertson explores this
philosophical backdrop in his book, The Philosophy of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy. He points out that
both Stoicism and CBT assume that thoughts are effective enough to determine emotions and both see
changing our thoughts as the greatest way to change our emotions. In both Stoicism and CBT, cognitions
are central to both the cause and the cure of emotional disturbance.
Or put more simply, “Ellis’ own approach was based on the ancient Stoic philosophy…[which] stated that
facts do not upset people, but rather people upset themselves with the view that they take of those facts.”
This is the assumption that is at the core of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy. 2,300 years after the rst Stoics
and 20 years after Ellis and Beck, David Burns, who popularized CBT (selling over 4 million copies of his
landmark bestseller), summarized CBT in a way that is undeniably Stoic in nature: You can learn to change
the way you think about things, and you can also change your basic values and beliefs. And when you do,
you will often experience profound and lasting changes in your mood, outlook, and productivity. That, in a
nutshell, is what cognitive therapy is all about.

Michelle Craske agrees with Burns and says: “The primary assumption of cognitive therapy is that
dysfunctional thinking can be changed and, in turn, lead to symptomatic relief and improvement in
functioning.” In short, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy is the application of behavioral and cognitive
interventions to address an undesirable psychological problem.

Behavioral interventions are developed reactively from classical conditioning or proactively from
instrumental conditioning. Classical conditioning observes that there are certain innate, involuntary
responses that follow certain stimuli. But it also recognizes that these involuntary responses can be
changed.

Instrumental conditioning, on the other hand, is not aimed at reacting to involuntary responses but at
eliciting certain desirable responses by means of reinforcement or punishment. Simply put, behavior can
be altered through a systematic and consistent application of positive and negative reinforcements that
encourage adaptive behavior and discourage maladaptive behavior.

Cognitive interventions differ from behavioral interventions in that they are consciously aimed at the more
complex cognitive process of how life is interpreted and discerned. Whereas a behaviorist would simply
observe that a certain event produces a certain behavior or emotion, the cognitive therapist observes that,
in fact, a certain event produces a certain cognition, which in turn produces a certain behavior or emotion.
When these “cognitions” are maladaptive or problematic they are sometimes called “negative automatic
thoughts.” But these automatic thoughts don’t spring from thin air. If they did, they might be easier to
change. However, cognitive therapists observe that these negative automatic thoughts are the natural
byproduct of dysfunctional assumptions and that these dysfunctional assumptions stem from problematic
core beliefs.

  Q.13
Which of the following does not explain the difference between classical conditioning and instrumental
conditioning?

1   Classical conditioning occurs when one learns to associate two different stimuli while instrumental
conditioning involves changing voluntary behaviors.

2 Instrumental conditioning is based on involuntary behavior, while classical conditioning involves

voluntary re exive behavior.

3 Instrumental conditioning focuses on using two binaries to increase or decrease the intensity of
behavior, while classical conditioning is a process that involves creating an association between a
naturally existing stimulus and a response to it.

4 A basic feature of instrumental conditioning is using reinforcement or punishment, while classical

conditioning relies more on association between stimuli and responses.
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 Answer key/Solution

Directions for questions 9-14: The following passage consists of a set of six questions. Read the passage
and answer the questions that follow.

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy was birthed out of two previously separate forms of therapy: behavioral
therapy and cognitive therapy. Behavioral therapy was developed, most famously, by B.F. Skinner and was
propelled into wide use by the needs of soldiers returning from World War II. Cognitive therapy was
developed by Albert Ellis and Aaron Beck. They identi ed irrational thoughts and beliefs as the greatest
cause of psychological problems. Beginning in the late 1970s, those who practiced behavioral therapy
(behaviorists), recognizing the overly simplistic nature of their theories, began incorporating cognitive
approaches into their therapeutic repertoire. This gave rise to Cognitive Behavioral Therapy in the early
1980s. In observing CBT today, the legacies of Skinner, Ellis, and Beck are still readily apparent. CBT
recognizes that, just as thoughts must be addressed in order to change behavior, changing behavior
inevitably helps in the process of changing thoughts.

But recognizing the roles these “grandfathers” of the movement played does not take us back quite far
enough. While the theoretical underpinnings of Skinners’ behaviorism are well-known among
psychologists and can be traced back to the famous experiments of Pavlov, the philosophical
underpinnings of Ellis and Beck are less commonly recognized. Donald Robertson explores this
philosophical backdrop in his book, The Philosophy of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy. He points out that
both Stoicism and CBT assume that thoughts are effective enough to determine emotions and both see
changing our thoughts as the greatest way to change our emotions. In both Stoicism and CBT, cognitions
are central to both the cause and the cure of emotional disturbance.

Or put more simply, “Ellis’ own approach was based on the ancient Stoic philosophy…[which] stated that
facts do not upset people, but rather people upset themselves with the view that they take of those facts.”
This is the assumption that is at the core of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy. 2,300 years after the rst Stoics
and 20 years after Ellis and Beck, David Burns, who popularized CBT (selling over 4 million copies of his
landmark bestseller), summarized CBT in a way that is undeniably Stoic in nature: You can learn to change
the way you think about things, and you can also change your basic values and beliefs. And when you do,
you will often experience profound and lasting changes in your mood, outlook, and productivity. That, in a
nutshell, is what cognitive therapy is all about.

Michelle Craske agrees with Burns and says: “The primary assumption of cognitive therapy is that
dysfunctional thinking can be changed and, in turn, lead to symptomatic relief and improvement in
functioning.” In short, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy is the application of behavioral and cognitive
interventions to address an undesirable psychological problem.

Behavioral interventions are developed reactively from classical conditioning or proactively from
instrumental conditioning. Classical conditioning observes that there are certain innate, involuntary
responses that follow certain stimuli. But it also recognizes that these involuntary responses can be
changed.

Instrumental conditioning, on the other hand, is not aimed at reacting to involuntary responses but at
eliciting certain desirable responses by means of reinforcement or punishment. Simply put, behavior can
be altered through a systematic and consistent application of positive and negative reinforcements that
encourage adaptive behavior and discourage maladaptive behavior.

Cognitive interventions differ from behavioral interventions in that they are consciously aimed at the more
complex cognitive process of how life is interpreted and discerned. Whereas a behaviorist would simply
observe that a certain event produces a certain behavior or emotion, the cognitive therapist observes that,
in fact, a certain event produces a certain cognition, which in turn produces a certain behavior or emotion.
When these “cognitions” are maladaptive or problematic they are sometimes called “negative automatic
thoughts.” But these automatic thoughts don’t spring from thin air. If they did, they might be easier to
change. However, cognitive therapists observe that these negative automatic thoughts are the natural
byproduct of dysfunctional assumptions and that these dysfunctional assumptions stem from problematic
core beliefs.

  Q.14
Which of the following is an example of classical conditioning?

1   A nurse walked into the room making the kid anxious because he associated her with getting needles.
Later, he repeatedly imagined a nurse into the room without giving him a needle.

2 Initially, a little girl did not fear a lizard. The lizard was paired or associated with scary noises but the
girl didn’t become fearful of the lizard.

3 A man eats sh as a meal but later becomes extremely sick. Later, the taste of the sh does not cause
the person to feel nauseous because he does not associate it with an illness.

4 When Roy was a kid he had seen a friend being bitten by a dog but that did not make him fear dogs.
Now that Roy is a grown up, he has three dogs at home.

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 Answer key/Solution

Directions for question 15: The following question consists of a paragraph followed by four summaries.
Choose the option that best captures the essence of the paragraph. Type in the option number in the space
provided below the question.
  Q.15
Post-structuralist' is a non- or even anti-name ...the name pins the writer down, makes it possible to speak
species, and offers a bootstrap by which talk about the new theory can raise itself above the old. But this
name also begs the question of another, previous name: ...'structuralism' ... Post-structuralism offered
structuralism its last chance to make a science out of theorizing literature. It is as though the post
structuralists represented the culmination and the grand nale of all previous attempts to produce a
scienti c theory of literature; in this case, no 'new structuralism' was possible. Perhaps post-structuralism
more usefully describes what happened next; it hints, among other things, at both the dangerously over-
productive parent and the contentiously illegitimate offspring. But even this seems too closely to con ne,
or even to exclude its subject. In the event we have the equally graphic 'post-structuralism', a term that
seems not to name what we do in the present at all, but rather to re-name structuralism itself, as what we
used to do in the past. It provides a post to which structuralism is then hitched, con ning it by means of
the shortest tether the language has to offer".

1. The concepts ‘structuralism’ and ‘post-structuralism’ take on a relationship in which the outmoded
‘structuralism’ has been redrafted by the improved ‘post-structuralism’.
2. ‘Post-structuralism’ is a body of work that followed structuralism, and sought to comprehend a world
irrevocably dissected into several small parts, just like in deconstruction.
3. The terms ‘structuralist’ and ‘post-structuralist’ are labels imposed for a heterogeneous array of often
con icting or divergent theoretical positions.
4. ‘Post-structuralism’, unlike ‘structuralism’, destabilizes traditional unities of the text and the subject.

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 Answer key/Solution

Directions for questions 16-21: The following passage consists of a set of six questions. Read the
passage and answer the questions that follow.

As I mentioned the other day, I suspect that Jean-Luc Godard’s new lm, “Film Socialisme,” which opens
tomorrow, will rekindle discussion, such as had become common last fall (on the occasion of his honorary
Oscar), regarding his attitude toward Jews: in this lm, he mentions Jews on several occasions and in
ways that are substantial and, to say the least, non-trivial. It’s a discussion that, for the most part, has been
conducted sensationalistically and super cially, which is unfortunate, because Jewish themes have been
important, even central, to Godard’s lms for almost thirty years. In “Film Socialisme,” Godard brings to the
discussion an extreme form of his familiar (and always extraordinary) associative logic, or montage, of
ideas. The allusions and references he brings to bear on the subject are wide-ranging, surprising, and, at
times, shocking—a blend of historical curiosity and free- owing hostility.

Here’s a non-comprehensive sampling of references to Jews in the lm: Among the lm’s international
crew of political agents is an elderly Jewish man who, when asked what became of the gold of the Bank of
Palestine, points to his teeth (a sordid metaphorical reversal of the process by which, in the concentration
camps, the Germans extracted gold from the teeth of Jews they executed). There’s a woman who doubts
her Jewish identity because, she says, “I was told. My parents. So what? Telling never su ces.” There’s a
cinematic musing on Hollywood—“It’s strange that Hollywood was invented by Jews: Adolph Zukor, William
Fox, David Selznick, Samuel Goldwyn, Marcus Loew, Carl Laemmle”—accompanied by an image of
gangsters in a shootout, as if these Hollywood pioneers were not merely perspicacious immigrant
businessmen but indeed gangsters. And there’s the association of the French word “holocauste” (meaning
“burnt offering”) in the Biblical tale of Abraham and Isaac to the modern usage, as if to correlate
Abraham’s sacri ce of Isaac as a founding act of Jewish faith and the deaths of Jews in the Holocaust as a
comparable article of faith for the Jews who survived.

What’s really strange about the connection of “Film Socialisme” to Jews is one that Godard made, and
didn’t make, in a recent interview, in which he told Jean-Marc Lalanne of Les Inrockuptibles that the lm
was inspired by the book “Le Voyage de Shakespeare,” by Léon Daudet, whom Godard referred to as “the
polemicist of the turn of the century.” Godard’s description of Daudet (1867-1942) is correct but vague.
Daudet was an anti-Semitic polemicist: an anti-Dreyfusard, a member of France’s National Anti-Jewish
Federation, a co-founder and editor of the right-wing and anti-Semitic journal Action Française, and,
ultimately, a supporter of the Vichy regime.

It’s remarkable that Godard doesn’t nd it worth mentioning—as if Daudet’s views are merely the
background music of European ideology, a droning and over familiar constant. Godard’s lms and thought,
linked as they are to the great European tradition, are unable to get away from its prejudices regarding
Jews; yet the great paradox of “Film Socialisme” is that, from this tainted heritage, Godard derives his
most humane, internationalist, multicultural lm.

The question is why he nds these prejudices so di cult to escape—why these ugly insinuations have
become his habit. One answer is to be found in his way of working—indeed, in his latter-day way of life.
The lm’s fantasy of conspiracies and hidden motives, of deep contrivances and elusive identities,
suggests a suspicion of the world and a radical contrast between Godard’s hemmed-in, disconnected
private realm and the wider world. Ultimately the political conspiracies of “Film Socialisme” are as
personal, for Godard, as the domestic intimacies: they suggest the imaginings of a man, all too often
alone, at his desk, submerged in the works of investigative journalists and anecdotal historians and
grandiloquent “polemicists,” all the while collating and comparing, remembering and speculating and
imagining; the web of conspiracies he envisions plays the role of Platonic forms, the realities behind the
vain banalities of daily life. His solitude is a creative solitude of political romanticism, lled with noble,
quasi-utopian feelings and with bitterness directed at the world in which they remain unrealized. The
coherence and the contradictions of “Film Socialisme” are equally the image of Godard’s self-exile, of his
lonely idealism.

  Q.16
Which of the following, if true, would explain the reason behind Godard’s habit of ugly insinuations?

1  Godard’s daughter recently married a Jewish man which made Godard revisit his political ideologies.

2 Godard’s chief inspiration behind choosing a career in lm making was to reinforce his political
ideology.

3 After the uproar over his Oscar win, Godard became even more self-exiled.

4 During his early lm making days, Godard suffered many ops which added to his anger against
Hollywood studio bosses.

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 Answer key/Solution
Directions for questions 16-21: The following passage consists of a set of six questions. Read the
passage and answer the questions that follow.

As I mentioned the other day, I suspect that Jean-Luc Godard’s new lm, “Film Socialisme,” which opens
tomorrow, will rekindle discussion, such as had become common last fall (on the occasion of his honorary
Oscar), regarding his attitude toward Jews: in this lm, he mentions Jews on several occasions and in
ways that are substantial and, to say the least, non-trivial. It’s a discussion that, for the most part, has been
conducted sensationalistically and super cially, which is unfortunate, because Jewish themes have been
important, even central, to Godard’s lms for almost thirty years. In “Film Socialisme,” Godard brings to the
discussion an extreme form of his familiar (and always extraordinary) associative logic, or montage, of
ideas. The allusions and references he brings to bear on the subject are wide-ranging, surprising, and, at
times, shocking—a blend of historical curiosity and free- owing hostility.

Here’s a non-comprehensive sampling of references to Jews in the lm: Among the lm’s international
crew of political agents is an elderly Jewish man who, when asked what became of the gold of the Bank of
Palestine, points to his teeth (a sordid metaphorical reversal of the process by which, in the concentration
camps, the Germans extracted gold from the teeth of Jews they executed). There’s a woman who doubts
her Jewish identity because, she says, “I was told. My parents. So what? Telling never su ces.” There’s a
cinematic musing on Hollywood—“It’s strange that Hollywood was invented by Jews: Adolph Zukor, William
Fox, David Selznick, Samuel Goldwyn, Marcus Loew, Carl Laemmle”—accompanied by an image of
gangsters in a shootout, as if these Hollywood pioneers were not merely perspicacious immigrant
businessmen but indeed gangsters. And there’s the association of the French word “holocauste” (meaning
“burnt offering”) in the Biblical tale of Abraham and Isaac to the modern usage, as if to correlate
Abraham’s sacri ce of Isaac as a founding act of Jewish faith and the deaths of Jews in the Holocaust as a
comparable article of faith for the Jews who survived.

What’s really strange about the connection of “Film Socialisme” to Jews is one that Godard made, and
didn’t make, in a recent interview, in which he told Jean-Marc Lalanne of Les Inrockuptibles that the lm
was inspired by the book “Le Voyage de Shakespeare,” by Léon Daudet, whom Godard referred to as “the
polemicist of the turn of the century.” Godard’s description of Daudet (1867-1942) is correct but vague.
Daudet was an anti-Semitic polemicist: an anti-Dreyfusard, a member of France’s National Anti-Jewish
Federation, a co-founder and editor of the right-wing and anti-Semitic journal Action Française, and,
ultimately, a supporter of the Vichy regime.

It’s remarkable that Godard doesn’t nd it worth mentioning—as if Daudet’s views are merely the
background music of European ideology, a droning and over familiar constant. Godard’s lms and thought,
linked as they are to the great European tradition, are unable to get away from its prejudices regarding
Jews; yet the great paradox of “Film Socialisme” is that, from this tainted heritage, Godard derives his
most humane, internationalist, multicultural lm.

The question is why he nds these prejudices so di cult to escape—why these ugly insinuations have
become his habit. One answer is to be found in his way of working—indeed, in his latter-day way of life.
The lm’s fantasy of conspiracies and hidden motives, of deep contrivances and elusive identities,
suggests a suspicion of the world and a radical contrast between Godard’s hemmed-in, disconnected
private realm and the wider world. Ultimately the political conspiracies of “Film Socialisme” are as
personal, for Godard, as the domestic intimacies: they suggest the imaginings of a man, all too often
alone, at his desk, submerged in the works of investigative journalists and anecdotal historians and
grandiloquent “polemicists,” all the while collating and comparing, remembering and speculating and
imagining; the web of conspiracies he envisions plays the role of Platonic forms, the realities behind the
vain banalities of daily life. His solitude is a creative solitude of political romanticism, lled with noble,
quasi-utopian feelings and with bitterness directed at the world in which they remain unrealized. The
coherence and the contradictions of “Film Socialisme” are equally the image of Godard’s self-exile, of his
lonely idealism.

  Q.17
As per the passage, which of the following is true regarding Godard’s art?

1  Godard’s cinematic ideologies are chie y inspired by the in ammatory logic of writers like Daudet.

2 At least one of Godard’s movies is unintentionally paradoxical.

3 Godard’s lms have always resulted in a lively discussion regarding his attitude towards Jews.

4 Godard sometimes uses metaphorical distortions to drive home his artistic point.

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 Answer key/Solution

Directions for questions 16-21: The following passage consists of a set of six questions. Read the
passage and answer the questions that follow.

As I mentioned the other day, I suspect that Jean-Luc Godard’s new lm, “Film Socialisme,” which opens
tomorrow, will rekindle discussion, such as had become common last fall (on the occasion of his honorary
Oscar), regarding his attitude toward Jews: in this lm, he mentions Jews on several occasions and in
ways that are substantial and, to say the least, non-trivial. It’s a discussion that, for the most part, has been
conducted sensationalistically and super cially, which is unfortunate, because Jewish themes have been
important, even central, to Godard’s lms for almost thirty years. In “Film Socialisme,” Godard brings to the
discussion an extreme form of his familiar (and always extraordinary) associative logic, or montage, of
ideas. The allusions and references he brings to bear on the subject are wide-ranging, surprising, and, at
times, shocking—a blend of historical curiosity and free- owing hostility.

Here’s a non-comprehensive sampling of references to Jews in the lm: Among the lm’s international
crew of political agents is an elderly Jewish man who, when asked what became of the gold of the Bank of
Palestine, points to his teeth (a sordid metaphorical reversal of the process by which, in the concentration
camps, the Germans extracted gold from the teeth of Jews they executed). There’s a woman who doubts
her Jewish identity because, she says, “I was told. My parents. So what? Telling never su ces.” There’s a
cinematic musing on Hollywood—“It’s strange that Hollywood was invented by Jews: Adolph Zukor, William
Fox, David Selznick, Samuel Goldwyn, Marcus Loew, Carl Laemmle”—accompanied by an image of
gangsters in a shootout, as if these Hollywood pioneers were not merely perspicacious immigrant
businessmen but indeed gangsters. And there’s the association of the French word “holocauste” (meaning
“burnt offering”) in the Biblical tale of Abraham and Isaac to the modern usage, as if to correlate
Abraham’s sacri ce of Isaac as a founding act of Jewish faith and the deaths of Jews in the Holocaust as a
comparable article of faith for the Jews who survived.

What’s really strange about the connection of “Film Socialisme” to Jews is one that Godard made, and
didn’t make, in a recent interview, in which he told Jean-Marc Lalanne of Les Inrockuptibles that the lm
was inspired by the book “Le Voyage de Shakespeare,” by Léon Daudet, whom Godard referred to as “the
polemicist of the turn of the century.” Godard’s description of Daudet (1867-1942) is correct but vague.
Daudet was an anti-Semitic polemicist: an anti-Dreyfusard, a member of France’s National Anti-Jewish
Federation, a co-founder and editor of the right-wing and anti-Semitic journal Action Française, and,
ultimately, a supporter of the Vichy regime.

It’s remarkable that Godard doesn’t nd it worth mentioning—as if Daudet’s views are merely the
background music of European ideology, a droning and over familiar constant. Godard’s lms and thought,
linked as they are to the great European tradition, are unable to get away from its prejudices regarding
Jews; yet the great paradox of “Film Socialisme” is that, from this tainted heritage, Godard derives his
most humane, internationalist, multicultural lm.

The question is why he nds these prejudices so di cult to escape—why these ugly insinuations have
become his habit. One answer is to be found in his way of working—indeed, in his latter-day way of life.
The lm’s fantasy of conspiracies and hidden motives, of deep contrivances and elusive identities,
suggests a suspicion of the world and a radical contrast between Godard’s hemmed-in, disconnected
private realm and the wider world. Ultimately the political conspiracies of “Film Socialisme” are as
personal, for Godard, as the domestic intimacies: they suggest the imaginings of a man, all too often
alone, at his desk, submerged in the works of investigative journalists and anecdotal historians and
grandiloquent “polemicists,” all the while collating and comparing, remembering and speculating and
imagining; the web of conspiracies he envisions plays the role of Platonic forms, the realities behind the
vain banalities of daily life. His solitude is a creative solitude of political romanticism, lled with noble,
quasi-utopian feelings and with bitterness directed at the world in which they remain unrealized. The
coherence and the contradictions of “Film Socialisme” are equally the image of Godard’s self-exile, of his
lonely idealism.

  Q.18
Which of the following can be inferred about the author’s narrative style from the rst sentence of the
passage?

1  The author is mildly sarcastic about the e cacy of Godard’s latest lm.

2 The author is optimistic about the discussion on Jews surrounding the latest lm by Godard.

3 The author is mildly critical of Godard’s portrayal of Jews in his latest lm.

4 The author is suspicious of the effects of Godard’s latest lm on the discussion on anti-Semitic.

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 Answer key/Solution

Directions for questions 16-21: The following passage consists of a set of six questions. Read the
passage and answer the questions that follow.

As I mentioned the other day, I suspect that Jean-Luc Godard’s new lm, “Film Socialisme,” which opens
tomorrow, will rekindle discussion, such as had become common last fall (on the occasion of his honorary
Oscar), regarding his attitude toward Jews: in this lm, he mentions Jews on several occasions and in
ways that are substantial and, to say the least, non-trivial. It’s a discussion that, for the most part, has been
conducted sensationalistically and super cially, which is unfortunate, because Jewish themes have been
important, even central, to Godard’s lms for almost thirty years. In “Film Socialisme,” Godard brings to the
discussion an extreme form of his familiar (and always extraordinary) associative logic, or montage, of
ideas. The allusions and references he brings to bear on the subject are wide-ranging, surprising, and, at
times, shocking—a blend of historical curiosity and free- owing hostility.

Here’s a non-comprehensive sampling of references to Jews in the lm: Among the lm’s international
crew of political agents is an elderly Jewish man who, when asked what became of the gold of the Bank of
Palestine, points to his teeth (a sordid metaphorical reversal of the process by which, in the concentration
camps, the Germans extracted gold from the teeth of Jews they executed). There’s a woman who doubts
her Jewish identity because, she says, “I was told. My parents. So what? Telling never su ces.” There’s a
cinematic musing on Hollywood—“It’s strange that Hollywood was invented by Jews: Adolph Zukor, William
Fox, David Selznick, Samuel Goldwyn, Marcus Loew, Carl Laemmle”—accompanied by an image of
gangsters in a shootout, as if these Hollywood pioneers were not merely perspicacious immigrant
businessmen but indeed gangsters. And there’s the association of the French word “holocauste” (meaning
“burnt offering”) in the Biblical tale of Abraham and Isaac to the modern usage, as if to correlate
Abraham’s sacri ce of Isaac as a founding act of Jewish faith and the deaths of Jews in the Holocaust as a
comparable article of faith for the Jews who survived.

What’s really strange about the connection of “Film Socialisme” to Jews is one that Godard made, and
didn’t make, in a recent interview, in which he told Jean-Marc Lalanne of Les Inrockuptibles that the lm
was inspired by the book “Le Voyage de Shakespeare,” by Léon Daudet, whom Godard referred to as “the
polemicist of the turn of the century.” Godard’s description of Daudet (1867-1942) is correct but vague.
Daudet was an anti-Semitic polemicist: an anti-Dreyfusard, a member of France’s National Anti-Jewish
Federation, a co-founder and editor of the right-wing and anti-Semitic journal Action Française, and,
ultimately, a supporter of the Vichy regime.

It’s remarkable that Godard doesn’t nd it worth mentioning—as if Daudet’s views are merely the
background music of European ideology, a droning and over familiar constant. Godard’s lms and thought,
linked as they are to the great European tradition, are unable to get away from its prejudices regarding
Jews; yet the great paradox of “Film Socialisme” is that, from this tainted heritage, Godard derives his
most humane, internationalist, multicultural lm.

The question is why he nds these prejudices so di cult to escape—why these ugly insinuations have
become his habit. One answer is to be found in his way of working—indeed, in his latter-day way of life.
The lm’s fantasy of conspiracies and hidden motives, of deep contrivances and elusive identities,
suggests a suspicion of the world and a radical contrast between Godard’s hemmed-in, disconnected
private realm and the wider world. Ultimately the political conspiracies of “Film Socialisme” are as
personal, for Godard, as the domestic intimacies: they suggest the imaginings of a man, all too often
alone, at his desk, submerged in the works of investigative journalists and anecdotal historians and
grandiloquent “polemicists,” all the while collating and comparing, remembering and speculating and
imagining; the web of conspiracies he envisions plays the role of Platonic forms, the realities behind the
vain banalities of daily life. His solitude is a creative solitude of political romanticism, lled with noble,
quasi-utopian feelings and with bitterness directed at the world in which they remain unrealized. The
coherence and the contradictions of “Film Socialisme” are equally the image of Godard’s self-exile, of his
lonely idealism.

  Q.19
Which of the following is a suitable title for the given passage?

1  An analysis of Godard’s exiled genius

2 Godard’s artistic vision – An analysis

3 An analysis of Godard’s artistic techniques

4 Godard – A study in contrast

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 Answer key/Solution

Directions for questions 16-21: The following passage consists of a set of six questions. Read the
passage and answer the questions that follow.

As I mentioned the other day, I suspect that Jean-Luc Godard’s new lm, “Film Socialisme,” which opens
tomorrow, will rekindle discussion, such as had become common last fall (on the occasion of his honorary
Oscar), regarding his attitude toward Jews: in this lm, he mentions Jews on several occasions and in
ways that are substantial and, to say the least, non-trivial. It’s a discussion that, for the most part, has been
conducted sensationalistically and super cially, which is unfortunate, because Jewish themes have been
important, even central, to Godard’s lms for almost thirty years. In “Film Socialisme,” Godard brings to the
discussion an extreme form of his familiar (and always extraordinary) associative logic, or montage, of
ideas. The allusions and references he brings to bear on the subject are wide-ranging, surprising, and, at
times, shocking—a blend of historical curiosity and free- owing hostility.

Here’s a non-comprehensive sampling of references to Jews in the lm: Among the lm’s international
crew of political agents is an elderly Jewish man who, when asked what became of the gold of the Bank of
Palestine, points to his teeth (a sordid metaphorical reversal of the process by which, in the concentration
camps, the Germans extracted gold from the teeth of Jews they executed). There’s a woman who doubts
her Jewish identity because, she says, “I was told. My parents. So what? Telling never su ces.” There’s a
cinematic musing on Hollywood—“It’s strange that Hollywood was invented by Jews: Adolph Zukor, William
Fox, David Selznick, Samuel Goldwyn, Marcus Loew, Carl Laemmle”—accompanied by an image of
gangsters in a shootout, as if these Hollywood pioneers were not merely perspicacious immigrant
businessmen but indeed gangsters. And there’s the association of the French word “holocauste” (meaning
“burnt offering”) in the Biblical tale of Abraham and Isaac to the modern usage, as if to correlate
Abraham’s sacri ce of Isaac as a founding act of Jewish faith and the deaths of Jews in the Holocaust as a
comparable article of faith for the Jews who survived.

What’s really strange about the connection of “Film Socialisme” to Jews is one that Godard made, and
didn’t make, in a recent interview, in which he told Jean-Marc Lalanne of Les Inrockuptibles that the lm
was inspired by the book “Le Voyage de Shakespeare,” by Léon Daudet, whom Godard referred to as “the
polemicist of the turn of the century.” Godard’s description of Daudet (1867-1942) is correct but vague.
Daudet was an anti-Semitic polemicist: an anti-Dreyfusard, a member of France’s National Anti-Jewish
Federation, a co-founder and editor of the right-wing and anti-Semitic journal Action Française, and,
ultimately, a supporter of the Vichy regime.

It’s remarkable that Godard doesn’t nd it worth mentioning—as if Daudet’s views are merely the
background music of European ideology, a droning and over familiar constant. Godard’s lms and thought,
linked as they are to the great European tradition, are unable to get away from its prejudices regarding
Jews; yet the great paradox of “Film Socialisme” is that, from this tainted heritage, Godard derives his
most humane, internationalist, multicultural lm.
The question is why he nds these prejudices so di cult to escape—why these ugly insinuations have
become his habit. One answer is to be found in his way of working—indeed, in his latter-day way of life.
The lm’s fantasy of conspiracies and hidden motives, of deep contrivances and elusive identities,
suggests a suspicion of the world and a radical contrast between Godard’s hemmed-in, disconnected
private realm and the wider world. Ultimately the political conspiracies of “Film Socialisme” are as
personal, for Godard, as the domestic intimacies: they suggest the imaginings of a man, all too often
alone, at his desk, submerged in the works of investigative journalists and anecdotal historians and
grandiloquent “polemicists,” all the while collating and comparing, remembering and speculating and
imagining; the web of conspiracies he envisions plays the role of Platonic forms, the realities behind the
vain banalities of daily life. His solitude is a creative solitude of political romanticism, lled with noble,
quasi-utopian feelings and with bitterness directed at the world in which they remain unrealized. The
coherence and the contradictions of “Film Socialisme” are equally the image of Godard’s self-exile, of his
lonely idealism.

  Q.20
According to the passage, which of the following can’t be true regarding “Film Socialisme”?

1  The lm contains certain ironic references to historical images.

2 The lm contains some reference to a Biblical metaphor.

3 The lm is a continuation of Godard’s narration of Jews in his art.

4 The lm caters to a homogeneous audience.

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 Answer key/Solution

Directions for questions 16-21: The following passage consists of a set of six questions. Read the
passage and answer the questions that follow.

As I mentioned the other day, I suspect that Jean-Luc Godard’s new lm, “Film Socialisme,” which opens
tomorrow, will rekindle discussion, such as had become common last fall (on the occasion of his honorary
Oscar), regarding his attitude toward Jews: in this lm, he mentions Jews on several occasions and in
ways that are substantial and, to say the least, non-trivial. It’s a discussion that, for the most part, has been
conducted sensationalistically and super cially, which is unfortunate, because Jewish themes have been
important, even central, to Godard’s lms for almost thirty years. In “Film Socialisme,” Godard brings to the
discussion an extreme form of his familiar (and always extraordinary) associative logic, or montage, of
ideas. The allusions and references he brings to bear on the subject are wide-ranging, surprising, and, at
times, shocking—a blend of historical curiosity and free- owing hostility.

Here’s a non-comprehensive sampling of references to Jews in the lm: Among the lm’s international
crew of political agents is an elderly Jewish man who, when asked what became of the gold of the Bank of
Palestine, points to his teeth (a sordid metaphorical reversal of the process by which, in the concentration
camps, the Germans extracted gold from the teeth of Jews they executed). There’s a woman who doubts
her Jewish identity because, she says, “I was told. My parents. So what? Telling never su ces.” There’s a
cinematic musing on Hollywood—“It’s strange that Hollywood was invented by Jews: Adolph Zukor, William
Fox, David Selznick, Samuel Goldwyn, Marcus Loew, Carl Laemmle”—accompanied by an image of
gangsters in a shootout, as if these Hollywood pioneers were not merely perspicacious immigrant
businessmen but indeed gangsters. And there’s the association of the French word “holocauste” (meaning
“burnt offering”) in the Biblical tale of Abraham and Isaac to the modern usage, as if to correlate
Abraham’s sacri ce of Isaac as a founding act of Jewish faith and the deaths of Jews in the Holocaust as a
comparable article of faith for the Jews who survived.

What’s really strange about the connection of “Film Socialisme” to Jews is one that Godard made, and
didn’t make, in a recent interview, in which he told Jean-Marc Lalanne of Les Inrockuptibles that the lm
was inspired by the book “Le Voyage de Shakespeare,” by Léon Daudet, whom Godard referred to as “the
polemicist of the turn of the century.” Godard’s description of Daudet (1867-1942) is correct but vague.
Daudet was an anti-Semitic polemicist: an anti-Dreyfusard, a member of France’s National Anti-Jewish
Federation, a co-founder and editor of the right-wing and anti-Semitic journal Action Française, and,
ultimately, a supporter of the Vichy regime.

It’s remarkable that Godard doesn’t nd it worth mentioning—as if Daudet’s views are merely the
background music of European ideology, a droning and over familiar constant. Godard’s lms and thought,
linked as they are to the great European tradition, are unable to get away from its prejudices regarding
Jews; yet the great paradox of “Film Socialisme” is that, from this tainted heritage, Godard derives his
most humane, internationalist, multicultural lm.

The question is why he nds these prejudices so di cult to escape—why these ugly insinuations have
become his habit. One answer is to be found in his way of working—indeed, in his latter-day way of life.
The lm’s fantasy of conspiracies and hidden motives, of deep contrivances and elusive identities,
suggests a suspicion of the world and a radical contrast between Godard’s hemmed-in, disconnected
private realm and the wider world. Ultimately the political conspiracies of “Film Socialisme” are as
personal, for Godard, as the domestic intimacies: they suggest the imaginings of a man, all too often
alone, at his desk, submerged in the works of investigative journalists and anecdotal historians and
grandiloquent “polemicists,” all the while collating and comparing, remembering and speculating and
imagining; the web of conspiracies he envisions plays the role of Platonic forms, the realities behind the
vain banalities of daily life. His solitude is a creative solitude of political romanticism, lled with noble,
quasi-utopian feelings and with bitterness directed at the world in which they remain unrealized. The
coherence and the contradictions of “Film Socialisme” are equally the image of Godard’s self-exile, of his
lonely idealism.

  Q.21
Which of the following is not true according to the passage?

1  The theme of “Film Socialisme” highlights the in uence of the creator over his creation.

2 Godard has made more than one movies which portray Jews in a poor light.

3 Godard discusses a myriad, wide-ranging, and sometimes shocking cinematography in “Film

Socialisme”.

4 Godard is hostile towards Semitism in “Film Socialisme”.

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 Answer key/Solution

Directions for questions 22-24: The following passage consists of a set of three questions. Read the
passage and answer the questions that follow.

And here is another fact to which attention should be drawn. You would hardly appreciate the comic if you
felt yourself isolated from others. Laughter appears to stand in need of an echo, listen to it carefully: it is
not an articulate, clear, well-de ned sound; it is something which would fain be prolonged by reverberating
from one to another, something beginning with a crash, to continue in successive rumblings, like thunder
in a mountain. Still, this reverberation cannot go on forever. It can travel within as wide a circle as you
please: the circle remains, none the less, a closed one. Our laughter is always the laughter of a group. It
may, perchance, have happened to you, when seated in a railway carriage, to hear travellers relating to one
another stories which must have been comic to them, for they laughed heartily. Had you been one of their
company, you would have laughed like them; but, as you were not, you had no desire whatever to do so. A
man who was once asked why he did not weep at a sermon, when everybody else was shedding tears,
replied: "I don't belong to the parish!" What that man thought of tears would be still truer of laughter.
However spontaneous it seems, laughter always implies a kind of secret freemasonry, or even complicity,
with other laughers, real or imaginary.

How often has it been said that the fuller the theatre, the more uncontrolled the laughter of the audience!
On the other hand, how often has the remark been made that many comic effects are incapable of
translation from one language to another, because they refer to the customs and ideas of a particular
social group! It is through not understanding the importance of this double fact that the comic has been
looked upon as a mere curiosity in which the mind nds amusement, and laughter itself as a strange,
isolated phenomenon, without any bearing on the rest of human activity. Hence those de nitions which
tend to make the comic into an abstract relation between ideas: "an intellectual contrast," "a palpable
absurdity," etc.,—de nitions which, even were they really suitable to every form of the comic, would not in
the least explain why the comic makes us laugh. How, indeed, should it come about that this particular
logical relation, as soon as it is perceived, contracts, expands and shakes our limbs, whilst all other
relations leave the body unaffected? It is not from this point of view that we shall approach the problem. To
understand laughter, we must put it back into its natural environment, which is society, and above all must
we determine the utility of its function, which is a social one. Such, let us say at once, will be the leading
idea of all our investigations. Laughter must answer to certain requirements of life in common. It must
have a social signi cance.

  Q.22
What do you understand by the phrase- “laughter always implies a kind of secret freemasonry”?

1  Laughter comes on its own, without one having to bear any cost.

2 Origin of laughter is a secret, unknown to any.

3 Laughter is accidental and unintentional.

4 Laughter develops a premeditated fellow feeling with modes that are identical.

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 Answer key/Solution

Directions for questions 22-24: The following passage consists of a set of three questions. Read the
passage and answer the questions that follow.

And here is another fact to which attention should be drawn. You would hardly appreciate the comic if you
felt yourself isolated from others. Laughter appears to stand in need of an echo, listen to it carefully: it is
not an articulate, clear, well-de ned sound; it is something which would fain be prolonged by reverberating
from one to another, something beginning with a crash, to continue in successive rumblings, like thunder
in a mountain. Still, this reverberation cannot go on forever. It can travel within as wide a circle as you
please: the circle remains, none the less, a closed one. Our laughter is always the laughter of a group. It
may, perchance, have happened to you, when seated in a railway carriage, to hear travellers relating to one
another stories which must have been comic to them, for they laughed heartily. Had you been one of their
company, you would have laughed like them; but, as you were not, you had no desire whatever to do so. A
man who was once asked why he did not weep at a sermon, when everybody else was shedding tears,
replied: "I don't belong to the parish!" What that man thought of tears would be still truer of laughter.
However spontaneous it seems, laughter always implies a kind of secret freemasonry, or even complicity,
with other laughers, real or imaginary.

How often has it been said that the fuller the theatre, the more uncontrolled the laughter of the audience!
On the other hand, how often has the remark been made that many comic effects are incapable of
translation from one language to another, because they refer to the customs and ideas of a particular
social group! It is through not understanding the importance of this double fact that the comic has been
looked upon as a mere curiosity in which the mind nds amusement, and laughter itself as a strange,
isolated phenomenon, without any bearing on the rest of human activity. Hence those de nitions which
tend to make the comic into an abstract relation between ideas: "an intellectual contrast," "a palpable
absurdity," etc.,—de nitions which, even were they really suitable to every form of the comic, would not in
the least explain why the comic makes us laugh. How, indeed, should it come about that this particular
logical relation, as soon as it is perceived, contracts, expands and shakes our limbs, whilst all other
relations leave the body unaffected? It is not from this point of view that we shall approach the problem. To
understand laughter, we must put it back into its natural environment, which is society, and above all must
we determine the utility of its function, which is a social one. Such, let us say at once, will be the leading
idea of all our investigations. Laughter must answer to certain requirements of life in common. It must
have a social signi cance.

  Q.23
How can one comprehend laughter?

1  By looking at the different de nitions given to this term

2 By trying to fathom that it has a purpose for humankind

3 By understanding the different examples provided in the text

4 By accepting the inherent futility of such a venture

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 Answer key/Solution

Directions for questions 22-24: The following passage consists of a set of three questions. Read the
passage and answer the questions that follow.

And here is another fact to which attention should be drawn. You would hardly appreciate the comic if you
felt yourself isolated from others. Laughter appears to stand in need of an echo, listen to it carefully: it is
not an articulate, clear, well-de ned sound; it is something which would fain be prolonged by reverberating
from one to another, something beginning with a crash, to continue in successive rumblings, like thunder
in a mountain. Still, this reverberation cannot go on forever. It can travel within as wide a circle as you
please: the circle remains, none the less, a closed one. Our laughter is always the laughter of a group. It
may, perchance, have happened to you, when seated in a railway carriage, to hear travellers relating to one
another stories which must have been comic to them, for they laughed heartily. Had you been one of their
company, you would have laughed like them; but, as you were not, you had no desire whatever to do so. A
man who was once asked why he did not weep at a sermon, when everybody else was shedding tears,
replied: "I don't belong to the parish!" What that man thought of tears would be still truer of laughter.
However spontaneous it seems, laughter always implies a kind of secret freemasonry, or even complicity,
with other laughers, real or imaginary.

How often has it been said that the fuller the theatre, the more uncontrolled the laughter of the audience!
On the other hand, how often has the remark been made that many comic effects are incapable of
translation from one language to another, because they refer to the customs and ideas of a particular
social group! It is through not understanding the importance of this double fact that the comic has been
looked upon as a mere curiosity in which the mind nds amusement, and laughter itself as a strange,
isolated phenomenon, without any bearing on the rest of human activity. Hence those de nitions which
tend to make the comic into an abstract relation between ideas: "an intellectual contrast," "a palpable
absurdity," etc.,—de nitions which, even were they really suitable to every form of the comic, would not in
the least explain why the comic makes us laugh. How, indeed, should it come about that this particular
logical relation, as soon as it is perceived, contracts, expands and shakes our limbs, whilst all other
relations leave the body unaffected? It is not from this point of view that we shall approach the problem. To
understand laughter, we must put it back into its natural environment, which is society, and above all must
we determine the utility of its function, which is a social one. Such, let us say at once, will be the leading
idea of all our investigations. Laughter must answer to certain requirements of life in common. It must
have a social signi cance.

  Q.24
Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?

1  Laughter does not exist outside the pale of what is strictly human.
2 Laughter is not inherently impulsive.

3 One may nd something as beautiful or something as ugly, but it will never be laughable.

4 Indifference is laughter’s natural environment, for laughter has no greater foe than emotion.

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 Answer key/Solution

Directions for questions 25 and 26: Each of the following questions consists of a set of ve sentences.
These sentences need to be arranged in a coherent manner to create a meaningful paragraph. Type in the
correct order of the sentences in the space provided below the question.

  Q.25

1. While the market is forecast to quadruple within six years to more than $26 billion, according to a 2017
study by consultant Wohlers Associates, it's still mostly con ned to small projects and customized
businesses rather than mass manufacturing
2. Already, the company is working on using additive manufacturing to reduce vehicle weight.
3. The executive's pitch highlights the hurdles faced by proponents of industrial 3-D printing.
4. "There's still a lot of work to do to make sure we can make additive manufacturing work," said Alexander
Susanek, head of BMW's Plant
5. They say deep-seated reluctance to try the production method is holding back wider acceptance of the
technology on factory oors.

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 Answer key/Solution

Directions for questions 25 and 26: Each of the following questions consists of a set of ve sentences.
These sentences need to be arranged in a coherent manner to create a meaningful paragraph. Type in the
correct order of the sentences in the space provided below the question.
  Q.26

1. They are, thus, immersed in widespread inequitable gender norms and attitudes, with almost half of
adolescents agreeing that wife-beating is justi ed in some situations.
2. Moreover, many adolescents are unaware and unprepared to protect themselves from sexually
transmitted infections and unwanted pregnancies.
3. Many adolescents are poorly informed about the changes taking place in their bodies and minds at
puberty, and unprepared to deal with them.
4. We know that this is not happening; studies from around the world show that children are not getting the
information and education they need.
5. Or they lack the skills to refuse unwanted advances from peers or adults who use coercive physical or
emotional pressure.

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 Answer key/Solution
Directions for questions 27-29: The following passage consists of a set of three questions. Read the
passage and answer the questions that follow.

Whether anyone likes it or not, classrooms in India are set to become more diverse.The always heated
debate over a rmative action in India has entered a new chapter with the recent Supreme Court decision
to uphold the controversial Right to Education Act. This requires private, non-minority schools that don’t
receive government support to reserve 25% of their seats for underprivileged kids. Conceivably, the son or
daughter of an investment banker might be sat at a school desk next to the son or daughter of their
domestic help.

This new frontier of a rmative action in India will help underprivileged kids if they are quickly integrated
and socialized into the mainstream culture of the classroom. It crucially depends on whether they see
themselves as “insiders” rather than “outsiders,” a point forcefully made by economists George Akerlof
and Rachel Kranton in their award winning book “Identity Economics.” Research from the U.S. strongly
suggests that kids’ educational performance is closely correlated to how they perceive themselves in
relation to the educational aspirations of those around them.

An important piece of experimental research by economists Karla Hoff and Priyankav Pandey using Indian
data found that kids from historically disadvantaged castes performed just as well as upper caste kids in
aptitude tests such as solving puzzles and mazes. Vitally, this equal performance happened only when
caste identity was not revealed to their peers in the experiment. In a mixed group, when the researchers
revealed everyone’s caste identity, the disadvantaged kids performed fully 20% worse than their peers.

An underprivileged child’s background might plausibly be kept hidden in a laboratory experiment, but it’s
almost impossible to believe this could be replicated in the real world. Underprivileged kids will almost
certainly be dressed differently, have less fancy accoutrements, and will probably lack the self-con dence
that accompanies wealth and privilege in India, as in most other places. This is likely to reinforce what
psychologists call the “stereotype threat,” whereby being reminded of belonging to an underprivileged
group creates cognitive challenges and worsens performance. In fact, this is exactly the mechanism that
was at work in the Hoff-Pandey study.

While the Right to Education Act is too recent to have spawned any scienti c research, there is new
evidence on how a rmative action can help undo stereotypes in another important arena, namely gender.

In 1993, a law in India created reservation for women in leadership positions in village councils. A study by
few economists in the prestigious journal Science looked at the effects of this law. In many states, at every
election one third of village councils were picked randomly to have their top spot reserved for a woman.
The researchers sent out survey teams to almost 500 villages in 2006 and 2007, covering those that had
the top spot in the local council reserved for women as well as those without reservation. Compared to
villages that had never had reservation, the gender gap in aspirations — as measured by household
surveys — narrowed by 25% for parents and 32% for adolescents in those villages with reservation for two
successive election cycles. The gain was so great that it wiped out the gender gap in aspiration among
adolescents: young women now had the same aspirations as young men in terms of future education and
job market plans.

  Q.27
What can be inferred from the research done by economists Karla Hoff and Priyanka Pandey?

1   The performance of disadvantaged children depends on whether they’re able to manage the
psychological challenges of interacting at close quarters in an unfamiliar and potentially hostile
environment.
2 The reactions of peers strongly severely affects the performance of disadvantaged children as the
latter are always trying to acclimatize themselves within the group.

3 While the Right to Education Act is too recent to have spawned any scienti c research, there is new
evidence on how a rmative action can help undo stereotypes in another important arena, namely gender.

4 Negative images about disadvantaged children that main-stream most private schools are inevitably
practiced by upper caste kids through their attitudes and hence misconceptions color everyone's personal
socialization experience.

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 Answer key/Solution
Directions for questions 27-29: The following passage consists of a set of three questions. Read the
passage and answer the questions that follow.

Whether anyone likes it or not, classrooms in India are set to become more diverse.The always heated
debate over a rmative action in India has entered a new chapter with the recent Supreme Court decision
to uphold the controversial Right to Education Act. This requires private, non-minority schools that don’t
receive government support to reserve 25% of their seats for underprivileged kids. Conceivably, the son or
daughter of an investment banker might be sat at a school desk next to the son or daughter of their
domestic help.

This new frontier of a rmative action in India will help underprivileged kids if they are quickly integrated
and socialized into the mainstream culture of the classroom. It crucially depends on whether they see
themselves as “insiders” rather than “outsiders,” a point forcefully made by economists George Akerlof
and Rachel Kranton in their award winning book “Identity Economics.” Research from the U.S. strongly
suggests that kids’ educational performance is closely correlated to how they perceive themselves in
relation to the educational aspirations of those around them.

An important piece of experimental research by economists Karla Hoff and Priyankav Pandey using Indian
data found that kids from historically disadvantaged castes performed just as well as upper caste kids in
aptitude tests such as solving puzzles and mazes. Vitally, this equal performance happened only when
caste identity was not revealed to their peers in the experiment. In a mixed group, when the researchers
revealed everyone’s caste identity, the disadvantaged kids performed fully 20% worse than their peers.

An underprivileged child’s background might plausibly be kept hidden in a laboratory experiment, but it’s
almost impossible to believe this could be replicated in the real world. Underprivileged kids will almost
certainly be dressed differently, have less fancy accoutrements, and will probably lack the self-con dence
that accompanies wealth and privilege in India, as in most other places. This is likely to reinforce what
psychologists call the “stereotype threat,” whereby being reminded of belonging to an underprivileged
group creates cognitive challenges and worsens performance. In fact, this is exactly the mechanism that
was at work in the Hoff-Pandey study.

While the Right to Education Act is too recent to have spawned any scienti c research, there is new
evidence on how a rmative action can help undo stereotypes in another important arena, namely gender.

In 1993, a law in India created reservation for women in leadership positions in village councils. A study by
few economists in the prestigious journal Science looked at the effects of this law. In many states, at every
election one third of village councils were picked randomly to have their top spot reserved for a woman.
The researchers sent out survey teams to almost 500 villages in 2006 and 2007, covering those that had
the top spot in the local council reserved for women as well as those without reservation. Compared to
villages that had never had reservation, the gender gap in aspirations — as measured by household
surveys — narrowed by 25% for parents and 32% for adolescents in those villages with reservation for two
successive election cycles. The gain was so great that it wiped out the gender gap in aspiration among
adolescents: young women now had the same aspirations as young men in terms of future education and
job market plans.

  Q.28
Following the 1993 law made in India for the reservation of women, why do you think were surveys
conducted in the year 2006 and 2007?

1   To show the positive impact on women themselves being able to turn to others in positions of power
at the local level
2 To gure out if the presence of women leaders in the community shaped the aspirations of people in
villages

3 To show that village councils led by women are more responsive to women’s needs

4 To overturn centuries of ingrained gender stereotypes that had held women back and denied them
leadership positions in the community

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 Answer key/Solution
Directions for questions 27-29: The following passage consists of a set of three questions. Read the
passage and answer the questions that follow.

Whether anyone likes it or not, classrooms in India are set to become more diverse.The always heated
debate over a rmative action in India has entered a new chapter with the recent Supreme Court decision
to uphold the controversial Right to Education Act. This requires private, non-minority schools that don’t
receive government support to reserve 25% of their seats for underprivileged kids. Conceivably, the son or
daughter of an investment banker might be sat at a school desk next to the son or daughter of their
domestic help.

This new frontier of a rmative action in India will help underprivileged kids if they are quickly integrated
and socialized into the mainstream culture of the classroom. It crucially depends on whether they see
themselves as “insiders” rather than “outsiders,” a point forcefully made by economists George Akerlof
and Rachel Kranton in their award winning book “Identity Economics.” Research from the U.S. strongly
suggests that kids’ educational performance is closely correlated to how they perceive themselves in
relation to the educational aspirations of those around them.

An important piece of experimental research by economists Karla Hoff and Priyankav Pandey using Indian
data found that kids from historically disadvantaged castes performed just as well as upper caste kids in
aptitude tests such as solving puzzles and mazes. Vitally, this equal performance happened only when
caste identity was not revealed to their peers in the experiment. In a mixed group, when the researchers
revealed everyone’s caste identity, the disadvantaged kids performed fully 20% worse than their peers.

An underprivileged child’s background might plausibly be kept hidden in a laboratory experiment, but it’s
almost impossible to believe this could be replicated in the real world. Underprivileged kids will almost
certainly be dressed differently, have less fancy accoutrements, and will probably lack the self-con dence
that accompanies wealth and privilege in India, as in most other places. This is likely to reinforce what
psychologists call the “stereotype threat,” whereby being reminded of belonging to an underprivileged
group creates cognitive challenges and worsens performance. In fact, this is exactly the mechanism that
was at work in the Hoff-Pandey study.

While the Right to Education Act is too recent to have spawned any scienti c research, there is new
evidence on how a rmative action can help undo stereotypes in another important arena, namely gender.

In 1993, a law in India created reservation for women in leadership positions in village councils. A study by
few economists in the prestigious journal Science looked at the effects of this law. In many states, at every
election one third of village councils were picked randomly to have their top spot reserved for a woman.
The researchers sent out survey teams to almost 500 villages in 2006 and 2007, covering those that had
the top spot in the local council reserved for women as well as those without reservation. Compared to
villages that had never had reservation, the gender gap in aspirations — as measured by household
surveys — narrowed by 25% for parents and 32% for adolescents in those villages with reservation for two
successive election cycles. The gain was so great that it wiped out the gender gap in aspiration among
adolescents: young women now had the same aspirations as young men in terms of future education and
job market plans.

  Q.29
What do you understand by the term “stereotype threat” used in the passage?

1   It is a situation that potentially contributes to long-standing gender and racial gaps in academic
performance.
2 It is a situation that refurbishes the performance of individuals who belong to negatively stereotyped
groups.

3 It is a situational predicament in which people feel themselves to be at risk of conforming to an idea

that is held as a standard about their social group and hence affects their quality of work.

4 It is a situational predicament that arises from a particular situation, rather than from a person’s
personality traits or characteristics.

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 Answer key/Solution

Directions for questions 30 and 31: The following questions consist of a paragraph each followed by four
summaries. Choose the option that best captures the essence of the paragraph. Type in the option number
in the space provided below the question.

  Q.30
Plato and Aristotle get a bad rap these days for their rejection of democracy. But the substance of their
objections were spot-on, and not just because they saw that majority opinion is not the same as wisdom.
For Aristotle, democracy’s fatal problem is that it divides society by pitting the majority – however slender
– against the minority. We’re seeing this playing out in America, where the divide between Republican and
Democrat has never been wider, but in elections the winner takes all. We’re also seeing this in Britain,
where cosmopolitan liberal cities and conservative communitarian towns and villages view each other with
incomprehension.

1. The modern day political reality of America and Britain prove Aristotle and Plato’s objection to
democracy correct.
2. The widening divisiveness of the politics in America and Britain reinforce the validity of Aristotle’s
criticism of democracy.
3. Plato and Aristotle were right in rejecting the synonymous treatment of majority opinion with wisdom.
4. People are wrong in criticizing Plato and Aristotle as the two were spot on in their rejection of the
inherent divisiveness of democracy.

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 Answer key/Solution

Directions for questions 30 and 31: The following questions consist of a paragraph each followed by four
summaries. Choose the option that best captures the essence of the paragraph. Type in the option number
in the space provided below the question.
  Q.31
A key ‘negative principle’ of twentieth-century conservatism has been opposition to socialism with its
progressive and rationalist approach, and to the totalitarian excesses of communism. The threats posed
by radical creeds reinforce the conservative conviction that traditional social institutions like private
property and the family must be upheld. Conservatives do no harbour any utopian expectation that human
beings can become perfect, and so their hope for a well-ordered society is based on the control of the
darker side of human nature and damage limitation through strong legal controls and a non-permissive
moral culture.

1. Conservatives are inherently sceptical of the ability of humans to be perfect.

2. Conservatives believe in social institutions and, hence, they try to protect these by not harbouring any
utopian expectation of human perfection.
3. Conservatives, in the 20th century, try to protect their belief from radical threats by legal controls and a
strict moral code.
4. Conservatives oppose the inherent violence of socialism and take the help of legal controls and a strict
moral code to protect their interest.

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 Answer key/Solution

Directions for questions 32-34: In each of the following questions, ve sentences are given. Of these, four
sentences can be logically sequenced to make a coherent paragraph. One of the sentences does not
belong to the paragraph. Type in the sentence number that doesn’t t into the paragraph.

  Q.32

1. Omnipotence and foreknowledge of God utterly destroy the doctrine of 'free will'.
2. It naturally follows by irrefutable logic that we were not made by ourselves, nor live by ourselves, nor do
anything by ourselves, by his omnipotence.
3. It is this that has been such a stumbling block to so many great men down through the ages.
4. It gives the greatest possible offense to common sense or natural reason, that God, Who is proclaimed
as being full of mercy and goodness, should of His own will- abandon, harden and damn men.
5. It seems an iniquitous, cruel, and intolerable thought to think of God.

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 Answer key/Solution

Directions for questions 32-34: In each of the following questions, ve sentences are given. Of these, four
sentences can be logically sequenced to make a coherent paragraph. One of the sentences does not
belong to the paragraph. Type in the sentence number that doesn’t t into the paragraph.
  Q.33

1. The 23-times grand slam winner writes that black women have to work eight months longer to earn the
same as their male counterparts do in one year.
2. Black women, moreover, earn 17% less than their white female counterparts.
3. In the essay published by Fortune, Serena Williams says that for every dollar earned by men in the
United States, black women earn just 63 cents.
4. Williams is lucky to pick up a tennis racquet and breakthrough, else she would have been like the other
24 million women facing wage disparities in the US.
5. Serena Williams has issued a stirring call for black women to demand equal pay using a personal essay
to highlight the nancial disparity they suffer.

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 Answer key/Solution

Directions for questions 32-34: In each of the following questions, ve sentences are given. Of these, four
sentences can be logically sequenced to make a coherent paragraph. One of the sentences does not
belong to the paragraph. Type in the sentence number that doesn’t t into the paragraph.

  Q.34

1. He said, ‘language is a system of signs’ that has a form, known as the signi er, and an associated idea
or concept, known as the signi ed.
2. In 20th century, Swiss linguist Ferdinand de Saussure pioneered work in semiotics.
3. Saussure and other constructionists saw the relationship between signs and meaning as arbitrary.
4. Together the signi er and the signi ed produce meaning.
5. He and his counterparts acknowledge the importance of individual social context.

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 Answer key/Solution

Sec 2
Directions for questions 35 to 38: Answer the questions on the basis of the information given below.

A leading e-commerce company had a huge order rush during the Diwali week and was struggling to
deliver the orders that it had received. For all the orders that were not delivered as per the customer’s
requested category, the customer was given a credit voucher of Rs. 50 for each day delay. For example, if a
customer had requested same day delivery but the product is being delivered to him after 2 days, he will
get a credit voucher worth Rs. 100. Ordinary delivery represents delivery in 3 days but in case of delay,
credit voucher is not given to the customer.

The table given below represents the number of orders received on each day from October 2, 2017, which
was Monday, to October 8, 2017, which was Sunday, and the number of orders delivered from October 2,
2017 to October 11, 2017.

If there are two orders, one is delayed by x days and the other by more than x days, the company would
always deliver the order which is delayed by more than x days before the order that is delayed by x days.
The company also tried to ensure that order should be delivers as per the schedule.

  Q.35
What was the number of orders that were delivered late over all the categories?

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 Answer key/Solution
Directions for questions 35 to 38: Answer the questions on the basis of the information given below.

A leading e-commerce company had a huge order rush during the Diwali week and was struggling to
deliver the orders that it had received. For all the orders that were not delivered as per the customer’s
requested category, the customer was given a credit voucher of Rs. 50 for each day delay. For example, if a
customer had requested same day delivery but the product is being delivered to him after 2 days, he will
get a credit voucher worth Rs. 100. Ordinary delivery represents delivery in 3 days but in case of delay,
credit voucher is not given to the customer.

The table given below represents the number of orders received on each day from October 2, 2017, which
was Monday, to October 8, 2017, which was Sunday, and the number of orders delivered from October 2,
2017 to October 11, 2017.

If there are two orders, one is delayed by x days and the other by more than x days, the company would
always deliver the order which is delayed by more than x days before the order that is delayed by x days.
The company also tried to ensure that order should be delivers as per the schedule.

  Q.36
What was the amount of credit vouchers issued by the company?

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 Answer key/Solution
Directions for questions 35 to 38: Answer the questions on the basis of the information given below.

A leading e-commerce company had a huge order rush during the Diwali week and was struggling to
deliver the orders that it had received. For all the orders that were not delivered as per the customer’s
requested category, the customer was given a credit voucher of Rs. 50 for each day delay. For example, if a
customer had requested same day delivery but the product is being delivered to him after 2 days, he will
get a credit voucher worth Rs. 100. Ordinary delivery represents delivery in 3 days but in case of delay,
credit voucher is not given to the customer.

The table given below represents the number of orders received on each day from October 2, 2017, which
was Monday, to October 8, 2017, which was Sunday, and the number of orders delivered from October 2,
2017 to October 11, 2017.

If there are two orders, one is delayed by x days and the other by more than x days, the company would
always deliver the order which is delayed by more than x days before the order that is delayed by x days.
The company also tried to ensure that order should be delivers as per the schedule.

  Q.37
How many orders were delivered late in the category of 2 day delivery order?

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 Answer key/Solution
Directions for questions 35 to 38: Answer the questions on the basis of the information given below.

A leading e-commerce company had a huge order rush during the Diwali week and was struggling to
deliver the orders that it had received. For all the orders that were not delivered as per the customer’s
requested category, the customer was given a credit voucher of Rs. 50 for each day delay. For example, if a
customer had requested same day delivery but the product is being delivered to him after 2 days, he will
get a credit voucher worth Rs. 100. Ordinary delivery represents delivery in 3 days but in case of delay,
credit voucher is not given to the customer.

The table given below represents the number of orders received on each day from October 2, 2017, which
was Monday, to October 8, 2017, which was Sunday, and the number of orders delivered from October 2,
2017 to October 11, 2017.

If there are two orders, one is delayed by x days and the other by more than x days, the company would
always deliver the order which is delayed by more than x days before the order that is delayed by x days.
The company also tried to ensure that order should be delivers as per the schedule.

  Q.38
If the number of next day delivery orders got delayed by two or more days is x, what is the value of (x-10) ?

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 Answer key/Solution
Directions for questions 39 to 42: Answer the questions on the basis of the information given below.

A public poll was conducted to nd the most popular sportsman in the year 2016. The public poll was
conducted in ve rounds namely Round I, Round II, Round III ,Round IV and Round V in that particular
order. The same group of 200 people voted in each of the ve rounds. The nominees for the most popular
sportsman award were P, Q, R, S, T and U. The following table provides information about the number of
votes received by each of these six nominees in the given rounds. One person could vote for only one
nominee in each of the given rounds.

Additional Information:
1. People who voted for P in any round voted for either S or T in the following round.
2. Only those people who voted for Q or U in any round can vote for P in the following round.
3. People who voted for T in any round voted for either R or U in the following round.
4. People who voted for S in round I voted for S in each of the next three rounds.

  Q.39
Magic number for a nominee is de ned as the number of nominees who have got less number of votes
than him/her in the same round for exactly two rounds. Find the aggregate sum of the magic numbers for
all the nominees.

1  0

2 1

3 2

4 3

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 Answer key/Solution
Directions for questions 39 to 42: Answer the questions on the basis of the information given below.

A public poll was conducted to nd the most popular sportsman in the year 2016. The public poll was
conducted in ve rounds namely Round I, Round II, Round III ,Round IV and Round V in that particular
order. The same group of 200 people voted in each of the ve rounds. The nominees for the most popular
sportsman award were P, Q, R, S, T and U. The following table provides information about the number of
votes received by each of these six nominees in the given rounds. One person could vote for only one
nominee in each of the given rounds.

Additional Information:
1. People who voted for P in any round voted for either S or T in the following round.
2. Only those people who voted for Q or U in any round can vote for P in the following round.
3. People who voted for T in any round voted for either R or U in the following round.
4. People who voted for S in round I voted for S in each of the next three rounds.

  Q.40
Out of the number of people who voted for P in any round, the number of people who voted for S in the
next round is at least

1  10

2 11

3 9

4 8

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 Answer key/Solution
Directions for questions 39 to 42: Answer the questions on the basis of the information given below.

A public poll was conducted to nd the most popular sportsman in the year 2016. The public poll was
conducted in ve rounds namely Round I, Round II, Round III ,Round IV and Round V in that particular
order. The same group of 200 people voted in each of the ve rounds. The nominees for the most popular
sportsman award were P, Q, R, S, T and U. The following table provides information about the number of
votes received by each of these six nominees in the given rounds. One person could vote for only one
nominee in each of the given rounds.

Additional Information:
1. People who voted for P in any round voted for either S or T in the following round.
2. Only those people who voted for Q or U in any round can vote for P in the following round.
3. People who voted for T in any round voted for either R or U in the following round.
4. People who voted for S in round I voted for S in each of the next three rounds.

  Q.41
The number of people who voted for the same nominee across all the ve rounds is at most

1  36

2 31

3 35

4 32

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 Answer key/Solution
Directions for questions 39 to 42: Answer the questions on the basis of the information given below.

A public poll was conducted to nd the most popular sportsman in the year 2016. The public poll was
conducted in ve rounds namely Round I, Round II, Round III ,Round IV and Round V in that particular
order. The same group of 200 people voted in each of the ve rounds. The nominees for the most popular
sportsman award were P, Q, R, S, T and U. The following table provides information about the number of
votes received by each of these six nominees in the given rounds. One person could vote for only one
nominee in each of the given rounds.

Additional Information:
1. People who voted for P in any round voted for either S or T in the following round.
2. Only those people who voted for Q or U in any round can vote for P in the following round.
3. People who voted for T in any round voted for either R or U in the following round.
4. People who voted for S in round I voted for S in each of the next three rounds.

  Q.42
Unlucky number for a nominee is de ned as the number of nominees who have got more number of votes
than him/her in the same round for exactly three rounds. How many nominees has zero as there unlucky
number?

1  1

2 2

3 0

4 4

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 Answer key/Solution
Directions for questions 43 to 46: Answer the questions on the basis of the information given below.

The following bar - graph provides information about the number of days on which it rained in India in each
of the six months viz. January, February, April, July, August and October of the year 2016.

The following table provides information about the number of days on which it rained in ve states in India
in each of the six mentioned months of the year 2016. Punjab and Haryana are in Northern India; Kerala
and Karnataka are in Southern India; and Maharashtra is in Western India. Assume that it rained only in the
ve given states in the year 2016.

Additional Information
The maximum possible number of days on which it rained in 2016 in exactly one state in southern India in
January, February, April, July, August and October are denoted by A, B, C, D, E and F respectively.

The minimum possible number of days on which it rained in 2016 in both Western India and in Southern
India in January, February, April, July, August and October are denoted by P, Q, R, S, T and U respectively.

  Q.43
What is the value of D?

1  8

2 9

3 10

4 11

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 Answer key/Solution
Directions for questions 43 to 46: Answer the questions on the basis of the information given below.

The following bar - graph provides information about the number of days on which it rained in India in each
of the six months viz. January, February, April, July, August and October of the year 2016.

The following table provides information about the number of days on which it rained in ve states in India
in each of the six mentioned months of the year 2016. Punjab and Haryana are in Northern India; Kerala
and Karnataka are in Southern India; and Maharashtra is in Western India. Assume that it rained only in the
ve given states in the year 2016.

Additional Information
The maximum possible number of days on which it rained in 2016 in exactly one state in southern India in
January, February, April, July, August and October are denoted by A, B, C, D, E and F respectively.

The minimum possible number of days on which it rained in 2016 in both Western India and in Southern
India in January, February, April, July, August and October are denoted by P, Q, R, S, T and U respectively.

  Q.44
Out of A, B, C, D, E and F, which letter has the maximum value?

1  B

2 F

3 D

4 E
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 Answer key/Solution

Directions for questions 43 to 46: Answer the questions on the basis of the information given below.

The following bar - graph provides information about the number of days on which it rained in India in each
of the six months viz. January, February, April, July, August and October of the year 2016.

The following table provides information about the number of days on which it rained in ve states in India
in each of the six mentioned months of the year 2016. Punjab and Haryana are in Northern India; Kerala
and Karnataka are in Southern India; and Maharashtra is in Western India. Assume that it rained only in the
ve given states in the year 2016.

Additional Information
The maximum possible number of days on which it rained in 2016 in exactly one state in southern India in
January, February, April, July, August and October are denoted by A, B, C, D, E and F respectively.

The minimum possible number of days on which it rained in 2016 in both Western India and in Southern
India in January, February, April, July, August and October are denoted by P, Q, R, S, T and U respectively.

  Q.45
What is the value of S?

1  14

2 15

3 16
4 17

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 Answer key/Solution

Directions for questions 43 to 46: Answer the questions on the basis of the information given below.

The following bar - graph provides information about the number of days on which it rained in India in each
of the six months viz. January, February, April, July, August and October of the year 2016.

The following table provides information about the number of days on which it rained in ve states in India
in each of the six mentioned months of the year 2016. Punjab and Haryana are in Northern India; Kerala
and Karnataka are in Southern India; and Maharashtra is in Western India. Assume that it rained only in the
ve given states in the year 2016.

Additional Information
The maximum possible number of days on which it rained in 2016 in exactly one state in southern India in
January, February, April, July, August and October are denoted by A, B, C, D, E and F respectively.

The minimum possible number of days on which it rained in 2016 in both Western India and in Southern
India in January, February, April, July, August and October are denoted by P, Q, R, S, T and U respectively.

  Q.46
Out of P, Q, R, S, T and U, the value of how many of the letters is zero?

1  Four

2 Zero
3 Two

4 One

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 Answer key/Solution

Directions for questions 47 to 50: Answer the questions on the basis of the information given below.

Six persons–Arjun, Jesse, Chris, Martin, Peter and Ram – took a skill test which judged each of them on
three different skills viz. Flexible skill , Organizational skill and Team skill . On the basis of the scores
obtained by the persons in each of these three skills, a nal score called the 'Skill Score' is calculated for
each of the six persons. The following table provides information about the scores obtained by the six
people in each of the three skills. It is also known that the 'Skill Score' of Ram is not less than that of
Jesse.
Skill Score = (p × exible score + q × organisational score + r × team score), where p + q + r = 1 and p, q and
r are non negative real numbers.

  Q.47
The 'Skill Score' for how many of the persons must be integer?

1  0

2 1

3 2

4 more than 2

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 Answer key/Solution
Directions for questions 47 to 50: Answer the questions on the basis of the information given below.

Six persons–Arjun, Jesse, Chris, Martin, Peter and Ram – took a skill test which judged each of them on
three different skills viz. Flexible skill , Organizational skill and Team skill . On the basis of the scores
obtained by the persons in each of these three skills, a nal score called the 'Skill Score' is calculated for
each of the six persons. The following table provides information about the scores obtained by the six
people in each of the three skills. It is also known that the 'Skill Score' of Ram is not less than that of
Jesse.
Skill Score = (p × exible score + q × organisational score + r × team score), where p + q + r = 1 and p, q and
r are non negative real numbers.

  Q.48
If the 'Skill Score' of Chris is denoted by C, then which of the following is necessarily true?

1  3 ≤ C ≤ 4.2

2 2.8 ≤ C ≤ 4

3 3 ≤ C ≤ 4.3

4 2.8 ≤ C ≤ 4.5

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 Answer key/Solution
Directions for questions 47 to 50: Answer the questions on the basis of the information given below.

Six persons–Arjun, Jesse, Chris, Martin, Peter and Ram – took a skill test which judged each of them on
three different skills viz. Flexible skill , Organizational skill and Team skill . On the basis of the scores
obtained by the persons in each of these three skills, a nal score called the 'Skill Score' is calculated for
each of the six persons. The following table provides information about the scores obtained by the six
people in each of the three skills. It is also known that the 'Skill Score' of Ram is not less than that of
Jesse.
Skill Score = (p × exible score + q × organisational score + r × team score), where p + q + r = 1 and p, q and
r are non negative real numbers.

  Q.49
If the the value of p and q are equal and the 'Skill Scores' of Martin and Ram are denoted by M and R
respectively, then which of the following statements is/are true?
I. 3 ≤ M ≤ 3.8
II. 4.8 ≤ R ≤ 5.5

1  Only I

2 Only II

3 Both I and II

4 Neither I nor II

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 Answer key/Solution
Directions for questions 47 to 50: Answer the questions on the basis of the information given below.

Six persons–Arjun, Jesse, Chris, Martin, Peter and Ram – took a skill test which judged each of them on
three different skills viz. Flexible skill , Organizational skill and Team skill . On the basis of the scores
obtained by the persons in each of these three skills, a nal score called the 'Skill Score' is calculated for
each of the six persons. The following table provides information about the scores obtained by the six
people in each of the three skills. It is also known that the 'Skill Score' of Ram is not less than that of
Jesse.
Skill Score = (p × exible score + q × organisational score + r × team score), where p + q + r = 1 and p, q and
r are non negative real numbers.

  Q.50
When the score obtained by Arjun in 'Team' skill was increased by 4, the 'Skill Score' of Arjun became one
and a half times the 'Skill Score' of Chris. Find the value of 100r.

1  15

2 40

3 25

4 Cannot be determined

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 Answer key/Solution

Directions for questions 51 to 54: Answer the questions on the basis of the information given below.

Four wholesellers – Ramlal, Shyamlal, Jaadulal, Chunnilal – purchased 4 different brands of sugar at Rs
24/kg, Rs 48/kg, Rs 84/kg and Rs 108/kg, not necessarily in the same order. Each of them bought a
different quantity (in kg) of sugar from among 36 kg, 60 kg, 96 kg and 120 kg in any order. It is also known
that:
(i) Had Shyamlal bought at Ramlal’s price, the expenditure would have been less by Rs 5760.
(ii) Had Jaadulal bought the sugar at Chunnilal’s price, he would have spent Rs 3600 more.
(iii) The total expenses of each of the 4 persons were different.

  Q.51
If the minimum expense incurred by a wholeseller was Rs 1440, then which wholeseller incurred the
maximum expense?

1  Ramlal
2 Shyamlal

3 Jaadulal

4 Chunnilal

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 Answer key/Solution

Directions for questions 51 to 54: Answer the questions on the basis of the information given below.

Four wholesellers – Ramlal, Shyamlal, Jaadulal, Chunnilal – purchased 4 different brands of sugar at Rs
24/kg, Rs 48/kg, Rs 84/kg and Rs 108/kg, not necessarily in the same order. Each of them bought a
different quantity (in kg) of sugar from among 36 kg, 60 kg, 96 kg and 120 kg in any order. It is also known
that:
(i) Had Shyamlal bought at Ramlal’s price, the expenditure would have been less by Rs 5760.
(ii) Had Jaadulal bought the sugar at Chunnilal’s price, he would have spent Rs 3600 more.
(iii) The total expenses of each of the 4 persons were different.

  Q.52
If Chunnilal bought 36 kg sugar, then nd the difference (in Rs) of expenditure between Ramlal and
Shyamlal.

1  Rs 4812

2 Rs 4808

3 Rs 4608

4 Rs 5612

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 Answer key/Solution
Directions for questions 51 to 54: Answer the questions on the basis of the information given below.

Four wholesellers – Ramlal, Shyamlal, Jaadulal, Chunnilal – purchased 4 different brands of sugar at Rs
24/kg, Rs 48/kg, Rs 84/kg and Rs 108/kg, not necessarily in the same order. Each of them bought a
different quantity (in kg) of sugar from among 36 kg, 60 kg, 96 kg and 120 kg in any order. It is also known
that:
(i) Had Shyamlal bought at Ramlal’s price, the expenditure would have been less by Rs 5760.
(ii) Had Jaadulal bought the sugar at Chunnilal’s price, he would have spent Rs 3600 more.
(iii) The total expenses of each of the 4 persons were different.

  Q.53
If Ramlal bought sugar at Rs 24/kg, then nd the difference between expenditures of Jaadulal and
Chunnilal.

1  Rs 9060

2 Rs 12060

3 Rs 11080

4 Rs 10080

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 Answer key/Solution

Directions for questions 51 to 54: Answer the questions on the basis of the information given below.

Four wholesellers – Ramlal, Shyamlal, Jaadulal, Chunnilal – purchased 4 different brands of sugar at Rs
24/kg, Rs 48/kg, Rs 84/kg and Rs 108/kg, not necessarily in the same order. Each of them bought a
different quantity (in kg) of sugar from among 36 kg, 60 kg, 96 kg and 120 kg in any order. It is also known
that:
(i) Had Shyamlal bought at Ramlal’s price, the expenditure would have been less by Rs 5760.
(ii) Had Jaadulal bought the sugar at Chunnilal’s price, he would have spent Rs 3600 more.
(iii) The total expenses of each of the 4 persons were different.

  Q.54
Which of the following statements are de nitely false?
I. Ramlal bought sugar which is Rs 60/kg less as compared to that bought by Shyamlal.
II. Shyamlal bought 36 kg less sugar than what Jaadulal bought.
III. Chunnilal spent Rs 1584 more than what Jaadulal spent.
IV. Expenditure of Ramlal could be either Rs 10368 or Rs 10080.

1  All are de nitely false

2 II and IV
3 I, II and IV

4 III and IV

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 Answer key/Solution

Direction for questions 55 to 58: Answer the questions on the basis of the information given below.

Five brothers–Yudhistir, Bheem, Arjun, Nakul and Sahdev – played a game of dice with 18 of their
kingdoms and some gold jewelry at stake. The value of each Kingdom was the same. At the end of the
game, it was found that each brother won at least 2 kingdoms and each of them won an even number of
kingdoms. The value of the jewelry won by each brother was positive integral multiple of Rs. 20 billion.
The value of the jewelry won by Bheem was equal to the value of 2 kingdoms. The value of the jewelry won
by Bheem was the highest. Sahdev won maximum number of kingdoms and the number of kingdoms won
by Yudhistir was equal to the sum of the number of kingdoms won by Bheem and Arjun. The value of
jewelry won by Bheem was double that of won by Nakul, but the value of the total assets (values of
kingdoms and jewelry put together) won by Nakul was Rs. 40 billion more than that won by Bheem. The
value of the jewelry won by Arjun was more than that won by Yudhistir but less than that won by Sahdev.

  Q.55
What was the value of the total assets that was at stake in the game of dice?

1  Rs.960 billion

2 Rs. 900 billion

3 Rs. 800 billion

4 Rs. 720 billion

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 Answer key/Solution
Direction for questions 55 to 58: Answer the questions on the basis of the information given below.

Five brothers–Yudhistir, Bheem, Arjun, Nakul and Sahdev – played a game of dice with 18 of their
kingdoms and some gold jewelry at stake. The value of each Kingdom was the same. At the end of the
game, it was found that each brother won at least 2 kingdoms and each of them won an even number of
kingdoms. The value of the jewelry won by each brother was positive integral multiple of Rs. 20 billion.
The value of the jewelry won by Bheem was equal to the value of 2 kingdoms. The value of the jewelry won
by Bheem was the highest. Sahdev won maximum number of kingdoms and the number of kingdoms won
by Yudhistir was equal to the sum of the number of kingdoms won by Bheem and Arjun. The value of
jewelry won by Bheem was double that of won by Nakul, but the value of the total assets (values of
kingdoms and jewelry put together) won by Nakul was Rs. 40 billion more than that won by Bheem. The
value of the jewelry won by Arjun was more than that won by Yudhistir but less than that won by Sahdev.

  Q.56
Who won the highest value worth of total assets at the end of the game?

1  Yudhistir

2 Bheem

3 Nakul

4 Sahdev

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 Answer key/Solution

Direction for questions 55 to 58: Answer the questions on the basis of the information given below.

Five brothers–Yudhistir, Bheem, Arjun, Nakul and Sahdev – played a game of dice with 18 of their
kingdoms and some gold jewelry at stake. The value of each Kingdom was the same. At the end of the
game, it was found that each brother won at least 2 kingdoms and each of them won an even number of
kingdoms. The value of the jewelry won by each brother was positive integral multiple of Rs. 20 billion.
The value of the jewelry won by Bheem was equal to the value of 2 kingdoms. The value of the jewelry won
by Bheem was the highest. Sahdev won maximum number of kingdoms and the number of kingdoms won
by Yudhistir was equal to the sum of the number of kingdoms won by Bheem and Arjun. The value of
jewelry won by Bheem was double that of won by Nakul, but the value of the total assets (values of
kingdoms and jewelry put together) won by Nakul was Rs. 40 billion more than that won by Bheem. The
value of the jewelry won by Arjun was more than that won by Yudhistir but less than that won by Sahdev.
  Q.57
Which of the following statements is/are true?
I. The value of jewelry won by Yudhistir was equal to the value of 1 kingdom.
II. The value of jewelry won by Yudhistir and Sahdev together was equal to the value of jewelry won by
Bheem.
III. The difference in the number of kingdoms won by Sahdev and Bheem is equal to 4
IV. The total number of kingdoms won by Nakul and Yudhistir together was equal to the number of
kingdoms won by Sahdev.

1  I and II only

2 III and IV only

3 II and III only

4 I and IV only

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 Answer key/Solution

Direction for questions 55 to 58: Answer the questions on the basis of the information given below.

Five brothers–Yudhistir, Bheem, Arjun, Nakul and Sahdev – played a game of dice with 18 of their
kingdoms and some gold jewelry at stake. The value of each Kingdom was the same. At the end of the
game, it was found that each brother won at least 2 kingdoms and each of them won an even number of
kingdoms. The value of the jewelry won by each brother was positive integral multiple of Rs. 20 billion.
The value of the jewelry won by Bheem was equal to the value of 2 kingdoms. The value of the jewelry won
by Bheem was the highest. Sahdev won maximum number of kingdoms and the number of kingdoms won
by Yudhistir was equal to the sum of the number of kingdoms won by Bheem and Arjun. The value of
jewelry won by Bheem was double that of won by Nakul, but the value of the total assets (values of
kingdoms and jewelry put together) won by Nakul was Rs. 40 billion more than that won by Bheem. The
value of the jewelry won by Arjun was more than that won by Yudhistir but less than that won by Sahdev.

  Q.58
The brother whose assets value is the second highest decides to distribute the assets among remaining
four brothers in the following way: He will divide his kingdoms equally in all the brothers and divide the
jewelry in the ratio of existing jewelry with all four brothers. Find the ratio of the total assets held by
Bheem to that by Sahadev after redistribution.

1  22 : 39

2 27 : 44

3 3:5

4 17 : 44
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 Answer key/Solution

Directions for questions 59 to 62: Answer the questions on the basis of the information given below.

Twelve software professionals are sitting in a row at an 'IT summit'. The seats are numbered from 1 to 12,
with seat number 1 being the leftmost and 12 being the rightmost. Out of these twelve professionals, four
are from TCS, two are from Infosys, three are from Cognizant and the remaining are from Wipro. All the
four professionals from TCS are sitting on the seats which are consecutively numbered and the same is
true for all the professionals from Wipro. The professionals at the end of the row are either from TCS or
Infosys but not necessarily from the same company.

  Q.59
If it is known that the professionals from Infosys are at each end of the row and no professional from
Cognizant is next to a professional from TCS, then for which of the following seat numbers, the employer
of professional sitting on it can de nitely be identi ed?

1  10

2 8

3 6

4 2

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 Answer key/Solution

Directions for questions 59 to 62: Answer the questions on the basis of the information given below.

Twelve software professionals are sitting in a row at an 'IT summit'. The seats are numbered from 1 to 12,
with seat number 1 being the leftmost and 12 being the rightmost. Out of these twelve professionals, four
are from TCS, two are from Infosys, three are from Cognizant and the remaining are from Wipro. All the
four professionals from TCS are sitting on the seats which are consecutively numbered and the same is
true for all the professionals from Wipro. The professionals at the end of the row are either from TCS or
Infosys but not necessarily from the same company.

  Q.60
If the professional sitting in seat number 1 is from TCS, the Cognizant professionals are next to each other
and the professional sitting on seat number 11 is from Wipro, then professional sitting on which of the
following seat numbers can be from Infosys?
1  8

2 5

3 6

4 either (1) or (2)

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 Answer key/Solution

Directions for questions 59 to 62: Answer the questions on the basis of the information given below.

Twelve software professionals are sitting in a row at an 'IT summit'. The seats are numbered from 1 to 12,
with seat number 1 being the leftmost and 12 being the rightmost. Out of these twelve professionals, four
are from TCS, two are from Infosys, three are from Cognizant and the remaining are from Wipro. All the
four professionals from TCS are sitting on the seats which are consecutively numbered and the same is
true for all the professionals from Wipro. The professionals at the end of the row are either from TCS or
Infosys but not necessarily from the same company.

  Q.61
If the professional sitting on seat number 3 is from TCS and each professional from Infosys is next to a
professional from Wipro, then professional sitting at which of the following seat number must be from
Infosys?

1  5

2 6

3 8

4 9

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 Answer key/Solution
Directions for questions 59 to 62: Answer the questions on the basis of the information given below.

Twelve software professionals are sitting in a row at an 'IT summit'. The seats are numbered from 1 to 12,
with seat number 1 being the leftmost and 12 being the rightmost. Out of these twelve professionals, four
are from TCS, two are from Infosys, three are from Cognizant and the remaining are from Wipro. All the
four professionals from TCS are sitting on the seats which are consecutively numbered and the same is
true for all the professionals from Wipro. The professionals at the end of the row are either from TCS or
Infosys but not necessarily from the same company.

  Q.62
If professional from TCS is sitting on seat number 1 and professional from Cognizant is sitting on seat
number 6, then professional from Infosys can take which of the following position apart from 12th
position?

1  5th

2 11th

3 7th

4 more than one

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 Answer key/Solution

Directions for questions 63 to 66: Answer the questions on the basis of the information given below.

National Institute of Fashion Designing (NIFD) has decided to host a fashion show on October 28, 2017.
NIFD has decided to invite fashion designers from across the country for the event. There are a total of 10
fashion designers who are being considered to be invited. These fashion designers are Manish Malhotra,
Rohit Bal, Sabyasachi, Masaba Gupta, Tarun Tahiliani, JJ Valaya, Mandira Wirk, Suneet Varma, Gaurav
Gupta, and Mahesh Tripathi. It is also known that:
(i) Only one of Tarun Tahiliani, Mandira Wirk and Suneet Varma is to be called because last time, when all
these fashion designers came for the same fashion show then there were ghts between these designers
and NIFD does not want these things to repeat this time.
(ii) Only one of Sabyasachi and JJ Valaya should be invited as there are certain con icts between the two
designers.
(iii) If Manish Malhotra is to be invited then Rohit Bal must be invited as well.
(iv) Suneet Varma, Gaurav Gupta and Mahesh Tripathi share good rapport among themselves and thus all
of the three should be invited together or neither of the three should be invited.
(v) Rohit Bal and Masaba Gupta cannot be called together as they do not share a good rapport.
(vi) Rohit Bal and Gaurav Gupta do not want to compete with each other as they have their ego issues and
they created many problems in other events that happened this year.
(vii) The number of fashion designers to be invited is not xed and is tentative, but the fashion show
should be conducted peacefully.
  Q.63
If Manish Malhotra is to be invited, then what can be the maximum number of fashion designers that can
be invited?

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 Answer key/Solution

Directions for questions 63 to 66: Answer the questions on the basis of the information given below.

National Institute of Fashion Designing (NIFD) has decided to host a fashion show on October 28, 2017.
NIFD has decided to invite fashion designers from across the country for the event. There are a total of 10
fashion designers who are being considered to be invited. These fashion designers are Manish Malhotra,
Rohit Bal, Sabyasachi, Masaba Gupta, Tarun Tahiliani, JJ Valaya, Mandira Wirk, Suneet Varma, Gaurav
Gupta, and Mahesh Tripathi. It is also known that:
(i) Only one of Tarun Tahiliani, Mandira Wirk and Suneet Varma is to be called because last time, when all
these fashion designers came for the same fashion show then there were ghts between these designers
and NIFD does not want these things to repeat this time.
(ii) Only one of Sabyasachi and JJ Valaya should be invited as there are certain con icts between the two
designers.
(iii) If Manish Malhotra is to be invited then Rohit Bal must be invited as well.
(iv) Suneet Varma, Gaurav Gupta and Mahesh Tripathi share good rapport among themselves and thus all
of the three should be invited together or neither of the three should be invited.
(v) Rohit Bal and Masaba Gupta cannot be called together as they do not share a good rapport.
(vi) Rohit Bal and Gaurav Gupta do not want to compete with each other as they have their ego issues and
they created many problems in other events that happened this year.
(vii) The number of fashion designers to be invited is not xed and is tentative, but the fashion show
should be conducted peacefully.

  Q.64
If Masaba Gupta is invited then in how many ways, either 3 or 5 fashion designers can be invited?

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 Answer key/Solution
Directions for questions 63 to 66: Answer the questions on the basis of the information given below.

National Institute of Fashion Designing (NIFD) has decided to host a fashion show on October 28, 2017.
NIFD has decided to invite fashion designers from across the country for the event. There are a total of 10
fashion designers who are being considered to be invited. These fashion designers are Manish Malhotra,
Rohit Bal, Sabyasachi, Masaba Gupta, Tarun Tahiliani, JJ Valaya, Mandira Wirk, Suneet Varma, Gaurav
Gupta, and Mahesh Tripathi. It is also known that:
(i) Only one of Tarun Tahiliani, Mandira Wirk and Suneet Varma is to be called because last time, when all
these fashion designers came for the same fashion show then there were ghts between these designers
and NIFD does not want these things to repeat this time.
(ii) Only one of Sabyasachi and JJ Valaya should be invited as there are certain con icts between the two
designers.
(iii) If Manish Malhotra is to be invited then Rohit Bal must be invited as well.
(iv) Suneet Varma, Gaurav Gupta and Mahesh Tripathi share good rapport among themselves and thus all
of the three should be invited together or neither of the three should be invited.
(v) Rohit Bal and Masaba Gupta cannot be called together as they do not share a good rapport.
(vi) Rohit Bal and Gaurav Gupta do not want to compete with each other as they have their ego issues and
they created many problems in other events that happened this year.
(vii) The number of fashion designers to be invited is not xed and is tentative, but the fashion show
should be conducted peacefully.

  Q.65
What can be the largest number of fashion designers that can be invited for the fashion show?

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Directions for questions 63 to 66: Answer the questions on the basis of the information given below.

National Institute of Fashion Designing (NIFD) has decided to host a fashion show on October 28, 2017.
NIFD has decided to invite fashion designers from across the country for the event. There are a total of 10
fashion designers who are being considered to be invited. These fashion designers are Manish Malhotra,
Rohit Bal, Sabyasachi, Masaba Gupta, Tarun Tahiliani, JJ Valaya, Mandira Wirk, Suneet Varma, Gaurav
Gupta, and Mahesh Tripathi. It is also known that:
(i) Only one of Tarun Tahiliani, Mandira Wirk and Suneet Varma is to be called because last time, when all
these fashion designers came for the same fashion show then there were ghts between these designers
and NIFD does not want these things to repeat this time.
(ii) Only one of Sabyasachi and JJ Valaya should be invited as there are certain con icts between the two
designers.
(iii) If Manish Malhotra is to be invited then Rohit Bal must be invited as well.
(iv) Suneet Varma, Gaurav Gupta and Mahesh Tripathi share good rapport among themselves and thus all
of the three should be invited together or neither of the three should be invited.
(v) Rohit Bal and Masaba Gupta cannot be called together as they do not share a good rapport.
(vi) Rohit Bal and Gaurav Gupta do not want to compete with each other as they have their ego issues and
they created many problems in other events that happened this year.
(vii) The number of fashion designers to be invited is not xed and is tentative, but the fashion show
should be conducted peacefully.

  Q.66
If Suneet Varma is invited, then the minimum how many persons among, Manish Malhotra, JJ Valaya,
Gaurav Gupta and Rohit Bal must be invited?

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Sec 3

  Q.67
X is the set of the rst 100 natural numbers. How many elements are there in X such that when they are
divided by 7 and 8 give different quotients?

1  70

2 71

3 72

4 73
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  Q.68
In a trapezium ABCD, the diagonals AC and BD intersect at the point E. If the areas of ΔEAB and ΔECD are
25 sq. units and 16 sq. units respectively, then nd the area (in sq. units) of the trapezium.

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  Q.69
Areas of two adjacent faces of a box in the shape of cuboid are 36 cm2 and 45 cm2 respectively. The
measures (in cm) of length, breadth and height of the box are natural numbers. Find the ratio of the
smallest possible volume of the box to the largest possible volume.

1  1:9

2 5:9

3 1:3

4 5:6

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  Q.70
A, B, and C start running simultaneously along a circular track, having a length of 1.2 km from the same
point, with speeds 6 km/hr, 8 km/hr and 9 km/hr respectively. A and B run in the same direction but C runs
in the opposite direction. How many times will A and C meet anywhere on the track by the time A and B
meet for the rst time anywhere on the track?
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  Q.71
Rahul while counting the number of his friends in a certain base system observed that he had a total of
100 friends out of which 24 were boys and 43 girls. Which base system did Rahul use?

1  9

2 7

3 4

4 5

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  Q.72
In triangle ABC, a line is drawn parallel to BC such that it intersects AB and AC at point D and E
respectively. If DE = 6 units, EC = 4 units and BD = 2 units, then which of following can be length of BC?

1  14 units

2 13 units

3 12 units

4 11 units

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  Q.73
The quadratic equations 2014 x2 + 2015 x + 1 = 0 and x2 + 2015x + 2014 = 0 have exactly one root in
common. Then the product of the roots that are not common is

1  1

2 –2

3 –1

4 0

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  Q.74
A bucket is lled up to the brim with alcohol. We empty half of its contents and then add a litre of alcohol.
After doing this operation ve consecutive times, we are left with 4 litres of alcohol in the container. How
many litres of alcohol was in the bucket at the beginning?

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  Q.75
In the gure given below, two circles with centres A and B respectively touch each other. Angle between
the two direct common tangents to the two circles is 60°. Find the ratio of area of the larger circle to that
of the smaller circle.

1  4:1

2 9:1

3 19 : 2
4 21 : 2

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  Q.76
Two cities Y and Z are 300 km apart. Motorist A starts from city Y towards Z at 10 AM and Motorist B
starts from city Z towards Y at the same time. Motorist A travels the rst one-third of the distance at a
speed of 20 kmph, the second one-third at 25 kmph and the third one-third at 30 kmph. Motorist B travels
the rst one-third of the total time taken by him at a speed of 20 kmph, the second onethird at 25 kmph
and the third one-third at 30 kmph. When will the two Motorists cross each other?

1  3 : 45 PM

2 4 : 54 PM

3 4 : 40 PM

4 6 : 00 PM

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  Q.77
In a right angled triangle ABC right angle at C, it is given that BC = 8 cm and CA = 6 cm. A line dividing the
triangle ABC into two regions of equal area is perpendicular to AB at the point X. Then length (in cm) of BX
is

1  √210

2 √45

3 √32

4 √53
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  Q.78
In a parking lot, the number of Maruti cars is 2a% of the total number of cars in parking lot, where ‘a’ is a
natural number. If 20 more Maruti cars enter into the parking lot, then the number of Maruti cars becomes
(2a + 6) % of the total number of cars in parking lot. Which of the following can be the total number of cars
in the parking lot initially?

1  225

2 230

3 220

4 235

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  Q.79
Consider the circles, x2 + y2 = 25 and x2 + y2 = 9. From the point A (0, 5) two lines are drawn touching the
inner circle at the points B and C, while intersecting the outer circle at the points D and E respectively. If 'O'
is the centre of both the circles, then the length of the segment OF, which is perpendicular to DE, is

1  7/5 units

2 7/2 units

3 5/2 units

4 3 units

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  Q.80

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  Q.81
If roots of the equation x3 + px2 + qx + r represents the length of the sides of a ΔABC, then the product of
inradius and circumradius of the triangle is:

1  p/2r

2 2pr + p2 – q2

3 2p/r

4 r/2p

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  Q.82
Akshay, Manoj and Harshit are employees of a rm named XYZ. Akshay while working alone takes 3 hours
more than twice the time taken by all three working together to complete a piece of work. To complete the
same piece of work, Manoj alone takes ve times the time taken by all three working together and Harshit
alone takes 9 hours less than four times the time taken by all three. How long (in hours) will it take for
Akshay and Harshit together to complete the work?

1  8

2 7.5

3 8.5

4 9
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  Q.83
If x = 2100, y = 375 and z = 550, then which of the following relations is correct?

1  y>x>z

2 x>y>z

3 y>z>x

4 z>y>x

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  Q.84
One hundred people living in a society who use at least one of the three mobile handsets among Samsung,
Motorola and Apple, are surveyed for marketing purpose. It is found that 80 people use Samsung, 50
Motorola and 30 Apple. Five of them are using all the three handsets. How many of them are using exactly
two handsets?

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  Q.85
Mansa devi temple Management wants to make a committee of 5 senior citizens to be chosen from a
group of 9 senior citizens who can manage nances. Number of ways in which it can be formed if two
particular persons either serve together or not at all and two other particular persons refuse to serve with
each other, is

1  41
2 25

3 30

4 45

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  Q.86
The curved surface area of a right circular cone is 160% more than area of its base. If the total surface
area of the cone is 13860 sq. cm, what is the height (in cm) of the cone?

1  81

2 95

3 98

4 84

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  Q.87
Find the product of those factors of 126000 that are odd but not multiples of 3.

1  875

2 (875)2

3 (875)4

4 (875)8

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  Q.88
If p, q, r are the sides of a triangle, which of the following can be the value of

1  0.25

2 0.3

3 0.6

4 0.2

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  Q.89
A farmer has decided to build a wire fence along one straight side of his property. For this, he planned to
place several fence posts at an interval of 6 m, with posts xed at both ends of the side. After he bought
the posts and wire, he found that the number of posts he had bought was ve less than required. However,
he discovered that the number of posts he had bought would be just su cient if he spaced them 8 m
apart. What is the length (in m) of the side of his property and how many posts did he buy?

1  100, 15

2 100, 16

3 120, 15

4 120, 16

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  Q.90
Find the digit at thousand place in 99204?
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  Q.91
A and B started a business in partnership with capital contributions of Rs.20,000 and Rs.50,000
respectively. At the end of the year, A receives a salary which is 14.2857% of the pro t that remained after
payment of the salary. The remaining pro ts are shared in the ratio of their capitals. If A receives a total
income, which is the sum of his pro t and salary, of Rs.6,000 for the year what is the total pro t made by
the partnership rm in that year?

1  2000

2 16000

3 18000

4 12000

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  Q.92
If 3sinA + 4cosB = 6, 4sinB + 3cosA = 1, where A, B and C represent angles of a triangle. What is the value
of angle C if it is acute?

1  60°

2 25°

3 30°

4 45°

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  Q.93
What is the remainder when 1043 + 1243 is divided by 121?

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  Q.94
Cost of chemical A is Rs.250 per 10 gm and that of chemical B is Rs.330 per 10 gm. Smita prepares a
mixture by mixing chemical A and B in the ratio 3 : 5. If Smita sold the mixture at 25% pro t, then what is
the selling price (in Rs.) of 10 gm mixture?

1  250

2 425

3 375

4 None of these

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  Q.95
In Mrs. White’s kitchen, Mr. White accidently spilled some milk into a jar of honey. In order to compensate
for the spilling, he decided to replace 100 ml of the mixture by 100 ml of pure honey such that the ratio of
milk to honey in the mixture becomes 5 : 19. If the jar initially had 450 ml of pure honey, then how much
milk was spilled into the jar?

1  25 ml

2 150 ml

3 50 ml

4 None of the above

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  Q.96
The ratio of the average of cubes of the rst n natural numbers to the average of squares of the rst n
natural numbers is What is the average of the rst n odd numbers?

1  50

2 100

3 75

4 25

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  Q.97
In a particular week the average number of people who visited in Trade Fair from Monday to Friday was 1.6
million and the numbers of people visited on Saturday and Sunday was same. If the average number of
people who visited in the Trade Fair for the entire week is 1.4 million then nd the number of people (in
millions) who visited in Trade Fair on Saturday?

1  0.9

2 1

3 1.5

4 1.3

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  Q.98

1  1

2 3

3 2

4 0

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  Q.99
A lays a road in 7 days and B in 8 days. When they work together, their e ciency comes down and they
together lay 1/2 km less per day as compare what they were supposed to lay. If the road is laid in 4 days,
what is the length (in km) of the road laid?

1  56

2 28

3 35

4 21

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  Q.100
The total number of chocolates with Ram and Lakhan is more than 85 but less than 95. If Lakhan gives a
particular number of chocolates to Ram, then Ram will have eight times the number of chocolates left with
Lakhan. If Ram gives the same number of chocolates to Lakhan, then Lakhan will have double the number
of chocolates left with Ram. How many chocolates does Ram have?
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