ADVERBIAL CLAUSES & CONJUNCTIONS & TRANSITION

ADVERBIAL CLAUSES OF REASON

(Sebep Bildiren Yan Cümlecikler)
because Bu üç bağlacın kullanımı As / because / since we were delayed by
aynıdır. Sebep anlatan traffic jam, we were late.
since
cümleciğin ana
We were late because / as / since / for we
as cümleden önce ya da
were delayed by the traffic jam.
sonra olması anlamı
değiştirmez. – Why was your father got mad with you?
Yalnız cevaplarda – Because I drove away in his brand new car
because kullanılır. and crashed into a tree.
Simply / partly / mainly / I lost marks in the exam mainly because I
because: didn’t read the instructions carefully.
for clause For sadece sebep
(Cümlelerle cümlesi ana cümleden
We were late because / as / since / for we
kullanılırlar.) sonra ise kullanılabilir.
were delayed by the traffic jam.
Bunun nedeni ÇÜNKÜ
anlamına gelmesidir.
The president’s visit was cancelled seeing
seeing (that) that there was a security problem.
madem ki veya için Now that the exams are over, I can have a
now that anlamında kullanılır. holiday.

She was found guilty inasmuch as she didn’t

inasmuch as için
inform the police about the robbery plan.
insomuch as
The ultimate verdict is that the plane crash
was due to / owing to / because of pilot
error.
due to
He was sacked because of his being disloyal
owing to to the company.
noun
because of Thanks to her efforts, we could persuade our
(İsim veya isim
thanks to öbeklerinden ...den dolayı client to invest.
on account of önce Many people are dying in the Third World on
kullanılırlar.) account of lack of food.
in view of
The government should take further steps in
on the grounds of
view of increasing unemployment rate.
On the grounds of lack of discipline, they fell
far behind of their rivals.
due to the fact that
owing to the fact that
Bu yapılardan
because of the fact that sonra the fact
They fell far behind of their rivals on the
thanks to the fact that that getirilirse
...den dolayı grounds of the fact that there was lack of
on account of the fact that devamlarında
discipline.
cümlecik
in view of the fact that gelmelidir.
on the grounds of the fact
that

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ADVERBIAL CLAUSES OF TIME

(Zaman Anlatan Zarf Cümlecikleri)
...dığı zaman / When sonra anlamı da When the earthquake stroke, we were sleeping.
when
...dığında verebilir. Zaman I will call you when she comes.
bağlaçlarından sonra ana
cümle gelecek zamanda da You can lay a claim in the committee after President
after sonra
olsa gelecek zaman affirms it.
kullanılmaz. Simple Present Before you lay a claim in the committee, you need
before önce veya Present Perfect kullanılır. President affirmation.

Genellikle progress tense The earthquake stroke while we were sleeping.

while ... ken
gerektirir. Students tent to listen to music while they are studying.

as ... ken = while I tidied up the room as they were sleeping.

Çoğunlukla progress tense

kullanılsa da bu bir zorunluluk
değildir.
Just tam o sırada anlamı
katar.
just as Just as she fell, they took a photo of her.
Just genellikle as ile
karşımıza çıksa da diğer
zaman bağlaçlarını pekiştirici
şekilde de kullanılabilir.
Just after / before gibi

as soon as She apologized, as soon as / directly / immediately

she recognized she had made a blunder.
directly
immediately olur olmaz The boss wants to see him the minute / moment he
the moment/ arrives.
minute / The instant I saw her, I fell in love.
instant that

Her child has had serious problem at school since they

since ...den beri
got divorced.
whenever her ne zaman She feels excited whenever she sees her.
Once students master the structure of English grammar,
once olur olmaz
it will be easier to answer the questions in the exam.
We had thought she was in her fifties until / till she told
till us how old was she.
Until daha resmidir.
until e ... kadar Cümle başında da until tercih Until we got there, nobody spoke.
by the time edilir.
By the time they pass the law, the terrorists will have left
the country.
İki farklı anlamda kullanılırlar: a) He had to stay abroad for many years. His wife,
a) iki eylem aynı zaman dilimi meanwhile / meantime raised the children.
meanwhile bu arada, bu
içerisinde gerçekleşirse, b) The meeting will start in an hour. Meanwhile /
meantime süre içerisinde
b) bu arada, yani bir sonraki Meantime, I need to go over my notes.
eyleme kadar
in the meanwhile ikinci anlamıyla The meeting will start in an hour. In the meantime I
bu arada
meantime aynıdır. need to go over my notes.

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 ADVERBIAL CLAUSES & CONJUNCTIONS & TRANSITION

DİKKAT! Zaman bağlaçlarıyla kurulan cümlelerde zaman uyumu olması gerektiğini unutmayalım.

ADVERBIAL CLAUSES OF CONTRAST

Bu başlık altındaki bağlaçlar beklenilen sonuç değil, aksi gerçekleştiğinde kullanılırlar.

Örnek: She was very ill. She continued to carry out her duities.
Çok hastaydı. Sorumluluklarını yerine getirmeye devam etti.
Hasta birinin istirahat etmesi beklenir. Yani işini yapmaya devam etmesi beklenilen netice değildir. Bu tür
cümleleri RAĞMEN anlamına gelen bağlaçlarla birleştiririz.

• Although she was very ill, she continued to carry out her duities.
Hasta olmasına rağmen sorumluluklarını yerine getirmeye devam etti.

Bu anlamdaki bağlaçlar şunlardır:

Although / though / even though / much as

Hemen hemen aynı anlama I didn’t understand what she said, I kept smiling.
although
gelecek şekilde ve
though birbirlerinin yerine I kept smiling although / though / even though /
... rağmen kullanılabilirler. Cümle much as I didn’t understand what she said.
even though başında kullanıldıklarında
yan cümlecik ana cümleden Much as / although / though / even though
much as
virgülle ayrılır. I love my hometown, I have to move to a big city to
sustain my life.

Even if I have to leave my country one day, I will

even if .. sa bile
always love my country.

However kelimesinden However high the tree was, the boy was
however + adjective / sonra bir sıfatla veya zarfla determined to climb.
adveb devam edildiğinde ragmen
anlamındadır. = High though / as the tree was, the boy was
determined to climb.
rağmen
Sıfatlardan veya zarflardan However badly he was injured, he continued
sonra kullanılan as ve fighting.
adjective + as / though
though kelimeleri cümleciğe
= Badly though / as he was injured, the continued
rağmenlik ekler.
fighting.

No matter where you live, you can reach us.

= Wherever you live, you can reach us.
Nerede yaşarsanız yaşayın bize ulaşabilirsiniz.
No matter ile başlayıp soru
kelimeleriyle devam eden No matter what she does, I will never forgive him.
no matter + question cümleciklerdir. Bu yapılar = Whatever she does, I will never forgive him.
word whatever, wherever, No matter how much she tries, she won’t be able
whoever gibi kelimelerle de to persuade me.
verilebilir.
= However much she tries, she won’t be able to
persuade me.
Ne kadar çok denese de beni ikna edemeyecek.

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İsimlerle kullanılanlar:
despite Despite / in spite of the absence of hope to find the
Bu kelimelerden sonra the fact missing boy, the search party still went on the search.
that getirilirse cümle ile devam Despite / in spite of the fact that there was almost no
in spite of edebilir. hope of finding the missing boy, the search party still went
on the search.
rağmen Notwithstanding kelimesinin a) Notwithstanding her inexperience, she is a member of
kullanım şekli farklılık gösterir. the board.
a) = despite / in spite of b) The campaign was of great success notwithstanding
notwithstanding
there were many obstacles.
b) = although
c) There were many obstacles. The campaign was of
c) = however great success, notwithstanding.
for all rağmen For all difficulties, he graduated from university.
regardless of rağmen Regardless of warnings, he carried on his plan.
...bakmak-
irrespective of sızın He accepted the ofter irrespective of negative sides.

while Birbirinden farklı iki farklı North American society is very individualistic, whereas /
iken durumu anlatmak için while in my country people are more interested in social
whereas kullanılırlar. harmony

Aşağıdaki kelimeler de zıtlık anlatır. Ancak zarf cümleciği oluşturmazlar. Bağımsız cümlelerle kullanılırlar ve
bulundukları cümleyi anlamca önceki cümleye bağlarlar. Nokta, noktalı virgül, virgülden sonra kullanılırlar.

but He is old. But he is still energetic.

Bu ifadelerin anlamları ve I expected Brain to come last in the European athletics
kullanım şekilleri birbirlerine championships. However, he got the third place.
however çok yakındır ve oldukça He got he third place, however.
yaygındırlar. Sınavlarda da
fakat He however got the third place.
sıkça sorulurlar. Cümle içinde
yerleri değişebilir. Nokta veya He was warned not to invest in the stock market.
nevertheless
noktalı virgülle bir önceki Nevertheless, he did and lost everything.
cümleden ayrılır.
Smoking is proved to be dangerous to the health.
nonetheless
Nonetheless, 40% of the population smokes.
though iki şekilde kullanılır.
a) though = although a) Though the baby had a high fewer, her parents did not
bununla birlikte, take her to the doctor.
though b) though = however (bu
yine de, ama
kullanımda genellikle cümle b) Her voice is nice. He can not sing well, though.
sonunda yer alır.)
bununla birlikte, People at the party were very tired. All the same, nobody
all the same
yine de, ama wanted to leave.
Our team came last in the championship. Even so, it gave
even so yine de
us hope for the next championship.
buna / bunlara I checked all my answers twice. Still, I made several
still
rağmen, yine de mistakes.
yet ancak / yine de We have plenty of time. Yet, she looks worried about time.
on the other We’ve been steadily improving our customer service
diğer taraftan
hand center. On the other hand our shipping is in decline.
on the
aksine, tersine Bir önce verilen bilginin doğru She is not unhappy. On the contrary, she is over the
contrary olmayıp tam tersinin doğru moon these days.

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 ADVERBIAL CLAUSES & CONJUNCTIONS & TRANSITION

rather olduğu durumlarda It is not cold. Rather, it is hot.

kullanılırlar.
My husband hates cooking. Conversely, I spend hours in
conversely
the kitchen.

ADVERBIAL CLAUSES OF PURPOSE

Ana cümledeki eylemin amacını anlatan yan cümleciklerdir. Şu bağlaçlar kullanılır:
You should get your car insured in case the gangs in
Asıl cümle in case ile ifade this area damage it.
in case olabilir diye edilen muhtemel duruma
karşı alınan tedbiri anlatır. Arabanı sigortalamalısın, bu bölgedeki çeteler arabana
zarar verebilir diye.
so that Bu anlamda,
a) present veya future a) He has been saving a little each week so that he will
... sin diye anlamı katabilmek için can / can travel around the world roer he retires. (future
ya da will, meaning)
in order that ... mak için
b) past anlamı verebilmek b) He saved a little each week so that he would / could
için could ya da would travel around the world aeor he retired. (past meaning)
kullanılır.
doğabilecek olumsuz bir We did not tell him about our plan for fear that he might
for fear that sonuçtan bahsederken spread it.
kullanılırlar. Kendilerinde
olmasın diye olumsuzluk anlamı olduğu
için başında bulundukları
lest Dress firmly lest you catch cold.
cümlecik ayrıca olumsuz
yapılmaz.

TO ADD NEW IDEA(S)

Bir önce söylenene ek bir bilgi verilecekse kullanılırlar.
bu arada, aklıma
by the way
gelmişken Konuyu değiştirmek için Alice wants to discuss a few things with you. By the way /
bu arada, aklıma de kullanılırlar. incidentally she has quit her job.
incidentally
gelmişken
moreover The rent is reasonable and, moreover, the location is
further Bu ifadelerin kullanım perfect.
şekli aynıdır. Laptops are getting cheaper all the time. Furthermore/
furthermore further they are becoming more powerful.
They are desperately short of food. In addition, they need
in addition in addition + cümle
doctors and medicines.
In addition to being desperately short of food, they need
in addition to in addition to + isim
doctors and medicines.
İki farklı şekilde
kullanıldığını a) Besides being desperately short of food, they need
unutmayalım. doctors and medcines.
besides
a) besides + isim b) They are desperately short of food. Besides, they need
bunun yanında, doctors and medicines.
buna ek olarak, b) besides + cümle
dahası... İsimlerle kullanılır (= in The organization gives help to the people in need as well
as well as
addition to) as raising money for local charities.
Cümlelerden önce gelir The organization gives help to the people in need. As well
as well as that
(= in addition) as that, it raises money for local charities.
İki anlama geldiğini
unutmayalım.
a) Apart from the flat in the city centre, he also has two
a) bunun yanında (bu houses in the countryside.
apart from
anlamda çoğunlukla
b) Everybody replied my message apart from Pam.
also ile kullanılır.)
b) hariç (= except)
He got my bike and never gave it back. On top of that, he
on top of that
broke the lawnmower and didn’t offer a new one.

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The accommodation facilities in the city are good. What is

what is more
more, it has the best transportation system in the country.
Why do you want to be a secretary. You have never
in any case
managed to work 8 hours a day. In any case, you can’t type.

TO SHOW RESULT
Bir önceki duruma, eyleme bağlı olarak ortaya çıkan sonucu bildiren cümlelerle kullanılan ifadelerdir.

He had no chance of winning. So he pretended he

so
böylece wasn’t trying.

bu nedenle She took two days off. So that, she spent all day with
so that
her son.

She was given no choice by his foster family. Therefore,

Cümle içindeki yerinin she had to get married to a man she didn’t love.
bu sebeple değişebileceğini
She therefore had to get married to a man she didn’t
therefore unutmayalım; cümle
love.
bu yüzden ortasında, başında veya
sonunda kullanılabilir. She had to get married to a man she didn’t love,
therefore.

as a result sonuç olarak

He reduced the amount of time studying for his final
exams. As a result / As a result of this, his marks were
as a result of bunun
rather low.
this sonucunda

consequently sonuç olarak

We’ve lost over 3,000 customers over the past six
Aynı şekilde kullanılırlar.
as a months. Consequently, / As a consequence (of this),
bunun
consequence we have been forced to cut back our advertising budget.
sonucunda
(of this)

We’ve lost over 3,000 customers over the past six

because of
bu nedenle months. Because of this, we have been forced to cut
this
back our advertising budget.

a) The thief was seen while leaving the house. Thus, it

a) cümle başında olabilir.
böylece was easy for the police to find him.
thus b) cümle ortasında
bu nedenle b) Their expenses are increasing day by day. The will
kullanılabilir.
thus need extra money.

böylece, bu Today children sit in front of television or computer for

hence
nedenle hours. Hence, they are more obese.

We have unhealthy eating habits. Accordingly, the

bu yüzden, bu
accordingly number of people with diabetes is increasing
nedenle
dramatically.

for this reason Parents are too busy to sit and eat with their children.
bu yüzden, bu
For this reason / This is why, children can’t learn table
nedenle
this is why manners.

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 ADVERBIAL CLAUSES & CONJUNCTIONS & TRANSITION

TO FOCUS ON A NEW TOPIC

Söylenilecek konuya ilgiyi toplamak için kullanılan ifadeler

Regarding our efforts to improve the local economy, we have

regarding
made significant progress.

His grades in science subjects are excellent. As regards social

as regards (to)
sciences, it is just the opposite.

as/so far as...concerned As for as I am concerned, we should continue to develop our

inso far as ... concerned konusunda, resources.
... e gelince,
as for hakkında As for John’s thoughts, let’s take a look at this report he sent me.

isimlerden önce With regard to the latest market figures we can see that we are
with regard to kullanılırlar. far behind our rivals.

when it comes to When it comes to price, I guarantee you that it will be reasonable.

There has been no explanation as to why PM postponed his visit

as to
to Germany.

with respect to They are completely different with respect to their interests.

TO GIVE EXAMPLE AND TO ILLUSTRATE

Örneklendirme yapmak veya daha detaylı bilgi vermek için kullanılan ifadeler

for instance
We need to rethink the way we consume energy. Take,
for example for instance / for example our approach to transport.
örneğin
to illustrate If you serve, say tune fish and potato chips, it will cost
much less.
say

namely Bu iki ifadenin kısaltılmış We need to concentrate on our target audience, namely
yani
that is hali i.e. şeklindedir women aged between 20 and 30.

in fact He is good at music. Indeed / In fact, he is the best in

aslında
indeed school.

Your performance in the exam did not reach the required

in other words diğer bir deyişle
standard, in other words you failed.

specifically Mary loves most classical music, but Bach and Vivaldi in
particular are her favorites.
in particular
özellikle Pollution has become an unavoidable result of industrial
particularly development, particularly in big cities. This produced
some harmful effects, especially to the young and the
especially
old.

Electromagnetic waves cause important health problems

like
gibi like cancer.
such as
Such as yapısının To lose weight, you should avoid fatty foods such as

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such ⊕ noun ⊕ as pizza and hamburgers.

şeklinde de kullanıldığını To lose weight, you should avoid such fatty foods as
unutmayalım. pizza and hamburgers.

TO CONCLUDE or SUMMARIZE
Özetleme yapmak için kullanılan kelimeler
in short kısaca
shortly kısaca
in summary özetle
all in all neticede
altogether bütünüyle
in brief kısaca
Kelime anlamı olarak karşılıklarını vermeye
in conclusion sonuç olarak çalıştığımız bu ifadeler aslında birbirlerinin
on the whole her şey hesaba katılırsa yerine kullanılabilirler. Yani hemen hemen
to conclude sonuç olarak aynı anlama gelirler. Çoğunlukla sonuç
paragraflarının başında kullanılırlar.
to summarize özetle
to sum up özetle
finally son olarak
taking every thing into account her şey hesaba katıldığında
as was previously stated önceden de söylendiği gibi
all things considered her şey düşünüldüğünde

TO SHOW SIMILARITY
Benzerlikleri ifade etmek veya kıyaslama yapmak için kullanılan kelimeler
Transportation system is not working properly. Similarly / Likewise,
similarly housing condition is really poor.
benzer şekilde
likewise Some people have little power to do good, and have likewise little
strength to resist evil.
by the same token benzer sebep(ler)le He didn’t behave friendly, but by the same token neither did we.

MANNER
Tutum ve tavır anlatan ifadeler
as as ve like birbirine As the manager of this company, I have to face the
olarak karıştırılmamalıdır. difficulties. (Bu şirketin yöneticisi olarak, zorluklara
just as
As gerçekte olanı dayanmalıyım.)
gibi verirken like Every employee in this company should face the
benzetme kurar. difficulties like a manager. (Bu şirketteki her çalışan
As olarak, like gibi yönetici gibi zorluklara dayanmalıdır.)
like anlamındadır. Nobody loves you like I do. (Kimse seni benim gibi
sevemez.)
Nobody loves you as I do. (Kimse seni benim gibi
sevemez.

aksine, tersine, Unlike a museum, a park is not independent of its

unlike
farklı olarak surroundings.
I don’t like the way you criticize me.
the way
... yapılış şekli I don’t like the way that you ciriticize me.
in the way that
(Beni eleştirme şeklinden hoşlanmıyorum.)

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 ADVERBIAL CLAUSES & CONJUNCTIONS & TRANSITION

as if / though
gerçekte doğru It sounds as if / though you had good time now.
as if olmayan olayları (present)
... mış gibi verdiği için You look as if / though you had had good time last
as though kastedilen zamanın summer. (past)
bir geçmişi (past) ile Geçen yaz iyi vakit geçirmiş gibi görünüyorsun.
kullanılırlar.

EXCEPTIONS

except (for)
He has everything he wants; money, career and family
aside from except for / aside from love.

apart from ...den başka There was an absolute silence in the room apart from
İsimlerle the clock ticking.
other than ...dışında
kullanılırlar. All the students in my class got over 70 in the final exam
save (for) ...haricinde excluding / save Jane.
excluding I don’t know any English word other than thanks. I have
no choice but resign.
but

except (that)
He didn’t tell what the party includes except that there
apart from the fact that Cümleciklerle
haricinde, dışında will be a famous guest.
but that kullanılırlar.
I am not sure about any thing but that I will die.
save that

CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTIONS
Denklik - Paralellik anlatan bağlaçlar

not only ... but also hem... hem You should study both grammar and vocabulary.
(isim) (isim)
Our employees are not only devoted but also
diligent. (sıfat)
a) Aynı görevdeki yapıları (sıfat)
bağlarlar, iki isim, iki sıfat veya
iki cümle gibi. He speaks neither courteously nor respectfully,
so I will never speak to him. (zarf) (zarf)
both ... and hem ... hem I will not only change my job but also move to a
(fiil) (fiil)
new city.
Either the house is repaired or it will collapse.
(cümle) (cümle)
Not only did he host a dinner but he also sent
cards to his friends before he left.
either ... or ya ... ya Özne-yüklem uyumu

b) Özne konumundaki isimleri Either the mother or children shout in the middle
bağladıklarında fiil ya da of thi night. (çoğul)
yardımcı fiil kendisine yakın olan Either children or the mother shouts in the
neither ... nor ne ... ne özneye göre çekimlenir. Nesne middle of the night. (tekil)
konumundaki zamir için de aynı Özne-nesne uyumu
şey geçerlidir.
Neither Mark nor the quests talked about their
opinions. (çoğul)

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Neither the guests Mark nor talked about his

opinions. (tekil)

EXERCISE 1: Time adverbial

Match the broken sentences so that you will form a full story.

1) As soon as Cinderella’s mother died, ---- a) she left behind one glass shoe.
2) After her father got married, ---- b) she desperately wanted to go.
3) When Cinderella heard about the ball, ---- c) her stepmother treated her badly.
4) While she was crying because she couldn’t go, ---- d) he fell in love with her.
5) Once Cinderella saw the fairy, ---- e) a fairy appeared.
6) Before she left for the ball, ---- f) her father decided to marry again.
7) She promised by the time it is midnight, ---- g) he proposed her.
8) The moment the Prince saw her, ---- h) the prince asked many girls to try it on.
9) As she was leaving, ---- i) the fairy dressed her up.
10) Until the Prince found the girl who could get in the shoe, ---- j) she was sure her life would change.
11) Directly she fit in the shoe, ---- k) she would have left the ball.
12) Since they got married, ---- l) they have been living happily.

EXERCISE 2: Complete the text with time expressions:

before - after - until - while - as - then
Baboons usually leave their sleeping places around 7 or 8 a.m. (1)_____________ coming down from trees,
adults sit in small groups grooming each other (2)_______________ the young play. They (3)____________ form
a unit that moves off in a column of two or three, walking (4)____________ they begin feeding. Fanning out, they
feed (5)__________ they move along, often traveling five or six miles a day. They search for food for about three
hours in the afternoon (6)______________ returning to their sleeping places.

EXERCISE 3: Rewrite the sentences using the words given.

Parantez içindeki kelimeleri kullanarak cümleleri aynı anlama gelecek şekilde yeniden yazınız.
1. No matter how carefully they tried hard to balance their budget, they were faced with a recurrent deficit each
time.
(though) ____________________________________________________________________

2. However much I travel, I still get nervous whenever I cross the frontier.
(no matter) ____________________________________________________________________

3. The output of a factory increases when old equipment is replaced by new.

(if) ____________________________________________________________________

4. She couldn’t pay attention due to the noise that surrounded her.
(because) ____________________________________________________________________

5. Television advertisements are used to sell not only products but also ideas.
(both) ____________________________________________________________________

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