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Lie Groups

This document provides definitions and results from Lie theory. It defines Lie groups and Lie algebras. Some key points are: 1) A Lie group is a group that is also a smooth manifold such that group operations are smooth maps. 2) The Lie algebra of a Lie group is the tangent space at the identity element, with a Lie bracket defined using derivatives. 3) Representations of Lie groups and Lie algebras are important, with the Lie algebra representation derived from the group representation. 4) Semisimple Lie algebras are direct sums of simple Lie algebras, and are characterized by having a compact real form associated with a compact Lie group.

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80 views7 pages

Lie Groups

This document provides definitions and results from Lie theory. It defines Lie groups and Lie algebras. Some key points are: 1) A Lie group is a group that is also a smooth manifold such that group operations are smooth maps. 2) The Lie algebra of a Lie group is the tangent space at the identity element, with a Lie bracket defined using derivatives. 3) Representations of Lie groups and Lie algebras are important, with the Lie algebra representation derived from the group representation. 4) Semisimple Lie algebras are direct sums of simple Lie algebras, and are characterized by having a compact real form associated with a compact Lie group.

Uploaded by

marioasensicollantes
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Lie Groups and Lie Algebras

Kumar Balasubramanian

Remark: These are a few important definitions, examples and results from
the Lie Theory Course.

1. GLn (C) - Group of all n × n invertible matrices with complex entries.

2. Mn (C) - Set of all n × n matrices with entries in C.

3. Let G be any subgroup of GLn (C). G is called a matrix Lie Group


if it satisfies the following. If (Am ) is any sequence of matrices in G and
Am → A then A ∈ G or A is not invertible.

4. A function A : R → GLn (C) is called a one parameter subgroup if


i) A is continuous
ii) A(0) = 1
iii) A(t + s) = A(t) + A(s) ∀ t, s ∈ R
5. Let G be a matrix Lie group. The Lie Algebra of G, denoted by g, is the
set of all matrices X such that etX is in G for all real numbers t

6. Let G a matrix Lie Group with lie algebra g. Let X ∈ g and A ∈ g,


then AXA−1 ∈ g

7. Let G be a matrix Lie group and g be the lie algebra of G. Then g


is always a vector space over R.

8. Let G and H be matrix lie groups, with lie algebras g and h respec-
tively. Suppose Φ : G → H is a lie group homomorphism Then there exists
a unique real linear map φ : g → h such that

i) φ(AXA−1 ) = Φ(A)φ(X)Φ(A)−1 ∀A ∈ G

1
ii) φ([X, Y ]) = [φ(X), φ(Y )]

iii) dtd t=0 Φ(etX ) = φ(X)

Remark:The above theorem says, every Lie Group homomorphism gives a


Lie Algebra Homomorphism. Given a Lie algebra homomorphism φ : g →
gl(V ) we can extend it to a lie group homomorphism Φ : G → GL(V ) if G
is simply connected.

9. Adjoint mapping: G be a matrix Lie group with lie algebra g. For


each A ∈ G, define a linear map AdA : g → g by AdA (X) = AXA−1 . Then
the map AdA satisfies the following.

i) AdA ∈ GL(g) A ∈ G.

ii) AdA ([X, Y ]) = [AdA (X), AdA (Y )]

10. Ad : G → GL(g) (A → AdA ) is a lie group homomorphism. Let


ad : g → gl(g) be the corresponding lie algebra homomorphism. Then

eadX = Ad(eX ) ∀X ∈ g

11. If G is a connected matrix lie group, then every element A in G can be


written as A = eX1 . . . eXm , X1 , X2 , ..., Xm ∈ g

12. Every continuous homomorphism between any two matrix lie groups
is smooth.

13. A finite dimensional real or complex lie algebra is a real or complex


vector space g, together with a map

i) [, ]is bilinear

ii) [X, Y ] = −[Y, X]

iii) [X[Y, Z]]+[Y [Z, X]]+[Z[X, Y ]] = 0, ∀X, Y, Z ∈ g (Jacobi Identity)

14. Ado’s Theorem: Every finite dimensional real or complex lie algebra
is isomorphic to a real or complex subalgebra of gl(n, R) or gl(n, C)

2
15. Exponential mapping and it’s properties: Let G be a lie group
and g be the lie algebra of G. For X ∈ g we define the exponential as
∞
X Xm
eX =
m=0
m!

16. Properties of the exponential mapping

i) e0 = I

ii) (eX )−1 = e−X

iii) det(eX )= etrace(X)

iv) e(α+β)X = eαX eβX ∀α, β ∈ C

v) eX+Y = eX + eY if XY = Y X
−1
vi) eCDC = CeD C −1

17. Lie Product Formula


X Y m
eX+Y = lim e m e m
m→∞

18. Let G be a matrix lie group with lie algebra g. H ⊂ G is called an


analytic subgroup or connected lie subgroup of G if

i) H is a subgroup of G

ii) Lie(H)=h is a subspace of g=Lie(G)

iii) Every element of H can be written in the form eX1 . . . eXm , X1 , . . . , Xm ∈


h

19. Let G be a matrix lie group with lie algebra g and let Π be a finite
dimensional real or complex representation of G, acting on the space V .
Then there is a unique representation π of g acting on the same space V
satisfying

i) Π(eX ) = eπ(X) ∀ X ∈ g

ii) π(X) = dtd t=0 Π(etX )

3
iii) π(AXA−1 ) = Π(A)π(X)Π(A)−1 ∀ X ∈ g, ∀ A∈G
20. A finite dimensional representation of a group or lie algebra is said to
be completely reducible if it is isomorphic to a direct sum of irreducible
irreducibles.

21. A group G is said to have the complete reducibility property, if


every representation of G is completely reducible.

Remark: Some things to remember on complete reducibility of represen-


tations.
i) (Π, V ) be a unitary representation of a group G (lie algebra g).
Then (π, V ) is always completely reducible.

ii) Some examples of compact groups


O(n), SO(n), U (n), SU (n), Sp(n)
22. Universal Property of Tensor Products: If U and V are finite
dimensional real or complexNvector spaces, then a tensor product of U with
V is a vector space W = U V , together with a bilinear map φ : U ×V → W
with the following property. If ψ is any other bilinear map from U × V → X,
then there exists a unique linear map ψe : W → X such that the diagram
commutes.
φ
U ×VP /W
PPP
PPP
P
ψ PPPP
ψ̃
P( 
X.

23. Theorem of highest weight for sl(3, C)


i) Every irreducible representation π of sl(3, C) is direct sum of its weight
spaces.

ii) Every irreducible representation of sl(3, C) has a unique highest weight


ν0 and two equivalent irreducible representations have the same highest
weight.

iii) Two irreducible representations of sl(3, C) with the same highest weight
are equivalent.

4
iv) If π is an irreducible representation of sl(3, C), then the highest weight
µ0 of π is of the form µo = (m1 , m2 ), m1 , m2 are non-negative integers.

v) If m1 , m2 are non-negative integers, then there exists an irreducible


representation of sl(3, C) with the highest weight µ0 = (m1 , m2 ).

vi) The dimension of the irreducible representation with highest weight


µ0 = (m1 , m2 ) is 21 (m1 + 1)(m2 + 1)(m1 + m2 + 2).

24. A complex lie algebra g is called indecomposable if the only ideals


in g are 0 and g.

25. A complex lie algebra g is called simple if the only ideals in g are 0
and g and dimg ≥ 2.

26. A complex lie algebra g is called reductive if g is isomorphic to a


direct sum of indecomposable lie algebras.

27. A complex lie algebra g is called semisimple if g is isomorphic to a


direct sum of simple lie algebras.

28. An important characterization of semisimple Lie Algebras:


A complex lie algebra is semisimple iff it is isomorphic to the complexifica-
tion of the lie algebra of a simply connected compact matrix lie group. i.e
g∼= kC where k = Lie(K) is the lie algebra of the simply connected compact
matrix lie group K

29. An Example of a complex Semisimple Lie Algebra

sl(3, C) ∼
= su(3)C and su(3) = Lie(SU (3))

Remark: SU (3) is compact and simply connected.

30. Weyl Group of SU(3): Let h = CH1 + CH2



Z = A ∈ SU (3) | AdA (H) = H ∀ H ∈ h

N = A ∈ SU (3) | AdA (H) ∈ h ∀ H ∈ h

5
Z and N are subgroups of SU (3) and Z is a normal subgroup of N . The
Z
Weyl Group W is defined to be the quotient group N .

31. Action of the Weyl group on h: For each element w ∈ W , choose


an element A of the corresponding equivalence class of N . Then for H ∈ h
define the action of w.H of w on H by w.H = AdA (H)

32. Different notions of weights


i) An ordered pair (m1 , m2 ) ∈ C2 is called a weight for π if there existes
v 6= 0 ∈ V such that π(H1 )v = m1 v and π(H2 )v = m2 v
ii) Weights as elements of h∗ . Let h = CH1 + CH2 be the Cartan
Subalgebra. Let µ ∈ h∗ . µ is called a weight for π if there exists
v 6= 0 ∈ V such that π(H)v = µ(H)v ∀ H ∈ h.
iii) Weights as elements of h. We choose an inner product on h which
is invariant under the action of the Weyl Group.
Innerproduct on h

< A, B >= trace(A∗ B)

For each α ∈ h, define α ∈ h∗ as α(H) =< α, H > .

We use this inner product to identify h with h∗ . Now we can look


at the weights as elements of h. Let α ∈ h. α is called a weight for π
if there exists v 6= 0 ∈ V such that π(H)v =< α, H > ∀ H ∈ h
34. If π is any finite dimensional representation of sl(3, C) and µ ∈ h∗
is a weight for π then for any w ∈ W , w.µ is also a weight for π, and the
multiplicity of w.µ is the same as the multiplicity of µ. i.e. The Weyl Group
leave the weights and their multiplicities invariant.

35. Suppose that π is an irreducible representation of sl(3, C) with highest


weight µ0 . Then, an element µ of h is a weight for π iff the following two
conditions are satisfied:
i) µ is contained in the convex hull of the orbit of µ0 under the weyl
group.

6
ii) µ0 −µ is expressible as a linear combination of the positive simple roots
α1 and α2 with integer coefficients.

35. Compact Real Forms for Complex Semisimple Lie Algebras:


Let g be a complex semisimple Lie Algebra. A compact real form of g is a
real subalgebra l of g with the property that every element X ∈ g can be
uniquely written as X = X1 + iX2 (i.e lC = g) and such that there exists a
compact simply connected matrix Lie group K1 such that the Lie algebra l1
of K1 is isomorphic to l.

Remark: For a complex semisimple Lie algebra g, a compact real form


always exists.

36. Some examples of compact real forms for complex semisim-


ple Lie algebras

i) Let g = sl(n, C) and l = su(n). l = su(n) is clearly a real subalgebra


of g = sl(n, C) = su(n)C and su(n) is the Lie algebra of the compact
simply connected matrix Lie group SU(n)

ii) Let g = so(3, C) and l = so(3). l = so(3) is clearly a real subalgebra


of so(3, C) = su(2)C and so(3) ∼
= su(2) which is the Lie algebra of the
compact simply connected matrix Lie group SU(2)

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