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The Z-Transform: Dr. Abdul Rahman El Falou BAU

The z-transform is an important tool for analyzing digital systems and designing digital filters. It transforms a discrete-time signal into a complex frequency domain representation. The z-transform is defined as the summation of a discrete signal multiplied by powers of a complex variable z. Properties of the z-transform like linearity, shifting, and convolution can be exploited to solve difference equations in the z-domain and find the original discrete-time signal using the inverse z-transform.

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Mahmoud Abdou
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51 views

The Z-Transform: Dr. Abdul Rahman El Falou BAU

The z-transform is an important tool for analyzing digital systems and designing digital filters. It transforms a discrete-time signal into a complex frequency domain representation. The z-transform is defined as the summation of a discrete signal multiplied by powers of a complex variable z. Properties of the z-transform like linearity, shifting, and convolution can be exploited to solve difference equations in the z-domain and find the original discrete-time signal using the inverse z-transform.

Uploaded by

Mahmoud Abdou
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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THE Z-TRANSFORM

BAU Dr. Abdul Rahman El Falou


DEFINITION
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 The z-transform is a very important tool in describing


and analyzing digital systems
 It also supports the techniques for digital filter design
and frequency analysis of digital signals.
 The z-transform of a causal sequence x(n), designated by
X(z) is defined as:

where z is the complex variable


It is a one-sided z-transform or a unilateral transform
Dr. Abdul Rahman El Falou
DEFINITION
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 All the values of z that make the summation exist form a


region of convergence in the z-transform domain
 All other values of z outside the region of convergence
will cause the summation to diverge
 The region of convergence is defined based on the
particular sequence x(n) being applied

Dr. Abdul Rahman El Falou


EXAMPLE 5.1
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Dr. Abdul Rahman El Falou


EXAMPLE 5.2
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Dr. Abdul Rahman El Falou


Table 5.1 of z-Transform Pairs
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Dr. Abdul Rahman El Falou


Table 5.1 of z-Transform Pairs
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Dr. Abdul Rahman El Falou


EXAMPLE 5.3
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Dr. Abdul Rahman El Falou


EXAMPLE 5.3
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Dr. Abdul Rahman El Falou


PROPERTIES OF THE Z-TRANSFORM:
Linearity
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 Linearity: The z-transform is a linear transformation,


which implies:

 Example:

Dr. Abdul Rahman El Falou


PROPERTIES OF THE Z-TRANSFORM:
Linearity
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Dr. Abdul Rahman El Falou


PROPERTIES OF THE Z-TRANSFORM:
Shifting
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 Shift theorem: Given X(z), the z-transform of a sequence x(n), the z-


transform of x(n-m), the time-shifted sequence, is given by:

Dr. Abdul Rahman El Falou


EXAMPLE 5.5
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Dr. Abdul Rahman El Falou


PROPERTIES OF THE Z-TRANSFORM:
Convolution
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 Convolution: Given two sequences x1(n) and x2(n), their


convolution can be determined as follows:

 In the z-transform domain, we have:

Dr. Abdul Rahman El Falou


PROPERTIES OF THE Z-TRANSFORM:
Convolution
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Dr. Abdul Rahman El Falou


EXAMPLE 5.7
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Dr. Abdul Rahman El Falou


Solution
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Dr. Abdul Rahman El Falou


z-Transform Properties
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Dr. Abdul Rahman El Falou


INVERSE Z-TRANSFORM
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 The z-transform of the sequence x(n) and the inverse z-


transform for the function X(z) are defined as,
respectively:

 The inverse of the z-transform may be obtained by at


least three methods:
1. partial fraction expansion and lookup table;
2. power series expansion;
3. residue method.

Dr. Abdul Rahman El Falou


EXAMPLE 5.8
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 Find the inverse z-transform for each of the following


functions:

Dr. Abdul Rahman El Falou


Solution
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Dr. Abdul Rahman El Falou


Solution
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Dr. Abdul Rahman El Falou


INVERSE Z-TRANSFORM
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 The z-transform of the sequence x(n) and the inverse z-


transform for the function X(z) are defined as,
respectively:

 The inverse of the z-transform may be obtained by at


least three methods:
1. partial fraction expansion and lookup table;
2. power series expansion;
3. residue method.

Dr. Abdul Rahman El Falou


Solution
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 The general procedure is as follows:

Dr. Abdul Rahman El Falou


Table 5.3 Partial Fraction(s) and
Formulas for Constant(s)
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Dr. Abdul Rahman El Falou


EXAMPLE 5.9: Real Distinct Poles
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Dr. Abdul Rahman El Falou


Solution
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Dr. Abdul Rahman El Falou


Solution
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Dr. Abdul Rahman El Falou


EXAMPLE 5.10: Complex poles
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Dr. Abdul Rahman El Falou


Solution
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Dr. Abdul Rahman El Falou


Solution
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Dr. Abdul Rahman El Falou


Complex distinct poles
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Dr. Abdul Rahman El Falou


Example 5.11: Real Repeated Poles
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Dr. Abdul Rahman El Falou


Solution
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Dr. Abdul Rahman El Falou


Solution
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Dr. Abdul Rahman El Falou


SOLUTION OF DIFFERENCE EQUATIONS
USING THE Z-TRANSFORM
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 To solve a difference equation with initial conditions, we have to


deal with time-shifted sequences such as y(n-1), y(n-2), ... , y(n-m)

 It holds that

 Similarly, we have

Dr. Abdul Rahman El Falou


SOLUTION OF DIFFERENCE EQUATIONS
USING THE Z-TRANSFORM
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 In general:

 If all initial conditions are considered to be zero, that is,

 The procedure is as follow to solve the equations is as


follows:
 Apply the z-transform to the difference equation.
 Substitute the initial conditions.
 Solve for the difference equation in the z-transform domain.
 Find the solution in the time domain by applying the inverse z-
transform.
Dr. Abdul Rahman El Falou
EXAMPLE 5.13
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Dr. Abdul Rahman El Falou


EXAMPLE 5.13: solution
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Dr. Abdul Rahman El Falou


EXAMPLE 5.13: solution
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Dr. Abdul Rahman El Falou


EXAMPLE 5.14
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Dr. Abdul Rahman El Falou


EXAMPLE 5.14: solution
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Dr. Abdul Rahman El Falou


EXAMPLE 5.14: solution
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Dr. Abdul Rahman El Falou


EXAMPLE 5.14: solution
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Dr. Abdul Rahman El Falou

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