Coarseness Factor Chart
Coarseness Factor Chart
JOURNAL OF CIVIL AND STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING
Volume 1, No 4, 2011
© Copyright 2011 All rights reserved Integrated Publishing services
Research article ISSN 0976 – 4399
A parametric study for assessing the effects of coarseness factor and
workability factor on concrete compressive strength
Warda Bint Ashraf 1 , Munaz Ahmed Noor 2
1 Lecturer, Department of Civil Engineering, Bangladesh University of Engineering
and Technology (BUET), Dhaka1000, Bangladesh
2 Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Bangladesh University of Engineering
and Technology (BUET), Dhaka1000, Bangladesh
[email protected]
ABSTRACT
Aggregate as the main constituent of concrete (about 60 to 70% by volume) highly
affects both fresh and hardened concrete properties. Thus to minimize concrete cost and
improve its quality it is necessary to achieve optimum aggregate gradation. Coarseness
Factor chart is one of the recent popular methods for achieving an optimum aggregate
gradation, which represents the relationship between Coarseness Factor and Workability
Factor of a mix. This paper utilizes several trial mix data to explore the relationship of
Coarseness Factor and Workability Factor with different fresh and hardened concrete
properties.
Keywords: Aggregate, Gradation, Concrete, Coarseness Factor, Compressive strength
1. Introduction
Concrete consist of two segments1) Aggregate, 2) Paste (Abrams, 1918), and the main
vulnerable part is the paste portion. Minimum paste will mean less quantity of cement,
less quantity of water, which will further mean increased economy, higher strength,
lowershrinkage and greaterdurability (Shetty, 2002). All these properties of concrete
can be improved by having well graded aggregates. Thus, the importance of optimum
aggregate gradation arises. The most suitable aggregate gradation for a concrete mix,
however, will depend upon the actual grading, particle shapes and surface texture.
The optimization of aggregate gradation is advantageous for economical and technical
reasons. There are various methods proposed by many researchers for achieving optimum
aggregate gradation. One way to achieve optimum gradation is to achieve maximum
density. But it was also found that aggregate with very high density will result in harsh
mix (Talbot et al. 1923; Walsh, 1933; Besson, 1935). Another method of achieving
optimum aggregate gradation is the use Coarseness Factor chart simultaneously with “8
18” band gradation. Coarseness Factor chart was first introduced by Shilstone (1990).
Coarseness Factor chart mainly graphically characterizes the relationship between
Coarseness Factor and Workability Factor of a mix. However, still the relationships
between various properties of concrete with Coarseness Factor and Workability Factor
are unclear. It has been observed in some research that these aggregate properties do not
have any clear effects on hardened concrete properties (McCall et al. 2005).
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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CIVIL AND STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING
Volume 1, No 4, 2011
© Copyright 2011 All rights reserved Integrated Publishing services
Research article ISSN 0976 – 4399
In this paper, to observe the effect of Coarseness Factor and Workability Factor on
concrete properties, eight concrete mix results are discussed. These mixes were so
designed that the water to cementitious material ratio (w/c ratio) and aggregate to
cementitious material ratio (a/c ratio) for all mixes were same, only the aggregate
gradations were kept variable. Thus only the aggregate gradation related properties were
varied (i.e. Coarseness Factor, Workability Factor, fine aggregate to total aggregate ratio
etc), where other important parameter remaining the same (i.e. w/c ratio, a/c ratio etc).
1.1. Coarseness Factor
Coarseness Factor was derived from the aggregate gradation to predict the workability of
the concrete mix (Shilstone, 1990). Coarseness Factor is the proportion of plus 3/8"
coarse particles in relation to the total coarse particles, expressed as a percent. Total
aggregate gradation can be divided into three fractions (i) Coarse Fraction (Q):
Materials retained on 3/8" sieve, (ii) Intermediate Fractions (I): Passing 3/8" sieve and
retained on #8, and (iii) Fine Fraction (W): Passing #8 and retained on # 200 (Shilstone,
1990).
Thus Coarseness Factor expressed as,
é Q ù
CF = ê ú ´ 100 %
ë Q + I û
Here, CF = Coarseness Factor.
A Coarseness Factor = 100 would represent a gapgraded aggregate where there was no
#8 to 3/8inch material. A Coarseness Factor = 0 would be an aggregate that has no
material retained on the 3/8inch sieve.
1.2. Workability Factor
Workability Factor is the percent of the combined aggregate that passes the No. 8 sieve.
The Coarseness Factor Chart is based upon 6.0 sacks (564 pounds) of cementitious
materials per cubic yard (335 kg/m 3 ). Thus, Workability Factor needs to be adjusted in
order to account for different cementitious amounts. When the amount of cement exceeds
6.0 sacks, the Workability Factor is adjusted plus 2.5 percent per sack of cement
equivalent. When the amount of cement is below 6.0 sacks, the Workability Factor is
adjusted minus 2.5 percent per sack of cement equivalent.
2. 5 ( C - 564 )
WF = W +
94
Where,
WF = Workability Factor
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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CIVIL AND STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING
Volume 1, No 4, 2011
© Copyright 2011 All rights reserved Integrated Publishing services
Research article ISSN 0976 – 4399
W= % of aggregate passing # 8 sieve.
C = Cement Content of the mix in kg/m3
1.3. Coarseness Factor Chart
In regard to the Coarseness Factor chart, the Xaxis represents the Coarseness Factor, and
the Yaxis represents the Workability Factor. Figure 1 shows the Coarseness Factor chart
with its different zones. The Coarseness Factor chart is a method of analyzing the size
and uniformity of the combined aggregate distribution, balanced with respect to the fine
aggregate content of the mix. The Coarseness Factor defines the relationship between the
coarse and intermediate particles. There are five zones identifying regions for acceptance
or rejection. If the plot of x and y falls within the optimum zone, this indicates that the
mix is acceptable but it does not tell exactly what to fix if it is not acceptable. This is
useful as a quick check and the plot can be changed with modifications in the fine
aggregate (Fricks, 2007). The diagonal bar is the Trend Bar that divides sandy from rocky
mixtures. Zone I mixtures segregate during placement. Zone II is the desirable zone.
Zone III is an extension of Zone II for 0.5in. (13 mm) and finer aggregate. Zone IV has
too much fine mortar and can be expected to crack, produce low strength, and segregate
during vibration. Zone V is too rocky (Shilstone, 2002). The rectangular box within the
zoneII represents the optimum zone. This optimum zone was first marked by Harrison
(2004).
50
Zone IV, Sticky
45
Workability Factors (WF)
Zone III, Well Graded, 1/2inch and
finer
Zone II,
40
Well Graded
Optimum
35
Gap Graded
Zone I,
30
Zone V, Rocky
25
20
100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
Coarseness Factors (CF)
Figure 1: Different zones in coarseness factor chart
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Volume 1, No 4, 2011
© Copyright 2011 All rights reserved Integrated Publishing services
Research article ISSN 0976 – 4399
2. Experiment
To observe the effect of Coarseness Factor and Workability Factor of aggregate on
concrete, mix design was done for a fixed w/c ratio, where only the size distribution of
aggregate were varied. 4" X 8" concrete cylindersamples were prepared and tested
according to ASTM standards at 7days, 14 days and 28 days. Three samples were cast in
each case. The tests were done using local materials in Dhaka, such as local cement brand
(ensuring CEM IIB/M standards), local sand (FM = 1.13), Sylhet sand (FM = 2.75) and
local coarse aggregate (stone chips). Total eight trial mixes were prepared. For all these
trial mixes nominal maximum size of aggregate was 19mm.
2.1. Mix Proportion
As it is mentioned earlier, for all the trial mixes w/c ratio and a/c ratio were kept constant.
Thus for all the mixes, quantity (weight basis) of water, aggregate and cement were the
same for a given moisture condition. Table 1 shows the mix proportions in saturated
surface dry (SSD) condition of aggregates.
Table 1: Mix Proportions in SSD Condition of Aggregates
2.2. Aggregate Properties
Table 2 shows the combined aggregate properties for different trial mixes, obtained from
standard tests. The shaded areas represent the maximum value of particular parameters.
From Table 2 it was observed that % void for all type of gradation are nearly same,
irrespective of well graded or not well graded aggregate, as it was proved by many
researchers (Karthik, 2008; Ashraf and Noor, 2011 ).
Table 2: Combined Aggregate Properties
Fine aggregate to Aggregate
% Void
Mix ID total aggregate FM CF WF Density
Content
ratio (kg/m 3 )
Mix1 0.47 2.82 71 47 1664 36
Mix2 0.48 2.57 57 45 1647 37
Mix3 0.35 2.37 55 35 1701 35
Mix4 0.54 3.28 52 45 1682 35
Mix5 0.54 3.59 45 42 1664 36
Mix6 0.38 3.15 56 34 1663 36
Mix7 0.33 2.83 65 31 1666 36
Mix8 0.49 2.81 59 44 1656 36
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Volume 1, No 4, 2011
© Copyright 2011 All rights reserved Integrated Publishing services
Research article ISSN 0976 – 4399
2.3. Concrete Properties
Table 3 shows primary concrete properties, such as, fresh concrete density (kg/m 3 ),
slump (mm) and compressive strength (MPa) for the trial mixes.
Table 3: Concrete Properties for Different Mixes
3. Discussion
3.1. Positions in Coarseness Factor Chart
Figure 2 shows the positions of the trial mixes in the Coarseness Factor chart. As it was
mentioned earlier, cement content of these mixes was 195 kg/m 3 (742lb/yd 3 ) which was
greater than 6.0 sacks of cement (564lb/yd 3 ). Therefore the Workability Factor was
adjusted for this increased cement content as following
2. 5 ( 742 - 564 )
WF = W +
94
50
Mix1
45 Mix2 Mix4
Workability Factors
Mix8
Mix5
40
35 Mix3
Mix6
(WF)
Mix7
30
25
78 68 58 48 38
Coarseness Factors (CF)
Figure 2: Trial mix positions on Coarseness Factor chart.
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Volume 1, No 4, 2011
© Copyright 2011 All rights reserved Integrated Publishing services
Research article ISSN 0976 – 4399
From the positions of the trial mixes in the Coarseness Factor chart it can be observed
that, only two mixes (mix3 and mix6) fall in optimum mix range. From table 4 it can
also be revealed that the concrete properties of these mixes, being obtained from standard
tests, were very close to each other.
Table 4: Concrete Properties for Optimum zone mixes.
Again considering another group of mixes, that is, mix2, 4 and 8, it is clear from Figure
2 that all these mixes are in ZoneIV of Coarseness Factor chart for which the properties
are shown in table 5. From this table it is observed that although these mixes fall into the
same zone and also the CF, WF values are very close, there are hardly any similarities in
their major concrete properties.
Table 5: Concrete Properties for zoneIV mixes.
3.2. Coarseness Factor and Compressive Strength
Figure 3 shows that the compressive strength of concrete mix decreases with the increase
of Coarseness Factor and viceversa. This is because an increase in Coarseness Factor
implies a decrease in intermediate size particles, as defined in section 2. Thus higher the
Coarseness Factor, the more the mix tends to be gapgraded, giving away a lower
compressive strength.
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Volume 1, No 4, 2011
© Copyright 2011 All rights reserved Integrated Publishing services
Research article ISSN 0976 – 4399
than mix5. As a result of that the 28days compressive strength of mix5 was found to be
higher than that of mix3 (see Table 3).
Table 2 features another important observation, that is, the aggregate density of both mix
5 and mix1 was the same (1664 kg/m 3 ). Even though these two mixes possess the same
aggregate density, persistent differentiation is noticeable in between. That is, the 28days
compressive strength of mix5 was 51 MPa and Coarseness Factor was 45 and where as
for mix1, the 28days compressive strength was 30 MPa and Coarseness Factor was 71.
Thus the presence of intermediate particles highly affects the compressive strengths of
concrete which is in turn gives way to a definite relationship between compressive
strength of concrete and the Coarseness Factor.
55
28Days Compressive Strength (MPa)
45
35
2
R = 0.622
25 2
R = 0.6412
2
R = 0.593
15
45 50 55 60 65 70 75
Coarseness Factor (CF)
Figure 3: Compressive strength (MPa) of concrete vs. Coarseness Factor.
3.3. Workability Factor and Compressive Strength
From Figure 4, it seems that the compressive strength of concrete increases with the
increase of Workability Factor up to a certain limit, after that the strength starts
decreasing reversibly. This may be due to the fact that, finer particles are required to fill
up the interparticle voids of coarse particles. But after a certain limit, when the amount
of finer particles are higher than the required the mix will become more sandy. Hence,
there should be a suitable range of Workability Factor to get a higher strength, as
indicated by Figure 4; it can be 0.30 to 0.37. But this range needs to be more precise by
applying largescale data sets.
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© Copyright 2011 All rights reserved Integrated Publishing services
Research article ISSN 0976 – 4399
28Days Compressive Strength (Mpa) 55
45
2
R = 0.562
35
2
R = 0.2841
25
2
R = 0.493
15
30 35 40 45 50
Workability Factor
Figure 4: Compressive strength (MPa) of concrete vs. Workability Factor
4. Conclusion
This paper is based on the small scale experimental research which was attempted to
quantitatively prove the impacts of some recent aggregate gradation parameters on
concrete properties. The main objective was focused to establish any possible relationship
of the Coarseness Factor as well as the Workability Factor with hardened concrete
properties. From this research, it has been found that both the Coarseness Factor and
Workability Factor might have relationships with concrete compressive strength. But the
precise form of these relationships must be established through a comprehensive research
with large scale data sets.
Acknowledgement
The Concrete Laboratory of Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology
(BUET) are gratefully acknowledged here for providing all experimental facilities.
5. References
1. Abrams, D. A.,1918, Design of Concrete Mixtures, Bulletin 1,Structural
Materials Research Laboratory, Lewis Institute, 1918.
2. Ashraf, W. B. and Noor, M. A., “PerformanceEvaluation Of Concrete
Properties For Different Combined Aggregate Gradation Approaches.” The
Twelfth East AsiaPacific Conference on Structural Engineering &
Construction, Hongkong, 2011 (unpublished)
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