IOSR Journal of Nursing and Health Science (IOSR-JNHS

e-ISSN: 2320–1959.p- ISSN: 2320–1940 Volume 6, Issue 1 Ver. VII (Jan. - Feb. 2017), PP 70-75
www.iosrjournals.org

The Psychological Impact of Media on Adolescents

Ms. Agnes Monica Victor,
Lecturer, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for health sciences, Riyadh, KSA.

Abstract: Adolescents throughout the country regularly use the internet, cell phones, and video games to
gather information and communicate with each other. This ability to interact with others is the unique feature of
social media which provides powerful new ways for adolescents to create and navigate their social
environments. Adolescent’s psychological impact of media occurs simultaneously with their developing identity,
emerging sexuality, physical development, and moral consciousness (Chicago, John and Catherine, 2011). In
recent years, electronic games, home computers, and the Internet have assumed an important place in our lives.
This paper presents a review of the research on the impact of home computer use on the development of
children and adolescents. Time use data are presented along with a discussion of factors such as age, gender,
and ethnicity, which impact the time spent on computers as well as the activities engaged in. Research on the
impact of computer use on cognitive skill and academic development, social development and relationships, and
perceptions of reality and violent behavior is reviewed. The paper concludes with recommendations for future
study in order to better understand the growing impact of computers on our youth (Purcell, 2011).

I. Introduction
The role of media in the adolescents has undergone a “revolutionary change”. Recent research has
shown that connections between children playing violent video games can cause later aggressive behavioral
problems. In retrospect studies also shown a twelve percent increase in aggressive behavior after watching
violent television as well. Some parents and psychologists have said that there are children who benefit from
the proficiency and coordination of playing video games while others disagree. Critics of video games claim
that watching violent television is less detrimental due to the children not physically playing out the violence
(Child Development Institute, 2003). Research has also shown heavy viewers, which is four or more hours a
day, put in less effort at school, have poorer reading skills, play less friendly with friends, have fewer hobbies
and activities, and are more likely to be overweight. The American Psychological Association says there are
three major effects of watching violence in the media (i.e. Video games/television) children may become less
sensitive to the pain and suffering of others, children may be more fearful of the world around them, and
children may be more likely to behave in aggressive or hurtful ways toward others (Clifford,2009).

II. Social Media Usage Habits

Chatting is the most common activity among users in the Arab world, followed by reading posts added
by other people. Facebook and what’s App are the most used social media channels across the Middle Eastern
countries. While Face book was the top used social media channel on the aggregate level. On average, one third
of users spend less than 30 minutes per session when using social media, and 5% spend more than 4 hours per
session. More than half the users are most active on social media during evening hours.More than half the users
in the World use social media primarily to connect with people. While gaining information, watching videos,
listening to music and sharing photos came as the second top main reason for using social media. (Arab Social
Media Report, 2015)

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 The Psychological Impact of Media on Adolescents

Average Length Of Session When Using Social Media

Populations in the Arab world are considered youthful since more than one-third of the population in
each country consists of people aged 25 years or younger. Youth represents the majority of social media, as of
June 2013 the percentage of total users between 16 and 34 years was 77%. Also, in May 2014 the percentage of
total Facebook users between 15 and 29 years old reached to 67%.

Most Commonly Used Social Media

 Text Messaging- Cell phone feature -75% of all teens own a cell phone and 88% of cell phone-owning
adolescent users text 72% of all teens use text messaging
 Social Networking Sites- Facebook, Twitter, Linkedin, Messenger, Whats app - 73% of young adults have
used a social networking site
 Online video sites - YouTube.com- 63% of online adolescents watch online videos
 Online gaming -61% of online youth play games online, including multiplayer online games
 Blogging within social networking sites – Facebook -52% of online teens have commented on a blog.

Source: (Lenhart.A, 2010) except for Online video sites (Nielsen, 2009) & Online gaming (McAfee, 2010)

Benefits Of Social Media On Adolescent Health

Overall, social media use is associated with many benefits for adolescent health and development. Most
of the adolescents use online networks to extend the friendships they already have from other areas of their life,
such as school, religious organizations, sports and other local activities. Social networking sites provide a way
for teens to experience connectedness and opportunities to learn from each other. Social media can provide a
supportive environment to explore passion, friendship, and social status, while also providing an opportunity to
share and discuss their taste in music, knowledge of television and movies, online videos/games, and other
aspects of their culture (Ito, 2008).

Socialization and Communication

Social media sites allow adolescent population around the world to accomplish online tasks that are
important to them offline: staying connected with friends and family, making new friends, sharing pictures, and
exchanging ideas. Social media participation also can offer adolescents deeper benefits that extend into their
view of self, community, and the world, including opportunities for community engagement through raising
money for charity and volunteering for local events, including political and philanthropic events( Ito M, Horst
H, Bittani M,2008). Also, it helps in the enhancement of individual and collective creativity through
development and sharing of artistic and musical endeavors and growth of ideas from the creation of blogs,
podcasts, videos, and gaming sites. Expansion of one's online connections through shared interests to include
others from more diverse backgrounds and fostering of one's individual identity and unique social skills
(Boyd,2008).
Social networking sites can allow the adolescent population to find support online that they may lack in
traditional relationships, those who are living with an illness or disability, or those who may feel physically
unattractive or socially reticent (Blumenfeld and Cooper, 2010). They look to social networks as a key source of
information and advice in a critical developmental period with 57% of social networkers saying they look to
their online social network for advice (Nielsen, 2009). They also use online searches to gain answers to many of
their health concerns with 31% of online users getting health, dieting, or physical fitness information from the
internet. Seventeen percent of the population who use the internet report they use it to gather information about
health topics that are hard to discuss with others, such as drug use and sexual health. Adolescents from lower
income families are more likely to use online social networks (80%) than from wealthier households (70%)
(Lenhart, 2010). They have found that they gained more independence and freedom through owning a cell
phone that allows them to communicate with their parents and that they often use voice calling to seek out social
support when needed to discuss personal matters (Lenhart, Ling, Campbell & Purcell, 2010).

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 The Psychological Impact of Media on Adolescents

Enhanced Learning Opportunities

Middle and high school students are using social media to connect with one another on homework and
group projects (Boyd, 2008). For example, Facebook and similar social media programs allow students to gather
outside of class to collaborate and exchange ideas about assignments. Some schools successfully use blogs as
teaching tools, (Borja, 2005) which has the benefit of reinforcing skills in English, written expression, and
creativity.

Accessing Health Information

Adolescents are finding that they can access online information about their health concerns easily and
anonymously. Excellent health resources are increasingly available to youth on a variety of topics of interest to
this population, such as sexually transmitted infections, stress reduction, and signs of depression. Adolescents
with chronic illnesses can access Web sites through which they can develop supportive networks of people with
similar conditions (Lenhart, Purcell, Smith, Zickur, 2010). The mobile technologies that they use daily, namely
cell phones, instant messaging, and text messaging, have already produced multiple improvements in their
health care, such as increased medication adherence, better disease understanding, and fewer missed
appointments (Krishna, Boren, Balas, 2009). It is also proved that the new social media venues have mobile
applications, teenagers will have enhanced opportunities to learn about their health issues and communicate with
their doctors. However, because of their young age, adolescents can encounter inaccuracies during these
searches and require parental involvement to be sure they are using reliable online resources, interpreting the
information correctly, and not becoming overwhelmed by the information they are reading. Encouraging parents
to ask about their children's and adolescents' online searches can help facilitate not only discovery of this
information but discussion on these topics.

Adolescent Mental Health And Social Media

Most adolescents surveyed who are regular media users have lots of friends, get along well with their
parents, and are happy at school (Rideout, 2010). However, peer rejection and a lack of close friends are among
the strongest predictors of depression and negative self-views (Hartup, 1996). Young adults who are the heaviest
media users report being less content and are more likely to report that they get into trouble a lot, are often sad
or unhappy, and are often bored (Rideout, 2010). In California, 21% of them surveyed were found to be at risk
for depression (California Health Interview Survey, 2005). In addition, 68% of girls nationally report having a negative
experience on a social networking site. Some of them have reported that Facebook can incite fights, especially with the
creation of “burn” pages created for the explicit purpose of taunting or teasing others (Boyar, 2011).Female and male
adolescent tend to compare themselves with models in television advertisements more frequently at this age and as a result
both the gender feel in secured and lack of confidence in themselves. This also led to unhealthy lifestyle which is one of the
most serious things to be taken care of now a days. Girls with stick to crash diet to get unattainable body of those models in
advertisement and boys often resort to the use of steroids and over exercising to achieve a perceived muscular body (
Droomgoole,2006).Use of social media also creates an opportunity for emotional distress from receiving threatening,
harassing, or humiliating communication from another teen, called cyberbullying. In California, approximately 23% of
them report being threatened by a peer. Cyberbullying appears similar in prevalence to offline bullying (Lenhart,
2007). Cyberbullying has been shown to cause higher levels of depression and anxiety for victims than
traditional bullying and has also been connected to cases of youth suicide known to engage in reading hurtful
comments days before their suicide attempts (Kowalski, 2010).
Dr. Sonakshi Singh in a case study told that adolescents are exposed to an approximate of 9-15 hours of
television/internet per week, internet being the strongest of all media tools. She stated that due to the increase in
the awareness in the Indian society about the worth of women children too particularly boys are now learning
that girls can do whatever the boys can. This is in a way is reducing the vast gender gap that exists in gender
roles in the society that have existed for so long. She also points out that the adolescents experience physical and
mental maturity much earlier. The 19 year olds are no longer referred to as teenagers a more suitable term for
this age group is young adults. Having mentioned that she states that it is important for the parents to limit the
use of internet.The excessive usage of laptops and tablets will create an increasingly detrimental effect upon the
health in several psycho-socioeconomic ways leading to issues such as obesity, depression and low motivation.
She also stated that the way in which men and women react to similar advertisements in a very different manner.
While women are influenced by emotional and positive content, men are influenced by adventure and
competition. (Barve G, Sood A, Nithya S, Virmani T (2015).

Texting/Sexting
While most young adults use messaging responsibly, it is still an extremely powerful and private
communication tool that can be used irresponsibly. With texting, teens cannot see the reaction of the person
receiving the message, so their actions can be separated from the consequences (Commonsense media,
Parenting Tip Sheet, 2010).

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 The Psychological Impact of Media on Adolescents

Violent Media
Everything that young adults see or hear in the media early on in their lives affects them in some way.
Positive parenting role models indicate that in the best interest of our children we should limit their exposure to
violent acts. Unfortunately, violence is one of the most popular forms of entertainment. Over sixty percent of
television shows being shown in prime time contain some form of violence. There are two very opposite sides
of this issue. The media who market the violent television, video games and other forms of entertainment argue
this is safe entertainment and the others argue that violence promotes violence. Current research tends to agree
with the proponents who argue that violent media is associated with aggressive behavior. Risky behavior by
children and young adults can include violence against others, lack of remorse for consequences. The type of
faulty thinking creates stressors in children which can lead to the onset of many different symptoms. Children
who view media violence are more likely to have increased feelings of hostility, decreased emotional response
to the portrayal of violence and injury that lead to violent behavior through imitation. For example, the act of
imitating what they have seen on a television show causes injury to themselves or others around them.
Another view from researchers suggests that performing violent acts in video games may be more
contributing to children’s aggression than passively watching violent acts on television. According to this view,
the more children practice violent acts, the more likely they are to perform violent acts (Cesarone, 1994). In
most video games women are usually portrayed as persons who are acted upon rather than as initiators of action,
in the extreme they are depicted as victims. The movie the Matrix for example was said to be the triggering
factor to the violent high school students that wore trench coats. They were eventually arrested for trying to
play out their role as “The One.” Another research has found that males play video games more often than
women which may be the producing factor of such violence in video games. It is believed that acting out such
violence as opposed to just viewing the violence causes the children to become more familiar with how to act
out violence without consequences. On the other hand the makers of these violent types of media such as
movies, video games and television argue that violent children are drawn towards these types of violent
entertainment. These people believe that the child must have been exposed to more than just programming in
order to exhibit behaviors that they may have seen on television or in the media. Some will argue though that the
real effect is so small that in fact one hypothesis suggests that exposure to violent media can actually provide a
healthy release for the frightening emotions of children and young adults. At the age children begin to play
video games they have not quite developed the ability to distinguish between what is reality and what it’s not.
This can cause young children to act upon the violence they have viewed on television, video games and such,
not knowing that what they are doing is wrong or inappropriate.
The only part of the issue that researchers do agree about is that violent media types are not the only
cause of children committing violent acts. The involvement of parents in what their children watch, how the
family interacts with each other, what the children are exposed to in their environment are also indicators of
how they will behave and what value system they will follow. In 1995 one research revealed that both
impulsive and reflective young adults showed increased amounts of violent aggression towards play objects
after playing violent and non-violent video games. However, in a contradictory study it was found that there
was not a difference between children that were exposed to violent media and those who were exposed to non-
violent media. The catharsis theory disputes the claim that violent video game content encourages aggression.
This theory suggests that the emotional drive evoked by violent video game play reduces the chance of a child
actually exhibiting violent behavior; the child’s fantasy play and imagined actions causes the child to have
reduced urges to act out aggression in actual behavior (Ivory, 2001).
Negative effects of advertisements include several developmental both psychological and
physiological. Media and commercials general a lack of moral ground creating a wide expanse of grey which
helps teenagers justify wrong actions. It creates gender stereotypes and incites aggression. Effects of media also
include the lack of patience and social apathy. All these factors are directly responsible for the depression and
low social image which is a grave issue and is being faced by most teenagers. The physiological effects of
media are the lack of concentration, obesity and sluggishness. The teenagers also face insomnia due to not
having enough physical stimulation. The time spent on screen leads to mental fatigue but not physical which
today is the root cause of insomnia. The positive effects of media according to the professionals range from
creating awareness about the different gender roles, and norms of the society. For e.g. the adolescents are more
aware of the need to vote, or wear seatbelts and not drink and drive. They realize the negative effects of
smoking and drinking much more through these adverts. Furthermore the ads like “why should boys have all the
fun” create a sense of equality which otherwise is missing in the Indian society. While some psychologist
believe that boys are more open with the problems they experience the others believe that girls are more vocal.
However the subjects of these issues faced are largely similar leading from issues with peers, disruptive family
environment and failure in achieving (Barve G, Sood A, Nithya S, Virmani T (2015).

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 The Psychological Impact of Media on Adolescents

Influence Of Advertisements In The Media

Many social media sites display multiple advertisements such as banner ads, behavior ads (ads that
target people on the basis of their Web-browsing behavior), and demographic-based ads (ads that target people
on the basis of a specific factor such as age, gender, education, marital status, etc) that influence not only the
buying tendencies of preadolescents and adolescents but also their views of what is normal. It is particularly
important for parents to be aware of the behavioral ads, because they are common on social media sites and
operate by gathering information on the person using a site and then targeting that person's profile to influence
purchasing decisions. Such powerful influences start as soon as children begin to go online and post.
Privacy
Most studies show that adolescents do care about privacy. When they are concerned about risks, they
will engage in privacy protecting behaviors, such as adjusting their profiles to “private” from “public” access,
refusing to provide identifying information or false information, and avoiding certain websites (Youn, 2009).
However, most youth do not read websites’ privacy policies or may be unaware that their information is at risk
of disclosure to third parties like advertisers. Though concerned about talking to people they don’t know online,
they appear to be less worried about posting information about themselves. Twenty-one percent of young adults
say it is safe to post personal information, including photos, online to a public profile (Cox, 2007).

III. Recommendations
For Parents and Caregivers:
Awareness Parents and caregivers need to educate themselves about social media and the ways they use, as well
as the common risks, to help them understand and navigate the technologies.
Engagement Family discussions are positive for adolescents and can result in less risky online behaviors more
of those who said their parents have talked to them “a lot” reported (Cox, 2007).
Respect for privacy and empowerment For parents and caregivers, discussing media content with their
children can be an effective strategy to reduce the amount of personal information disclosed more so than
prohibiting access, as they often perceive monitoring as a violation of their privacy (Ito, 2008).
For Community:
Greater resources need to be allocated to schools, libraries and community organizations to assist them in
adopting risk management strategies and to provide education about online safety issues.
Resources are needed for social services and mental health professionals who work with minors and their
families to extend their expertise to online spaces and work with other members of the community to identify at-
risk youth and intervene before risky behavior results in negative outcomes (Berkman, 2008).
Technological solutions Internet providers such as Google and Yahoo, and social networking sites, such as
Facebook and YouTube, need to continue to work with parents and policy makers to create awareness and
opportunities for privacy protection of youth and to develop technologies that can assist teens in staying safe.
-Health providers Medical and mental health providers need to include routine screenings to assess risk for
depression that consider a teen’s social media use. For example, assessing the amount of time spent using media
including online activities or inquiring about online contacts with close friends vs. strangers, their willingness to
meet someone offline, incidence of being harassed, harassing others.
Schools need to update media literacy guidelines to include explicit information on successful participation with
new media forms, online risks, and education about consequences of their media use, including laws that pertain
to them.
Research Evaluation research is needed on the success of social media-based interventions, particularly those
focusing on urban and rural teens from low income families and those with poor home environments.

IV. Conclusion
In conclusion, not one research conducted could prove either positive or negative long term outcomes
of violent media. The fact of the matter is that parents should monitor and be more attentive to their children.
In the act of a busy life we all tend to forget the real life issues. Parents need to pay more attention to their
children’s lives and not sit them in front of the television, weather it is for movies, video games, or general
television shows. In my opinion this day and age most parents get too wrapped up in their own lives to be
overly concerned about what their children are doing. Raising a child is hard enough in these days and all the
outside media violence and it makes it ten times harder to steer your child in the right direction. All we can do as
parents is pay attention to our children and stay involved in their lives before it is too late.

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