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Sex Inheritance

This document discusses sex determination and inheritance in humans and other species. It covers the different types of sex chromosomes (XY, ZW), sex determination systems (genetic balance of material), and types of sex-linked traits (sex-linked, sex-influenced, sex-limited, holandric). It provides examples of sex-linked inheritance in traits like color blindness in humans and plumage in birds. It also explains the concept of nondisjunction discovered by Bridges, where chromosomes fail to separate during meiosis.

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Hamza Bin Sajid
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64 views17 pages

Sex Inheritance

This document discusses sex determination and inheritance in humans and other species. It covers the different types of sex chromosomes (XY, ZW), sex determination systems (genetic balance of material), and types of sex-linked traits (sex-linked, sex-influenced, sex-limited, holandric). It provides examples of sex-linked inheritance in traits like color blindness in humans and plumage in birds. It also explains the concept of nondisjunction discovered by Bridges, where chromosomes fail to separate during meiosis.

Uploaded by

Hamza Bin Sajid
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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SEX INHERITANCE

Somatic Cells GERMINAL CELLS


Chromosomes

 Autosomal
 Sex chromosomes
How many types of Sex determination
systems

 XY system Inhuman Female XX and Male XY

 ZW system Poultry female is ZW and Male ZZ

 Genic balance/weight of genetic material


In some insect species Chr no. determines sex
e.g. 2n= 14 is female and 2n=13 is male or X = 1.5 than XX = 3 female and 1.5 = male

If sex chromosomes are different: Heterogametic


If sex chromosomes of same type: Hemazygous/homogametic
Homologous pairs of Human Genome

Male

Female
Sex inheritance in Humans

 Four types of sex inheritance effects observed in humans

Sex linked traits

Sex influenced traits

Sex limited traits

Holandric traits
Pairing of Sex Chromosomes

Sex Linked X
or X-linked
Holandric
Y genes

Sex limited traits are on


autosomes usually and are The genes in this pairing
gender specific region behave like
normal homologous
autosome gene pairs
and are sex influenced
Sex influenced

 Baldness trait in humans


Gene Woman Man

BB Bald Bald

Bb Non-bald Bald

bb Non-bald Non-bald
Sex linkage

 1902, McClung in species of grasshopper found unpaired chromosome in male


 McClung linked it with determination of sex in living organisms
 Steven and Wilson found same situation in Drosophila melanogaster
 1906 Doncastor illustrated 1st case of sex linkage in body colour of moth Abraxis
 In 1909, T.H. Morgan and his associates contributed wealth of information
His team also uncovered fundamental principles of inheritance which firmly established
genetics as a scientific discipline what we see know.
 Bridges settled many confused points and gave insight into several other basic genetic
phenomena
Sex Linked Traits

 Colour blindness is sex linked trait and gene B resides on X chromosome


Woman Normal × Man colour blindness
XBXB XbY Girl Normal × Male normal vision
XB Xb Y XBXb XBY
XB Xb XB Y
XBXb Girl normal vision
XBXB XBXb
XB Y Boy normal vision Female normal Female normal
All children normal vision XBY Xb Y
Male normal
Criss-cross inheritance Male colour blind

When male transfer its trait through his All females normal
daughter into the grandson but 50% male normal and 50% colourblind
Sex linked trait in poultry

Barred dominant over Non-barred/Black Female barred × Male non-barred


B_ Male and female barred ZBW ZbZb
bb Male and female non-barred ZB W Zb

ZBZb Male barred


ZbW Female non-barred

In poultry female is heterogametic = ZW


Male is homogametic = ZZ
Sex linked trait in poultry

Female non-barred × Male barred


ZbW ZBZb
Zb W ZB Zb

ZB Zb ZBW
Male barred Female barred
Zb Zb ZbW
Male non-barred Female non-barred

Phenotypic ratio Genotypic ratio = 1:1:1:1


Half Male and half female barred
Half Male and half female non-barred
Eye colour inheritance in fruitfly

♀ Red eye × ♂ white eyed


XWXw XwY Bridges termed these
XW Xw Xw Y as exceptional
individuals
XWXw XwXw
♀ Red eyed ♀ White eyed
XWY XwY
♂ Red eyed ♂ White eyed Genotypic ratio = 1:1:1:1
Phenotypic ratio
50% progeny red eyed and 50% white eyed
Half female & male red eyed and other half white eyed
Nondisjunction

 Bridges ‘s hypothesis of the origin of the unexpected/exceptional offsprings


was cytologically proved
 He coined the term nondisjunction: failure of the homologous chromosomes
to separate at anaphase of meiosis
 It also occurs in mitosis when both chromatid tend to stay in one daughter
cell

e.g. there are XX pairs during gamete formation ‘X’ will be in each gamete
But when non-disjunction ‘XX’ stay together in one gamete the other
gamete will have no X, absent while all other autosomes are normally sorted
‘XY’ under normal condition two types of gamete ‘X’ and ‘Y’
Under non-disjunction ‘XY’ stick together and the other gamete will be empty
Nondisjunction Case-I

♀ white eyed × ♂ Red eyed


XwXw XWY
Xw Xw Xw 0 XW Y

XWXw XWXwXw (dies) XW 0


♀ Red eyed Super ♀ red eyed ♂ Red eyed no Y
XWY XwXwY 0Y
♂ Red eyed ♀ White eyed ♂ dies
Nondisjunction Case-II

♀ white eyed with Y × ♂ Red eyed


XwXw Y XWY
Xw , Xw Y, Xw Xw , Y XW Y

XWXw XWXwY XWXwXw (dies) XW Y


♀ Red eyed ♀ red eyed Super ♀ red eyed ♂ Red eyed
XWY XwYY XwXwY YY
♂ White eyed ♂ White eyed ♀ White eyed Does not develop

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