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2nd Week VC

The document discusses quadric surfaces, which are graphs of second-degree equations in x, y, and z. It provides examples and definitions of common quadric surfaces like ellipsoids, paraboloids, cones, and hyperboloids. Specific examples are given to illustrate the properties and symmetries of these surfaces defined by equations.

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Noor Tahir
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47 views20 pages

2nd Week VC

The document discusses quadric surfaces, which are graphs of second-degree equations in x, y, and z. It provides examples and definitions of common quadric surfaces like ellipsoids, paraboloids, cones, and hyperboloids. Specific examples are given to illustrate the properties and symmetries of these surfaces defined by equations.

Uploaded by

Noor Tahir
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Course: Vector Calculus

Instructor: Adnan Aslam

October 16, 2020

Adnan Aslam Course: Vector Calculus October 16, 2020 1 / 20


Quadric Surfaces

Quadric Surfaces
A quadric surface is the graph, in space, of a second-degree equation in
x, y , and z. We first focus on quadric surfaces given by the equation

Ax 2 + By 2 + Cz 2 + Dz = E ,

where A, B, C , D, and E are constants.


The basic quadric surfaces are ellipsoids, paraboloids, elliptical cones,
and hyperboloids.
Spheres are special cases of ellipsoids.

Adnan Aslam Course: Vector Calculus October 16, 2020 2 / 20


General Quadric Surfaces
• The quadric surfaces we have considered have symmetries relative to
the x-, y -, or z-axes.
• These surfaces are the three-dimensional analogues of ellipses,
parabolas, and hyperbolas.
• The general equation of second degree in three variables x, y , z is

Ax 2 + By 2 + Cz 2 + Dxy + Exz + Fyz + Gz + Hy + Iz + J = 0,

where A, B, C , D, E , F , G , H, I , and J are constants.


• However, this equation can be simplified by translation and rotation,
as in the two-dimensional case.
• The basic quadric surfaces are ellipsoids, paraboloids, elliptical
cones, and hyperboloids.

Adnan Aslam Course: Vector Calculus October 16, 2020 3 / 20


EXAMPLE 2
• The ellipsoid
x2 y2 z2
+ 2 + 2 =1
a2 b c
• cuts the coordinate axes at (±a, 0, 0), (0, ±b, 0), and (0, 0, ±c).
• It lies within the rectangular box defined by the inequalities
|x| ≤ a, |y | ≤ b, and |z| ≤ c.
• The surface is symmetric with respect to each of the coordinate
planes because each variable in the defining equation is squared.

Adnan Aslam Course: Vector Calculus October 16, 2020 4 / 20


Adnan Aslam Course: Vector Calculus October 16, 2020 5 / 20
Adnan Aslam Course: Vector Calculus October 16, 2020 6 / 20
EXAMPLE 3 Paraboloids
• The elliptical paraboloid

x2 y2 z
2
+ 2 =
a b c
is symmetric with respect to the planes x = 0 and y = 0.
• The only intercept on the axes is the origin. Except for this point, the
surface lies above (if c > 0) or entirely below (if c < 0) the xy -plane,
depending on the sign of c. The sections cut by the coordinate planes
c 2
x =0 the parabola z = y
b2
c 2
y =0 the parabola z = x
c2
z =0 the point (0, 0, 0).

Adnan Aslam Course: Vector Calculus October 16, 2020 7 / 20


Adnan Aslam Course: Vector Calculus October 16, 2020 8 / 20
EXAMPLE 4 Cones
• The elliptical cone
x2 y2 z2
+ =
a2 b2 c2
is symmetric with respect to the three coordinate planes. The
sections cut by the coordinate planes are
c
x =0 the lines z =± y
b
c
y =0 the lines z =± x
a
z =0 the point (0, 0, 0).
• The sections cut by planes z = z◦ above and below the xy -plane are
ellipses whose centers lie on the z-axis and whose vertices lie on the
lines given above.
• If a = b the cone is a right circular cone.

Adnan Aslam Course: Vector Calculus October 16, 2020 9 / 20


Adnan Aslam Course: Vector Calculus October 16, 2020 10 / 20
EXAMPLE 5 Hyperboloids
• The hyperboloid of one sheet

x2 y2 z2
+ 2 − 2 =1
a2 b c
is symmetric with respect to each of the three coordinate planes.
• The sections cut out by the coordinate planes are

y2 z2
x =0 the hyperbola − =1
b2 c 2
x2 z2
y =0 the hyperbola − 2 =1
a2 c
x2 y2
z =0 the ellipse + 2 = 1.
a2 b

Adnan Aslam Course: Vector Calculus October 16, 2020 11 / 20


EXAMPLE 5 Hyperboloids
• The plane z = z◦ cuts the surface in an ellipse with center on the
z-axis and vertices on one of the hyperbolic sections above.
• The surface is connected, meaning that it is possible to travel from
one point on it to any other without leaving the surface.
• For this reason, it is said to have one sheet, in contrast to the
hyperboloid in the next example, which has two sheets.
• If a = b the hyperboloid is a surface of revolution.

Adnan Aslam Course: Vector Calculus October 16, 2020 12 / 20


Adnan Aslam Course: Vector Calculus October 16, 2020 13 / 20
EXAMPLE 6 Hyperboloids
• The hyperboloid of two sheets

z2 x2 y2
− 2 − 2 =1
c2 a b
is symmetric with respect to the three coordinate planes.
• The plane z = 0 does not intersect the surface; in fact, for a
horizontal plane to intersect the surface, we must have |z| ≥ c. The
hyperbolic sections

z2 y2 z2 x2
x =0: − = 1, y =0: − 2 =1
c 2 b2 c2 a
have their vertices and foci on the z-axis.
• The surface is separated into two portions, one above the plane z = c
and the other below the plane z = −c. This accounts for its name.

Adnan Aslam Course: Vector Calculus October 16, 2020 14 / 20


Adnan Aslam Course: Vector Calculus October 16, 2020 15 / 20
EXAMPLE
• The hyperbolic paraboloid

y2 x2 z
2
− 2 = , c >0
b a c
has symmetry with respect to the planes x = 0 and y = 0.
• The cross-sections in these planes are
c 2
x =0: the parabola z= y (1)
b2
c 2
y =0: the parabola xz =− (2)
a2
• In the plane x = 0, the parabola opens upward from the origin.
• The parabola in the plane y = 0 opens downward.

Adnan Aslam Course: Vector Calculus October 16, 2020 16 / 20


Adnan Aslam Course: Vector Calculus October 16, 2020 17 / 20
EXAMPLE 3
• If we cut the surface by a plane z = z◦ > 0, the cross-section is a
hyperbola,
y2 x2 z◦
2
− 2 = ,
b a c
with its focal axis parallel to the y -axis and its vertices on the
parabola in Equation (1).
• If z◦ is negative, the focal axis is parallel to the x-axis and the vertices
lie on the parabola in Equation (2).
• Near the origin, the surface is shaped like a saddle or mountain pass.
• To a person traveling along the surface in the yz-plane the origin
looks like a minimum.
• To a person traveling the xz-plane the origin looks like a maximum.
• Such a point is called a saddle point of a surface.

Adnan Aslam Course: Vector Calculus October 16, 2020 18 / 20


Example
Identify the surface given by the equation

x 2 + y 2 + 4z 2 − 2x + 4y + 1 = 0.

Adnan Aslam Course: Vector Calculus October 16, 2020 19 / 20


Exercise 12.6 Questions 1-12, 45-76.

Adnan Aslam Course: Vector Calculus October 16, 2020 20 / 20

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