College of Engineering
Name of Student:________________________ Year/Section : BSME 3
Subject: Machine Elements Teacher: Emmanuel P. Miguel
MODULE No. #3. Finals
TITLE: Mechanism Components
OVERVIEW It includes the study of machine components
INTRODUCTION Gear and belts are the major components of machine mechanisms. They
are used for power transmission.
LEARNING After completing this course, the student must be able to:
OUTCOMES
1. Apply the fundamental principles of Physics and Mathematics in the
field of mechanical movement
2. Apply the concepts learned in the design of the different machine
elements
LEARNING 1. To study the theoretical concepts of gearing.
OBJECTIVES 2. To study the theoretical concept of belt drives.
GEARS
Classification of Gears
Terms used in Gears
GEAR TRAINS
Types of Gear Train
Following are the different types of gear trains, depending upon the arrangement of wheels :
1. Simple gear train,
2. Compound gear train,
3. Reverted gear train, and
4. Epicyclic gear train.
Simple Gear Simple Gear Train
When there is only one gear on each shaft, as shown in Fig. 13.1, it is known as simple gear train.
When the distance between the two shafts is small, the two gears 1 and 2 are made to mesh with
each other to transmit motion from one shaft to the other, as shown in Fig. 13.1 (a). Since the gear 1
drives the gear 2, therefore gear 1 is called the driver and the gear 2 is called the driven or follower.
It may be noted that the motion of the driven gear is opposite to the motion of driving gear.
Compound Gear Train
Example:
1.. The gearing of a machine tool is shown in Fig. 13.3. The motor shaft is connected to gear A and
rotates at 975 r.p.m. The gear wheels B, C, D and E are fixed to parallel shafts rotating together.
The final gear F is fixed on the output shaft. What is the speed of gear F ? The number of teeth on
each gear are as given below :
Therefore: NF = 52 RPm , answer
Reverted Gear Train
Example Problem:
Review Questions and Asnswers.
1. Write a short note on gear drives giving their merits and demerits.
2. How are the gears classified and what are the various terms used in spur gear terminology ?
3. Mention four important types of gears and discuss their applications, the materials used for them
and
their construction.
4. Two parallel shafts, about 600 mm apart are to be connected by spur gears.One shaft is to run at
360 r.p.m. and the other at 120 r.p.m. Design the gears, if the circular pitch is to be 25 mm.
(key answer: number of teeth on the first and second gear must be 38 and 114 and their pitch circle
diameters must be 302.36 mm and 907.1 mm respectively. The exact distance between the two
shafts must be 604.73 mm)
5. A compound train consists of six gears. The number of teeth on the gears are as follows :
The gears B and C are on one shaft while the gears D and E are on another shaft. The gear A drives
gear B, gear C drives gear D and gear E drives gear F. If the gear A transmits 1.5 kW at 100 r.p.m.
and the gear train has an efficiency of 80 per cent, find the torque on gear F.
(key answer: 30.55 N-m)
FLAT BELT DRIVES
Introduction
The belts or *ropes are used to transmit power from one shaft to another by means of pulleys which
rotate at the
same speed or at different speeds. The amount of power transmitted depends upon the following
factors :
1. The velocity of the belt.
2. The tension under which the belt is placed on the pulleys.
3. The arc of contact between the belt and the smaller pulley.
4. The conditions under which the belt is used.
It may be noted that
(a) The shafts should be properly in line to insure uniform tension across the belt section.
(b) The pulleys should not be too close together, in order that the arc of contact on the
smaller pulley may be as large as possible.
(c) The pulleys should not be so far apart as to cause the belt to weigh heavily on the shafts,
thus increasing the friction load on the bearings.
(d) A long belt tends to swing from side to side, causing the belt to run out of the pulleys,
which n turn develops crooked spots in the belt.
(e) The tight side of the belt should be at the bottom, so that whatever sag is present on the
loose side will increase the arc of contact at the pulleys.
( f ) In order to obtain good results with flat belts, the maximum distance between the shafts
should not exceed 10 metres and the minimum should not be less than 3.5 times the diameter of the
larger pulley.
Types of Belts
Though there are many types of belts used these days, yet the following are important from the
subject point of view
Material used for Belts
Density of Belt Materials
Belt Speed
Standard Belt Thicknesses and Widths
Belt Joints
Types of Flat Belt Drives
Velocity Ratio of a Belt Drive
Slip of the Belt
Example Problems:
1. An engine running at 150 r.p.m. drives a line shaft by means of a belt. The engine pulley is 750
mm diameter and the pulley on the line shaft is 450 mm. A 900 mm diameter pulley on the line shaft
drives a 150 mm diameter pulley keyed to a dynamo shaft. Fine the speed of dynamo shaft, when 1.
there is no slip, and 2. there is a slip of 2% at each drive.
Length of an Open Belt Drive
L = the length of belt used in the drive
Length of a Cross Belt Drive
Review Questions and Problems.
1. An engine shaft running at 120 r.p.m. is required to drive a machine shaft by means of a belt. The
pulley on the engine shaft is of 2 m diameter and that of the machine shaft is 1 m diameter. If the
belt thickness is 5 mm; determine the speed of the machine shaft, when
1. there is no slip; and
2. there is a slip of 3%.
(key answers : 239.4 r.p.m. ; 232.3 r.p.m.])
2. Discuss the different types of belts and their material used for power transmission.
3.. Discuss the various important parameters necessary for the selection of a particular drive for
power transmission.
4. What are the factors upon which the coefficient of friction between the belt and the pulley
depends?
5. How are ends of belts joined? For horizontal belts which side (tight or slack) of the belt should
run on the top and why?
6. Explain, with the help of neat sketches, the types of various flat belt drives.
7. A belt is to transmit 20 KW at 720 rpm to a rolling machine with a speed ratio of 3. Center
distance between the pulleys is 3 m. If the rolling machine pulley diameter is 1.2 m.
Determine:
a. the diameter of the driving pulley in mm
b. The length of belt to be use in the drive
