DHVSU-ARCHITECTURAL THESIS MANUAL 2020-2021

Chapter
03
CHAPTER 03: ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

3.1 SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS

3.1.1 IDENTIFICATION/ ASSESSMENTS OF NEEDS

If you need that it is enough just to gather and present your data
think again. They will have no value unless they can be related to the
project. What you have to do in this chapter is “sift” through the
information that you have presented in the previous chapters and come
up with those that can serve as a basis for further developments. With
the theoretical foundation that you’ve laid out in Chapter 1 and the
factual components that you’ve presented in Chapter 2, you can very
well analyze.

WHAT REALLY NEEDS TO BE DONE? But remember, the needs you

identify here should always be ones that can be satisfied by
ARCHITECTURAL SOLUTIONS. Otherwise, discard them or process them so
that although the root maybe social, psychological,
physiological, etc., the expressed needs and requirements are
architectural.

3.1.2 RESTATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Okay, so you might think that we’re going back to Chapter 1
here. This time, you’re right. At least, in a way. You have to reread
the Statement of the Problem you formulated with only
preliminary information and high hopes. You have the facts now. This
time, they should anchor your thoughts to the ground.

Your situation can have you viewing the problem in a new light.

You might need to come up with a NEW STATEMENT. Just don’t veer too far
from what you have previously stated. Keep this in mind: new view but
not necessarily new problem.

If, on the other hand, all the facts just reinforced the problem you
stated in Chapter 1, do not feel compelled to change your statement.
All you have to do in this case is to RESTATE it. That simple.
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3.1.3 RECOMMENDATION
So, you have made the problem clearer and more specific than before. What
do you do now? That would be what you will be discussing in
this section. This maybe a statement of what structure you have
concluded is necessary to solve the problem. If there are concepts and
theories that need to be studied and discussed further so that you could
arrive at the most effective design solutions, you have to present
them along with your recommendations. Same goes if you think that
there is a new design approach which has to be developed and
used for the proposal.

3.2 SITE
It must be our primary concern as designers to find the most ideal
combination of function and location. We might struggle to create a
very well-contrived plan but if the structure juts out like a sore
thumb in its location, all the programs we use and the designs we
produce can come to nothing.

For this chapter, you will have to conduct several types of studies
at several levels to come up with the best site for your
proposed project. The extent of what you will discuss here will
depend basically on how important and influential the choice of site is
to your project. Your focus should be on the appropriateness
and feasibility of possible sites to the intended use. And to determine
this, you have to conduct comprehensive analyses of the
characteristics of the site and its surrounding areas. Of course, in the
end, you will have to indicate how these factors and attributes will
affect the project.
There are several topics to be covered in this chapter. However,
this is once again NOT a standard thing. You can add relevant topics
but make sure that each one will be discussed clearly and thoroughly.

3.2.1 BACKGROUND
With a reliable knowledge and a vision of your project proposal, you
can now determine its requisite site requirements and the possibility of
having to seek for alternatives. Your site may be given, but that does
not mean that you will have a lighter workload than if you have to
look for one. At this point, at least acquaint your reader with your
situation (or predicament?) and what you plan to do about it. If the site
is given, brief your reader about pertinent matters in regard to it
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(location, size, etc.). If it’s not, don’t whine. Just tell the reader so
and give him an idea of your game plan for your quest.

3.2.2 SITE SELECTION CRITERIA

In this section, you will have to discuss what features of a site --
both natural and built -- are best-suited to your requirements.
It is, therefore, a huge advantage if you can coherently state
the character of your project, the site attributes that it
requires and why. Don’t worry. The “why?” is quite easy to answer. Did
you get them from a textbook? Did you so brilliantly come up with it on
your own? Are you following standards set by a government agency? Or is
it all of the above? Once you have stated your answer, discuss
each criterion intensively. And there’s your SITE SELECTION CRITERIA.

Some points may be helpful here:

1. Be specific. Avoid vague statements such as “big enough”,

“should be accessible”....

2. Stick only to the criteria that are most relevant to your project.
Time distances relations, for example, may mean the world to one
project and have no effect whatsoever on another

3. Be realistic. Do not seek qualities that would be impossible to

find. Yes, that makes a location on top of a snow-capped
mountain here in the Philippines totally out of the question!

3.2.3 SITE SELECTION AND JUSTIFICATION

So, let’s say that you were lucky enough to find three possible
sites for your project. Start by pointing out their favorable and
unfavorable aspects by BRIEFLY discussing each one. It might also
simplify the work if you can try to evaluate the sites’ merits using
a rating system (1 for severe limitation, 2 - moderate
constraint, 3 -good condition, 4 -excellent condition).
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Then, select the most ideal one. This is the site that could meet the
project requirements with the least modifications. Try to see if the
score in the rating system validates your choice. The table on Figure 2
is very effective tool in selecting the best possible site for your
proposal.

3.2.4 SITE ANALYSIS

Although the Site Selection Process has already given your
reader an idea about your site, deeper analysis is still needed. This
is usually done in two levels -- the

MICRO SITE ANALYSIS which includes the specific area within the
property boundaries and its immediate environs; and the MACRO SITE
ANALYSIS which includes the examination of the site environs up
to the horizon (sometimes even beyond). In this analysis, the
condition of various factors such as utilities, natural elements,
climate, infrastructure and sensuous characters are presented. Of
course, a discussion of how these factors affect your project always
follows.

It is sometimes very tempting to limit the discussion of the effects to

the most obvious and conspicuous. But since an extensive analysis
should be involved, it is possible to learn how each factor influences
the project at a deeper level. There will be times, too, when you
would feel like you have to LIE about some of the factors.

Please DON’T. Your site needs not be perfect. Ideal, yes. But perfect?
Not really. If some important elements are absent in your site, say
water system, tell the truth. They might sound like big limitations
now, but in the end they will serve you better as useful
design determinants. So, the more honest you are about the,, the
better.

3.2.5 SWOT ANALYSIS

To most designers, a tabulated SWOT analysis (defining its
your project) maybe the best visual guide t the analysis. It can give
your reader an idea of how suitable the site is to the project with
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just one look. It will also enable you to relate your site’s potentials
as well as it’s imperfections.

Figure 2. SITE SELECTION CRITERIA

From Landscape Architecture: A Manual for Site Planning and Design

By John Ormsbee Simonds

New York: Mc-Graw Hill, 1998

CRITERIA SITE SITE SITE
01 02 03
I. REGIONAL
Climate (temperature, storm, rainfall, etc.)

Soils (Stability, fertility, depth)

Water Supply and Quality Economy (rising,

stable, declining) Transportation (highways and

transit)

Energy (availability and Relative cost)

Landscape Character

Cultural opportunities

Health care facilities

Major detractions (list and describe)

Exceptional features (list and describe)

II. COMMUNITY
Travel (time-distance to Work, shopping, etc.)

Travel experience (pleasant or unpleasant)

Community Ambiance

School
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Shopping

Churches

Cultural opportunities (library, auditorium)

Public Services (fire, Police, etc.)

Safety and Security Medical facilities

Governance

Taxes

Major detractions (list and describe)

Exceptional features (list and describe)

III. NEIGHBORHOOD

Landscape character

Lifestyle

Compatibility of Proposed uses

Traffic ways (access, hazards, attractiveness)

Schools

Convenience (schools, Service, etc.)

Parks, recreation and Open space

Exposure (sun, wind, Storms, planning)

Freedom from noise, fumes

Etc.

Utilities (availability and cost)

Major detractions (list and describe)

Exceptional features (list and describe)

PROPERTY

Size and Shape (suitability)

Aspect from approaches

Safe entrance and egress

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On-Site “feel”

Permanent trees and cover

Need for clearing

Ground forms of gradients Soils (quality and

depth)

Relative cost of Earthwork and foundation

Site Drainage

Adjacent structures (or lack of)

Neighbors

Relationship to Circulation patterns

Relative cost of land and Development

Major detractions (list and describe)

Exceptional features (list and describe)

BUILDING SITE

Topographic “fit” of

Programmed user Gradient of Approaches

Safe distance and

entrance drive

Orientation to sun, wind, And breeze

Views

Privacy

Freedom form noise and

glare Visual impact of neighboring uses

Visual impact upon neighboring uses

Proximity to utility leads

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LEGEND

* - Severe limitation

# - Moderate constraint

^ - condition good

> - condition excellent

Note: By substituting numbers for symbols, the arithmetic sum for each
column would give a general indication of its relative overall rating.
It is to be realized, however, that in some cases a single severe
constraint or superlative feature might well overwhelm the statistics
and become the deciding factor.

And remember that this is SITE analysis. Some municipality,

city, provincial or even regional data may help but they should NEVER
be the focus of this part, much less it’s only character.

3.2.6 BASE LINE STUDIES

Baselines are starting points from which the design proper takes off.
They help paint the backdrop against which the research undertaking is
being pursued. Baseline information can be the bases for formulating
the parameter by which the outcomes of the researchers can be
evaluated.

1.MAPS

Base Maps
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 Municipal or General Base Map

 Poblacion or Urban Base maps

 Base Maps for other Built-up Areas
 Vicinity Map
 Thematic or Analytical Maps
 Contour Map
 Soil Map
 Slope Map
 Land Capability Map
 Soil Suitability for Agricultural Uses
 Soil Suitability for Urban Uses
 Hydro-geologic or Groundwater Map
 Facilities/ Infrastructures Map
 Development Constraints Map (geologic, fault,
flooding, etc.)
 Special Projects Map
 Weather Map

2.EXISTING STANDARDS
Quality Standards

 Governing Benchmarks that require that regulate the

physical make-up of industry outputs. These
are often measured by getting feedbacks form users
or consumers.

Performance Standards

 These are standards that regulate operations or ways of doing

things. These are often quantified and measured in terms of units such
as speed, rate, efficiency, etc.
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3.2.7 FACTORS AND ISSUES RELEVANT TO THE SITE

These are factors and considerations in regard to the site that will
be relevant to your project. You may begin the section by presenting a
Code Survey. Look for local laws, codes and policies (or even
international ones, if necessary) that will help you define the limits of
your development. Aside form these, you also have to identify and study
other factors that are not based on the law. These will include phenomena
which are natural to your site (flooding, strong coastal winds,
etc.), local ordinances, local customs and community
characteristics. Of course, in the end, you will have to state how will
all these affect your site.

CHECKLIST OF SITE DATA

From Site Planning by Kevin Lynch

M.I.T. Press, Massachusetts. 1979

a) INITIAL PERSONAL RECONNAISSANCE - observation of the

site’s apparent character, problem and possibilities presented
through notes, sketches, photographs, etc.

b) COLLATION OF EXISTING DATA such as contour maps, aerial photos,

geological soil and water surveys, climate records, ecological
studies, engineering reports, boring tests, census
materials, histories, social studies, market documents,
traffic studies, legal and public control documents, official
proposals, records and current controversies

c) SUMMARY DESCRIPTIONS OF THE OFF-SITE CONTEXT AND ITS CHANGES -

geographic location, surrounding populations, social
and political structure, general economy, ecological and
principal off-site destinations and facilities
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d) DATA ON THE SITE AND ITS IMMEDIATE CONTEXT

A. PHYSICAL DATA

1. GEOLOGY and soil

 Underlying geology, rock character and depth
 Soil type and depth, value as engineering
material and as plant medium
 Fill, ledge, slide and subsidence

2. WATER

 Existing water bodies - variation and purity

 Natural and man-made drainage channels - flow,

capacity, purity
 Surface drainage patterns, amounts blockages,
undrained depressions
 Water table - elevation and fluctuation,
springs
 Water supply - quantity and quality

3. TOPOGRAPHY

 Pattern of Landforms
 Contours
 Slope and Analysis
 Visibility Analysis
 Circulation Analysis
 Unique Features

4. CLIMATE
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 Regional data on variation of temperature,

precipitation, humidity, solar angle,
cloudiness, wind direction and force
 Local micro-climates: warm and cool slopes,
air drainage, wind deflection and local
breeze, shade,heat reflection and storage, plant indicators
5. ECOLOGY
 Dominant plant/animal communities - location
and relative stability
 Their dependence on existing factors,
self-regulation, sensitivity to change
 Mapping of general plant cover, including
wooded areas
 Specimen trees to be retained: their location,
spread, species and elevation at base

6. MAN-MADE STRUCTURES
 Existing buildings: outline, location, floor
elevation, type, condition, us
 Circulation facilities (roads, paths, rails,
transit, etc.): location, capacity,
condition

 Utilities (Storm and sanitary sewers, water,

gas, electricity, telephone, steam, etc.):
location, elevation, capacity

7. Sensuous Qualities

 Character and relation of visual spaces

 Viewpoints, vistas and visual focal points

 Character and rhythm of visual sequences
 Quality and variation of light, sound, smell
and feel
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B. CULTURAL DATA
1. Resident and using population

 Number and composition

 Social structures and institution
 Economic structure
 Political structure
 Current changes and problems

2. On-Site and adjacent behavior settings:

nature, location, rhythm, stability, participants,
conflicts

3. Site values, rights and restraints

 Ownerships, easements, and other rights

 Legal controls: zoning and other other
regulations
 Economic values
 Accepted “territories”

 Political jurisdictions

4. Past and future

 Site history and its traces

 Public and private intentions for future use of site,

conflicts
5. Images

 Group and individual identification and organization of

site

 Meanings attached to the site, symbolic expression

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 Hopes, fears, wishes, preferences

C. DATA CORRELATION

1. Classification of site by areas of similar

structures, quality, and problems

2. Identification of key points, lines and areas

3. Analysis of current and likely future changes – the dynamic
aspect of the site

4. Identification of significant problems and possibilities

3.3 BEHAVIORAL ANALYSIS

3.3.1 ACTIVITY FLOW DIAGRAM

As your project will cater mainly to its users, it
might be useful to your study to look into their patterns of
activities as these would help determine the characteristics of
spaces which will be provided for them. The pattern of activity
of spaces and, consequently, structures.

For some projects, the activity flow diagram may be governed by a

given schedule. This is true for schools, for example, where the
activities of the users as based on the scheduling of classes.
For others, the pattern may have to be determined through direct
observation, interviews or any first-hand procedure. It is also
important to note the less obvious details in the pattern aside
from those which are based on a given program or are
easily discernible through observation.

3.3.2 ENVIRONMENT BEHAVIORAL STUDIES

Should your thesis have the behavior of the users as its main
thrust, you should expand this part and have a through and in
depth out-put. You may not only be dealing with the activities of
the users for the time being would most probably extend
your analysis to the culture of these people. Moreover, this
would entail a comparative analysis of your users’ behavior with
that of other paradigms.
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Again, this is an analysis and so you would not just list the
activities. Apart from identifying the activities and behavior of
your users, whether individual or group, you are to give your
readers a hint of why you’re discussing these things. How will
these affect the overall concept of your thesis? In what way can
these behaviors be a toll in designing an effective
working environment? Do you need to apply your knowledge in space
engineering?

The concepts of territoriality, defensible space and bubbles

are very helpful tools in analyzing the behavior of people
in relation to the environment. In the end, this procedure will
help you understand how the environment shapes behavior and
vice- versa.

3.3.3 INTERRELATIONSHIP ANALYSIS

This is the simplest part of spaces programming—but not quite. If

you think that doing matrices and bubble diagrams would be too
easy for you to do, well unfortunately, they’re not. Although
such graphical instruments help facilitate the organization of
spaces, they may be too flexible, and so you’ll have the tendency
to overlook at the appropriate circulation. To avoid this, it is
recommended that you have to go further and create alternative
schemes or bubbles (variation of your design) and even zoning
(based on the result matrices) with circulation diagrams
of various types of users. The result of your case studies would
probably be applied here. Again, you are encouraged to
draw various schemes to present probable solutions- and it will
not stop there. You have to orient your readers of the variances
and indicate the advantages and disadvantages of each scheme so
that you would not have the difficulty of explaining the design
of your choice when later on tested against the concepts.
Remember to include the services and utilities.

There are different methods in programming spaces. It can be a

matrix which allocates specific variable depending on the
activity e. g. pivotal and then coming up with the area. You may
also use basic standards from the National Building Code or other
building standers and multiply these with the number of users.
Another way is to lay-out a scheme containing the
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furniture, spaces, and circulation (of course in scale). This may

be most helpful for rooms requiring specific furniture as in
hospitals, laboratories, factories and the like.

3.4 VIABILITY STUDIES

Viability studies are undertaken to ascertain the possibility of

the project getting implemented. They are used to
determine probable impediments to project realization and
to identify measures by which these impediments may be
minimized or eliminated.

3.4.1 TECHNICAL VIABILITY & ENVIRONMENT IMPACT ASSESSMENT

The Technical Design Constraints – All designers must work within
a set of parameters based on the following:

Technology

The project must be realizable based on the available systems,

infrastructure and know-how. Production, replication,
testing must be possible within the existing framework of
expertise and tools by which the processes can be carried out.
Propositions must be grounded on theories that are sufficiently
backed up by past research undertakings.

It’s also possible that the proposed project is illustrative

of new technology. In this case, the research output must include
recommendations on the development of the proposed technology.

Cost

Project Cost – these are expenses that are directly attributable

to the completion of the project. Examples are: design
development cost, construction/ development/ production cost.
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Capital – this covers all initial, one-time expenditures.

Examples are: construction of production plants, equipment
purchase, land acquisition

Operation – regular/ periodic expenses such as utility

bills, salaries for personnel, rentals

Maintenance – periodic or one-time expenses for repairs

and facilities upgrading

Time

Timeframe – a schedule showing how the project will progress over

a projected duration must be shown. Schedules may be in the form
of a bar chart, and S-curve or a PERT-CPM diagram

Phasing – project completion may be done in period may be needed

Gestation – a lead-time or preparatory period may be

needed before a project can fully take-off

Resource Requirements

Materials – the types, sources and availability of needed

building or product components need to be firmed up

Manpower – the labor component, required expertise,

organizational requirements also need to be identified

Equipment – pieces of light and heavy equipment needed for the

production and operating stages must be available

Site Conditions

Location/ Surrounding
Areas
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Land Area and Configuration

Access
Climate
Landforms
Topography
Geology
Soil Type
Water Bodies
Hydrology
Oceanology
Vegetation
Atmosphere/ Air quality
Fish and Wildlife
Visual Resources
Danger/ Hazard prone areas
Existing Structures
Infrastructure
Utilities Water
POWER

Drainage Communication

Environmental Impact Assessment – An EIA is undertaken to compare

scenarios with and without the proposed project. The results are used
to weigh favorable against unfavorable impacts of the project on
the environment. The word ‘environment’ here refers to both the
physical and non-physical dimensions.

The physical dimension cover ecological and technological

concerns while nonphysical dimensions cover the social, cultural,
economical and political concerns.

The Environmental Impact Statement Outline prescribed by the

Department of Environment and Natural Resources.

1.0 Name and Address of Project Proponent

2.0 Type of Projects
3.0 Overview Summary
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4.0 The Project Setting

5.0 The Proposal
6.0 A Brief History of Past Environmental Conditions and a
Description of the Existing Environmental and Resource Use.
7.0 Future Environmental Conditions without the Project (An
Average of fiver tears projection)
8.0 Prediction and Assessment of Impacts
9.0 Contingency Plans
10.0 Environmental Briefings and Monitoring
11.0 Mitigation Measures
12.0 Residual/ Unavoidable Impacts
13.0 Information Deficiencies
14.0 Appendices
15.0 Consultation and Comments including Public Recommendations

• Details are in the attached Readings

Considering that projects of all types and scale have varying

degrees of environmental impacts, the EIA is used to identify ways by
which unfavorable impacts may be mitigated.

3.4.2 LEGAL VIABILITY

Project must be developed and implemented within the

existing framework that is defined by the following: Design Laws, Codes,
Guidelines – examples are the National Building Code, the
Referral Codes, Batas Pambansa 220, Batas Pambansa 344,
Condominium Act, Presidential Decree 957

Patent Laws/ Intellectual Property Rights – there are procedures for

claiming ownership over intellectual properties in the form of creative
work, inventions, models and paradigms
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Accreditation – there are also procedures for recognition prior to entry

into the target market. For example the AITECH (Accreditation of
Innovative Technology) is a task force that screens, evaluates and
approves new technology for housing.
Other Laws – Other Laws that can directly or indirectly affect the
project outcome are Civil Code, laws that cover national defense,
trading, taxation, etc.

Another legal concern has to do with the entities or

personalities that will be tapped to develop and implement the proposed
project.

Institutional Arrangements – the type and level of networking

required to effect project completion need to be identified.

Concerned Agencies – the particular public or private

organizations and their roles in the network should also be
clarified it would also be possible that the project is
illustrative of the need to modify certain aspects within the existing
legal framework. In this case the research output must include
recommendations on how these modifications can be systematically
effected.

3.4.3 FINANCIAL VIABILITY

Sales
These are the proceeds from the outright disposal of completed products or
its independent components. Selling price is determined by market forces
and by the prevailing ratio between supply and demand. The final price
that is passed on the buyer/ consumer should cover the cost production and
the mark-up. User

Charges/ Rentals
This strategy attempts to extract the amount required to finance services
from those who benefit their existence. Under perfect conditions, i.e.,
when the benefits are acknowledged by the beneficiaries as allocated, the
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user charges must show a direct linked between the quantity or services
and the revenues generated to finance their services.

Shared Taxation

A tax is a compulsory contribution to government without reference to a

particular benefit received by the taxpayer. Subsidy from general taxation
occurs when there are some degrees of general benefit, or where consumers
cannot afford the full cost of a service that is regarded as essential to
human welfare.

Financial Benchmarks

Profitability

The assessment of profitability is begins with the computation of

the net income, which basically is equal to Total Revenues less
Total Cost. The bottom line figure is then used to compute for
the following profitability ratios:

(
Return of Investment (ROI) = Net Income )
Total Investment

Project Life

Profit Margin (PM) = Net Income

Total Investment

Gross Profit Ratio (GPR) = Gross Profit

Total Sales
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GUIDELINES FOR SITE DEVELOPMENT COST

From Problem Seeking by William Pena

1. SITE
PREPARATION
Estimate 1% to 3% of building cost
2.
PARKING
Refer to required ratio to get number of parking slots.
Estimate per slot.

3. ROADWAYS
Estimate per linear meter
4. SIDEWALKS AND TERRACES
Estimate 1%to 7% of building cost
5. WALLS AND SCREENS
Estimate .5% to 2.5% of building cost
6. OUTDOOR SPORTS FACILITIES
Estimate lump sum per unit per type
7. ON-SITE UTILITIES
Estimate 1% to 3% of building cost
8. OFF-SITE UTILITIES
Estimate 3% to 5% of building cost
9. STORM DRAINAGE
Estimate .5% to 2.5% building cost
10. LANDSCAPING
Estimate 1% to 2% building cost
11. OUTDOOR EQUIPMENT
Estimate lump sum

12. OUTDOOR LIGHTING

Estimate pedestrian lighting 1% of building cost; parking
lighting lump sum per car
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3.4.4 DESIGN PROPOSAL

Take a deep breath. You’ve come a long way. Take a minute or two
to congratulate yourself for what you have accomplished so
far. Actually, you will need all the confidence you can
muster as you forge through the next step: stating your
DESIGN PROPOSAL.

Since this is the foundation of all that you will be

conceptualizing from hereon, the Design Proposal should be
discussed in the clearest and most coherent manner
possible. Avoid words that may be too technical or too
complex or too vague. With just one look at the Proposal, the
reader must have a good idea of what to expect in the
translation.

Aside from this, you must also enumerate the specific

functions that your project will perform and the specific
activities that your project will perform and the specific
activities that it will house. Refrain from naming specific
spaces though. This should be done in the Programming part. For
example, you can say “a venue for the exhibit of native Filipino
art” but you cannot say “museum”. Not yet. Remember:
functions and activities only.

3.4.5 DEVELOPMENTAL CONTROL AND COMPUTATUIONS

Computation of the following based on NBC RULE 7&8
Total Lot Area
Allowable Maximum Building Footprint (AMBF1, AMBF2, AMBF3)
Percentage of Site Occupancy
Impervious Surface Area
Maximum Allowable Construction Area
Minimum Unpaved Surface Area Open
Space within Lot (TOSL) Incremental
Setbacks if applicable
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