UNIT-IV-LAPLACE TRANSFORM

KEY POINTS:

1. Laplace transform : L[ f(t) ] =



e
 st
f (t ) dt  F ( s ) ; if F ( s )  L f (t )  , then f (t )  L1  F ( s ) .
0

2. Table of Laplace transform and Inverse Laplace transform.

Laplace transform Inverse Laplace transform

S.No. f(t) L[ f(t)] F (s ) L1  f (t )
1 C 1 1 C
s s
2 eat 1 1 eat
sa sa
3 eat 1 1 eat
sa sa
4 t n (n is positive n! 1 tn
n 1
integer) s n 1 s n!
5 t n (n > - 1) (n  1) 1 tn
n 1 ,n is
s n 1 s ( n  1)
negative
6 sin at a a sin at
s  a2
2
s  a2
2

7 cos at s s cos at
s  a2
2
s  a2
2

8 sin hat a a sin hat

s  a2
2
s  a2
2

9 cos hat s s cos hat

s2  a2 s2  a2
3. First shifting theorem:

If
   
F ( s )  L f (t )  , then L e a t f (t )  F  s  s  s  a and L e  a t f (t )  F  s  s  s  a

1 s
F ( s )  L f (t ) , then L  f  a t    F  .
4. Change of Scale property : If a a


F ( s )  L f (t ) , then L t n f (t )    1 n dn
ds n
F ( s ).
5. If
 
 f (t ) 
F ( s )  L f (t ) , then L   L f (t ) ds
t  s
f (t )
 lim exists.
6. If provided t  0 t

7. Initial value theorem: If F ( s )  L f (t ) , then lim

t 0
f (t )  lim s F ( s ).
s 

8. Final value theorem: If F ( s )  L f (t ) , then tlim


f (t )  lim s F ( s ).
s0

T
1
f (t ) L f (t )  e
 st
f (t ) dt
1  e  sT
9. If is a periodic function with period ‘T’ then 0

10.
d 1
L1  s F ( s )   L  F ( s )  , where F ( s )  L  f (t )  and L1  s F ( s )   0 as t  0.
dt
t
1 
11. L  F ( s )    L  F ( s )  dt , where F ( s )  L  f (t )  .
1 1

 s  0
12. L1  F ( s )   t L1  F ( s )
1
13. L1  F ( s )    L1  F ' ( s ) 
t
14. Convolution of two functions.
t

(i) f (t ) * g (t )   f (u ) g ( t  u ) du.
0

(ii)
L  f (t ) * g (t )   F ( s ) . G ( s ) where L f (t )   F ( s ) ; L g (t )   G ( s )
15. Differential equation using Laplace transform
(i) L y (t )   s L y (t )   y (0)
(ii) L y (t )   s 2 L y (t )   s y (0)  y (0)
(iii) L y (t )   s 3 L y (t )   s 2 y (0)  s y (0)  y (0) etc.,Where
L y (t )   y.
16. Method of Partial fraction.
1 A B
(i)  
 s  a   s  b  s  a   s  b
1 A B C
  
(ii)
 s  a   s  b
2
 s  a   s  b  s  b  2
1 A B sC
(iii)

  2
s  a   s  As  B   s  a   s  As  B 
2 , Where s 2

 As  B =0

is not factorizable.
 PART- A

1. State the conditions under which Laplace transform of f(t) exist

Sol: (i) f (t ) must be piecewise continuous in the given closed interval [a, b]
where a > 0 and (ii) f (t ) should be of exponential order.

2. Find L[5t3+6t - 7+2e-6t +10sin2t + 7cosh3t]

Sol: By Linear Property
=5L[t3]+6L[t ]- 7L[1]+2L[e-6t ]+10L[sin2t ]+ 7L[cosh3t]
3! 1! 1 1 2 s
=5 4 +6 2 -7 +2 +10 2 2 +7 2
s s s s6 s 2 s  32
30 6 7 2 20 7s
= 4 + 2 - + + 2 + 2
s s s s6 s  4 s 9

3. Find L  e  a t cos bt 
Sol :

L e  a t cos bt = L  cos bt   s  sa
 s   sa 
=  s2  b2  =  (s  a ) 2  b 2 
  ssa
 
4. Find L  t 3/ 2

 n  1
Sol : We know that L t 
n
  s n 1
 3  3 3 3 1 
   1     1

L t 3/ 2    3
2
1
  2 2  2 2
5 5

s2 s2 s2
  n  1  n  n  
3 1  3 1 1 
   1  
2 2  2 2 2 
 5
 5
s2 s2
3   1 
 5
      
 2 
4s 2

5. Find the Laplace transform of sin 8t cos 4t

 sin 12t  sin 4t 
L  sin 8t cos 4t   L  
Sol :  2 
 2 sin A cos B  sin ( A  B)  sin ( A  B) 
 1
  L sin 12t   L sin 4t 
2
1  12 4 
  2  2 
2  s  144 s  16 

6. Evaluate L[t sin at]

Soln:

 
L t n f (t )   1
n dn
ds n
F ( s ).

d
L[t sin at] =   1 F (s)
ds
d  a   ( s 2  a 2 )(0)  a(2s ) 
=  1 =(-1)  
ds  s 2  a 2   (s 2  a 2 )2 

  (2as ) 
= (-1)  2 2 2 
 (s  a ) 
 (2as) 
=  2 2 2
 (s  a ) 

0 ; when 0  t  2
7. Find L  f (t ) where f (t )  
3 ; when t  2

Sol : We know that L  f (t )    e

 st
f (t ) dt
0

2 
e  st
f (t ) dt   e  st f (t ) dt
0 2
2 
  e  st 0 dt   e  st 3 dt
0 2

 
 e  st 
2 e 3 dt  3   s 
 st

2

 e    e  2s  3e  2 s
3   .
 s  s

1 s
8. If L  f (t )  F ( s ) show that L  f (at )   F  . (or) State and prove change of
a a
scale property.
 

Proof : We know that L  f (t )    e

 st
f (t ) dt               (1)
0

L  f ( at )    e  st f ( at ) dt
0

Put u = at when t = 0 , u = 0.

du = a dt when t=  , u= 
 u  s
s  du 1   u 1 s
L  f (at )    e a
f (u )  e a
f (u ) du  F  .
0
a a 0
a a

cos at
9. Does Laplace transform of exist ? justify .
t
1
Sol : if L  f (t )  F ( s ) and f (t ) has a limit as
t

 f (t ) 
t  0 then L     F ( s ) ds
 t  s
cos at 1  cos at 
Here lim    ,  L  does not exist.
t 0 t 0  t 

10. Using Laplace transform evaluate  t e

 3t
sin 2t dt .
0


Sol : We know that L  f (t )    e

 st
f (t ) dt               (1)
0

t e  3t
sin 2t dt  L   t sin 2t   s  3   d 
L sin 2t  
0  ds  s 3
 d  2    4s  12
   2         .
 ds  s  4   s  3    s 2  4  
2
 s  3 169

 t sin u 
11. Find L   du 
0 u 
t  1
Sol: By transform of integrals,   f ( x ) dx   L f (t )
L
0  s
 t sin u  1  sin t  1 
L  du   L     L sin t  ds
0 u  s  t  s s
 
1 1

s s
s
2
1
ds


1
s
 tan 1
s  
s


1
s
 tan 1
  tan 1
s 
1  1 
   tan s
s 2 
1
 cot 1 s.
s
12. Find the Laplace transform of the unit step function.
Sol : The unit step function (Heaviside’s ) is defined as
0 ; t a
U a (t )  
1 ; t a where a  0

We know that L  f (t )    e
 st
f (t ) dt
0

L  U a  t     e  st U a (t ) dt
0

a  
e  st
0 dt   e  st
(1) dt   e  st dt
0 a a


 e  st   e   e  as  e  a s
    
  s a  s  s

e a s
Thus LU a (t )  .
s

1
.
s s  a2 
13. Find the inverse Laplace transform of 2

t
1 
 L  F ( s ) dt.
1 1
Sol : This is of the form L  F ( s )  
s  0

1
Here F ( s )  s 2  a 2

 1  t 1  1 
Therefore L 
1
L  2 dt
 s s  a   0
2  2 
s a 
2
 t t
sin at 1   cos at 
 dt 
0
a a a 
o

1
  cos at  1 .
a2

1
 s 
14. Find L  2 
  s  2 

Sol :

 s 22   s2   1 
L1  2 
 L1  2 
 2 L1  2 
  s  2    s  2    s  2 

 1   1 
 L1    2 L1  2 
  s  2    s  2 

1
 e  2t  2e  2t L1  2 
s 

 e 2t  2e 2t t

PART - B

1  e t 
L
1. Find  
 t 


 f (t ) 
Sol : This is of the form L 
 t 
  L f (t ) ds.
s

 
1  e t 
L   
 L 1  e ds 
t
   L 1   Le   ds
t

 t  s s


1 1 
=  s
   ds
s
s 1 


 s 
  log s  log s  1  s  log 


 s  1 s
 1
 s   s   s  1
  log    log    log 
 s 1  s 1  s  

1  cos t 
2. Find L  
 t

 
Sol : 1  cos t 
L    L1  cos t  ds    L1  L cos t  ds
 t  s s

 
1 s 
 ds  log s  log s  1 
 1 
  2 2

s 
s s  1  2 s

 

 
 
1 
 log s  log s 2  1 2
  log s  log s 2 1 s
 s



 
 s   1 
 log   log 

 s 1 
2
s  1 
 1 2 
 s s
1 s
 log1  log  0  log
1 s 2 1
1
s2
1
 s 
log 
 s 2 1 
= 
s 2 1
 log .
s

 t t
sin t 
3. Find L e

0 t dt 

 t sin t  1  sin t 
Sol : L  dt   L   ------------------ (1)
0 t  s  t 
 
 sin t  1
We know that L 
t    L sin t  ds   s 2  1 ds
  s s

 sin t 
L  
 tan 1 ( s )  
s 
 tan 1 ( )  tan 1 ( s ) 
 t 


  tan 1 ( s )  cot 1
( s)
2
 Sub in equ (1), we get

 t sin t  1
L  dt   cot 1  s 
0 t  s

 sin t   1 cot  1  s  1
t

 L e  t 0 t   s
1
dt  cot ( s )   .
 s  s 1 s 1

1  1 
4. Find L  
 s  s  1  s  2  

Sol : Let F ( s )  1
s  s  1  s  2 

Let us split F(s) into partial fractions

1 A B C
               (1)
s  s  1  s  2  s s 1 s  2

1  A( s  1)( s  2)  B s ( s  2)  C s ( s  1)

putting s  0, 2 A  1  A  1 / 2
putting s   1,  B  1 B  1
putting s   2, 2C  1 C  1 / 2

1 1/ 2 1 1/ 2
  
s  s  1  s  2  s s 1 s  2

 1  1 / 2 1 1/ 2 
L1    L1   
 s  s  1  s  2    s s 1 s  2

1 / 2  1  1  1  1 / 2 
 L1    L  s  1   L  s  2 
 s

1 1  1  1  1  1 1  1 
 L    L  s  1   2 L  s  2 
2 s

 1  1 1 2 t
L1  t
  2 e  2 e
 s  s  1  s  2  
  s2 
5.Find L 1  2
  s  a  s  b  
2 2 2 

Sol: Let s2 A B
  2        (1)
s 2
a 2
 s 2
b 2
 s a22
s  b2


s2  A s2  b2  B s2  a2   

a2
putting s 2   a 2  A 
a2  b2
 b2
putting s 2   b 2  B 
a2 b2

s2 1  a2 b2 
 
s 2
 a 2  s 2  b 2  a  b2
2  2
s  a
2 
s2  b2 

 s2  1 1  a2 b2 
L1  2  L 

2 2 2 
 s  a s b  a b
2 2
  2
s a
2


s2  b2 

1  s2 
6. Find L  
 s  4s  5 
2

Sol : L 1  s2  1  s2 

L  2

 s  4s  5 
2 
 s  4s  4  1   
 s2 
 L 1 
 
 ( s  2)  1 
2

 s 
 e  2t L 1  2 
 s 1   
 2t
e cos t .

1  s2 
7. Find L  2 
 ( s  4 s  5) 
2

Sol : We know that

L1  F ( s )   t L1  F ( s )        (1)

s2
F ( s ) 
( s  4s  5) 2
2

s2
F (s)   (s 2
 4 s  5) 2
ds ,

Put u  s 2  4s  5 , du  2 s  4  2 ( s  2) ds
 du / 2 1 du 1 1
F (s)   u 2
  2 
2 u 2u

2( s  4 s  5)
2
,

 s2  t  1 
Therefore equ (1)  L 
1
2 
  L 1  2
 ( s  4 s  5)   s  4 s  5 
2
2
t 1  1 
 L  2
2  s  4 s  4  1
t 1  1 
 L  
 ( s  2)  1 
2
2
t  2t  1  1  t  2t
 e L  2  e sin t.
2  s  1 2


1 s  s  1 
8. Find L  log 
 ( s 2  1) 

Sol : WKT, L1  F ( s )    1 L1  F ' ( s ) 

t

s  s  1
F ( S )  log
( s 2  1)


 log s  log ( s  1)  log s 2  1 
1 1 2s 
F ' (s)     2 
s s 1 s 1 

 s  s  1  1 1  1 1 2s 
L 1  log   L    2 
( s  1)   s s  1 s  1
2
 t

 1  e  t  2 cos t

t

 s2  1  1  a 2  1  b 2 
L1  2  2 L
  2  L 2 
  s  a  s  b   a  b
2  2   2
 s a   s  b 
2 2 2

 s2  1
1
L  2  2  a sin at  b sin bt
  s  a  s  b   a  b
2 2 2  2
9. Find the Laplace transform of the rectangular wave given by
 1, 0  t  b
f (t )   with f ( t  2b )  f (t ).
 1 , b  t  2b

 1, 0  t  b
Sol : Given f (t )  
 1 , b  t  2b

This function is periodic in the interval ( 0, 2b) with period 2b.

T
1
L f (t )  e
 st
f (t ) dt
1  e  sT 0

2b
1
 L  f (t )  e
 st
f (t ) dt
1  e  2bs 0

1  b  st 2b

1  e  2 bs  0 b
 st
  e . f (t ) dt  e f (t ) dt 


1  b  st 2b

 2 bs   b
 st
 e (1) dt  e (  1) dt 
1 e 0 

1   e  st  b  e  st  2 b 
      
1  e  2bs    s  0   s  b 
 

1   e  sb 1   e 2 bs e  bs 
  2 bs  
    
1 e   s s   s s 
1  e  sb 1 e 2bs e  bs 
     
1  e  2bs   s s s s 
1   2e  sb 1 e 2 bs 
  2 bs 
  
1 e  s s s 

1  e 2bs  2e  sb  1 
  
s 1  e  2bs 


1


1  e  sb  2

 

1  1  e  sb  
bs
 (1  e ) (1  e )
s bs

 s bs
 (1  e ) 


 2 (
sb
)  

 
2 
1  e 
1     1 e 2 x  
 

 
 tan hx   (1 e 2 x )  
s  bs
) 
 1  e

2 (
2 

   

   

 1  sb 
 tan h  .
s  2 
10. Find the Laplace transform of the half – wave rectifier function given by
 
 sin t , 0  t 
   2 
f (t )   with f  t    f (t ).
 0 ,   t  2   

 
 
sin t , 0  t 
Sol : 

f (t )  


2
 0 , t 

  

 2  2
This function is periodic in the interval  0 ,  with period .
   

T
1
L f (t )  e
 st
f (t ) dt
1  e  sT 0

2 / 
1
 L  f (t )   2  s e
 st
f (t ) dt
1 e  0

1  /   st 2 / 

L  f (t )  2  s   e f (t ) dt   e  st f (t ) dt 
1 e   0  / 

1  /   st 2 / 

L  f (t )  2  s   e sin t dt   e .0 dt 
 st

1 e   0  / 
 /

L  f (t ) 
1  e  st   s sin t   cos t  
2  s  
 s2  2 0
1 e 

  s 
L  f (t ) 
1 e      
2  s  s2  2 
1 e   

   s  
e
  1
 
1   
L  f (t )    
  s
  s
 s2  2
1  e   1  e    
    
    

L  f (t )    s
  2
1  e

 
 s  2
 
 
 
1 s 
11. Find L  2  using convolution theorem.
  s 2  a 2  

1
 s  1  s 1 
Sol: L  L  2
s  a  s  a  
2 
  s 2  a 2 
2 2 2


 s  1  1 
 L1  2 *L  2
2 
 s a   2 
 s a    
1
 cos at * sin at
a

= f(t) * g(t)

t
  f (u ) g (t  u ) du
0

t
1

a  cos au sin a  t  u  du
0

t
1

a  cos au sin  at  au  du
0

1  sin  au  at  au   sin  au  at  au  
t

a 0 
  du
2 

t
1

2a   sin a  t 
0
 sin ( 2au  at ) du

1  
t t
 
2a   sin at du   sin (2au  at ) du 
0 0

1  
t
   cos ( 2au  at )  
  u sin at  0  
t
  
2a 
  2a 0 


1  cos at cos at  t sin at

  t sin at    .
2a  2a 2a  2a
 1  s2 
12. Find L  2
  s  a  s  b  
2 2 2  using convolution theorem.

1  s2   s s 
Sol : L  2  L1  2 . 2
 s  a  s  b    s  a  s  b  
2 2 2  2 2 

 s  1  s 
 L1  2 *L 

2 
 s a     2 
s b 
2

 cos at * cos bt

= f(t) * g(t)

t
  f (u ) g (t  u ) du
0

t
  cos au . cos b t  u  du
0

t
  cos au . cos bt  bu  du
0

t
1
 cos (au  bt  bu )  cos au  bt  bu   du
2 0


t
1
cos  (a  b) u  bt  cos  (a  b) u  btdu
2 0


1   sin  (a  b) u  bt   sin (a  b)u  bt  

t t

      
2   ab 0 ab 0

1   sin  (a  b) t  bt sin bt   sin (a  b)t  bt sin (bt )  

     
2   a b a  b   ab a  b  
 1  sin  at  b t  bt sin bt sin at  bt  bt  sin bt 
   
2  a b a b ab a  b 

1  sin at sin bt sin at sin bt 

   
2 a  b a  b ab ab  

1  2a sin at 2b sin bt  a sin at  b sin bt

  2  2 2 

2 a b 2
a b  a2 b2

13. Verify the initial and final value theorem for the function
f (t )  1  e  t  sin t  cos t 

Sol: Here f (t )  1  e t  sin t  cos t 


F ( s )  L 1  e t  sin t  cos t  
F ( s )  L1   L sin t  cos t  s  s 1
1 1 s 1
F (s)   
s  s  1  1  s  1 2  1
2

1 s2
F ( s)  
s  s  1 2  1
Initial value theorem:
If F ( s )  L f (t ) , then t  0
lim f (t )  lim s F ( s ).
s

L.H.S: lim
t 0 t 0

f (t )  lim 1  e  t  sin t  cos t   2 
1 s2   s ( s  2) 
R.H.S lim s F ( s )  lim s     lim 1 
s  s 
 s  s  1  1
2 s
  s  1 2 1
 
 2 
s 2 (1  )
 s 
 lim 1    2.
s
   1 
2
1 
s 1    2  
2
  s s  

Hence initial value theorem is verified

Final value theorem:

If F ( s )  L f (t ) , then t  
lim f (t )  lim s F ( s ).
s0


L.H.S: lim f (t )  lim 1  e t  sin t  cos t  1.
t  t 

 1 s2 
R.H.S : lim s F ( s )  lim s  
s 0 s 0
s  s  1 2 1

1 s2 
 lim s   
 s  s  1  1 
s 0 2

=1+0

=1

Hence final value theorem is verified.

14. Solve y   2 y   3 y  sin t given, y  0 , y (0)  0 when t  0.

Sol: y (t )  2 y (t )  3 y (t )  sin t

Taking Laplace transforms on both sides we get,

L[ y (t )]  2 L[ y (t )]  3L[ y (t )]  L[sin t ]

1
s 2 L y (t )  s y (0)  y (0)  2 s L y (t )  y (0)  3L y (t ) 
s 2 1

y (0)  0 , y (0)  0 when t  0.

Putting

1
s 2 L y (t )  2 s L y (t )  3L y (t )  
s 12

s 2

 2 s  3 L y (t ) 
1
s 1
2

1
L y (t ) 
s 2
 1 s  2 s  3
2

 1 
y (t )  L1  2
  
 s  1  s  1  s  3  ------------- (1)

1 A B Cs  D -------- (2)
   2
Now consider,  s  1  s  3  s  1  s  1  s  3  s  1
2
    
1  A s  3 s 2  1  B s  1 s 2  1   Cs  D  s  1 s  3

1
putting s  1, A
8
1
putting s  3, B
40
1
equating coeff . of s 3  C 
10
1
equating cons tan t coeff .  D 
5

Sub equ (3) in equ (1), we get

1 1   1 1  1 s  1  1 1 
y (t )  L1    L1    L1  L  
 8 s  1  40 s  3  10 s  1   5 s  1
2 2

1 t 1  3t 1 1
y (t )  e  e  cos t  sin t.
8 40 10 5

t
dy
15. Find y which satisfies the equation  4 y  5 y dt  e  t , given
dt 0

y  0 , when t  0.

Sol : given equation is y (t )  4 y (t )  5 y (t ) dt  e .

t

Taking Laplace transform on both sides, we get,

t 
 
L y (t )  4 L y (t )  5 L   y (t ) dt   L e  t
0 

1 1  t  
sL y (t )  y (0)  4 L y (t )  5. L y (t )  L  y (t ) dt   1 L y (t ) 
s s 1  
0  s

 
given y  0 , when t  0. , y (0)  0

1 1
sL y (t )  4 L y (t )  5. L y (t ) 
s s 1
  5 1  s 2  4s  5  1
L y (t )  s  4     L y (t )  
 s  s  1  s  s 1

s
L y (t ) 
 s  1  s  4s  5
2

 s 
y (t )  L1 
 
 -------------- (1)
  s  1 s  4 s  5 
2

s A Bs  C
consider   2
 s  1  s  4s  5 s  1 s  4s  5 ---------------(2)
2

s  A ( s 2  4 s  5)   Bs  C  s  1

Putting s   1  2A 1  A   1/ 2

Putting s  0  5A  C  0 C  5/ 2

Equating coeff. Of s2  A B 0  B 1 / 2

Sub equ (3) in equ (1), we get,

 1 5 
 s
y (t )  L1 
 1 / 2
 22 2 

 s  1 s  4s  5 
 

 1 1  1  1 1  s5 
 L    L  2 
2 s 1  2  s  4s  5 

 1 1  1  1 1  s  2  3 
 L   L  
 s  1  2  ( s  2)  1
2
2

 1 1  1  1 1  s2  1 1  3 
 L    L   L  
s 1  2  ( s  2)  1 2  ( s  2)  1 
2 2
2

 1 t 1  2 t 1  s  1  2 t 1  3 
 e  e L  2  e L  2 
2 2  s  1 2  s  1

 1 t 1  2 t 3
y (t )  e  e cos t  e  2 t sin t
2 2 2