International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395 -0056

Volume: 03 Issue: 05 | May-2016 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072

ESTIMATION OF WIND FORCE ON SQUARE TALL BUILDING WITH

ACCEPTANCE RATIO1:1:7 BY ABAQUS

H Sarath kumar1,N.Venkata Hussain Reddy2

1
Assistant Professor, 2M.Tech Student.
1,2 Department of Civil Engineering, AVR & SVR College of Engineering and Technology, Nandyal.

Abstract: The development of high strength concrete, land. The influence of a severe storm after striking the
higher grade steel, new construction techniques and coast does not, in general exceed about 60 kilometers,
advanced computational technique has resulted in the though sometimes, it may extend even up to 120
emergence of a new generation of tall structures that are kilometers. Very short duration hurricanes of very high
flexible, low in damping, slender and light in weight. These wind speeds called KalBaisaki or Norwesters occur fairly
types of flexible structures are very sensitive to dynamic frequently during summer months over east India.
wind loads and adversely affect the serviceability and
occupant comfort. This project presents the results using The liability of a building to high wind pressures depends
Abaqus software on square building models with an not only upon the geographical location and proximity of
acceptance ratio of 1:1:7. The wind force on the models is other obstructions to air flow but also upon the
evaluated from force records obtained from software characteristics of the structure itself
under Abaqus for normal wind directions in an urban
The effect of wind on the structure as a whole is
terrain condition s for category A. The same square
determined by the combined action of external and
building analyzed manually by IS 875 Part 3: 1987. The
internal pressures acting upon it. In all cases, the
value obtained from this are compared with software
calculated wind loads act normal to the surface to which
results. The further study is made for the design and
they apply.
calculation of Gust Response Factor.
The stability calculations as a whole shall be done
Keywords : Windward, Leeward, Guest Response,
considering the combined effect, as well as separate effects
Acceptance Ratio.
of imposed loads and wind loads on vertical surfaces, roofs
and other part of the building above general roof level.
1.INTRODUCTION
Buildings shall also be designed with due attention to the
effects of wind on the comfort of people inside and outside
Importance Of wind Analysis on Tall Structures:
the building.
Wind is air in motion relative to the surface of the earth.
The primary cause of wind is traced to earth’s rotation and
differences in terrestrial radiation. The radiation effects
are primarily responsible for convection either upwards or
2.LITERATURE SURVEY
downwards. The wind generally blows horizontal to the
ground at high wind speeds. Since vertical components of
2.1 Wind Characteristics:
atmospheric motion are relatively small, the term ‘wind’
Basic Wind Pressures:
denotes almost exclusively the horizontal wind, vertical
winds are always identified as such. The wind speeds are Figure1 gives basic wind speed map of India, as applicable
assessed with the aid of anemometers or anemographs to 10 m height above mean ground level for different zones
which are installed at meteorological observatories at of the country. Basic wind speed is based on peak gust
heights generally varying from 10 to30 meters above velocity averaged over a short time interval of about 3
ground. seconds and corresponds to mean heights above ground
level in an open terrain (Category 2 ). Basic wind speeds
Very strong winds (greater than 80 km/h ) are generally
presented in Fig. 1 have been worked out for a 50 year
associated with cyclonic storms, thunderstorms, dust
return period. Basic wind speed for some important
storms or vigorous monsoons. A feature of the. Cyclonic
cities/towns
storms over the Indian area is that they rapidly weaken
after crossing the coasts and move as depressions/lows in
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Iu =( ) or Iu =( )

where

Iu = turbulent intensity

σu = standard deviation

Ūz = mean velocity at height 'z'

Zo = terrain roughness length

Wind velocity has two components which are mean

Fig. 1 Basic Wind Speed velocity that increases with height and turbulent velocity
that remains same after gradient height. The variation of
wind velocity with time has been illustrated in Fig. 3.3 and
is given in equation
2.2 Gradient Wind Speed:

The gradient wind is a balance of the Pressure Gradient

Force, centrifugal and Carioles. A geotropic wind becomes Vt = V + V’
a gradient wind when the wind begins flowing through
curved height contours. The curving motion introduces a
centrifugal (outward fleeing) force. The centrifugal effect
can be felt when turning through a curve in a car. You stay Where,
with the car but it feels like you are being pushed
sideways. Vt = wind velocity at any given instant of time‘t’

2.3 Gust Factor: V = average wind

Only the method of calculating load along wind or drag V’ = wind gusts
load by using gust factor method is given in the code since
methods for calculating load across-wind or other
components are not fully matured for all types of
structures. However, it is permissible for a designer to use
gust factor method to calculate all components of load on a
structure using any available theory. However, such a
theory must take into account the random nature of
atmospheric wind speed.

2.4Turbulence characteristics
Fig. 2 Variation of wind velocity with time
Gustiness occurs due to the velocity fluctuations present in
the wind flow and this renders the forces exerted on the
structure as dynamic forces. The degree of gustiness is
given by standard deviation or RMS velocity value. The As wind pressures are proportional to the square of
turbulent intensity can be obtained from SD and mean velocities, with variation of mean Wind velocity, the mean
velocity and is given in equation.

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pressures also fluctuate. The variation of pressure has

been shown in Fig.2 and is given by:
2.5 Wind force F

Along Wind Load - Along wind load on a structure on a

Pt = P + P’ strip area ( Ae ) at any height (Z) is given by:

Where, FS = Cf Ae Pz G

Pt = pressure at any instant of time ‘t’

P = Mean pressure where

P’ = Gust pressure FS = along wind load on the structure at any height z

corresponding to strip area Ae

Cf = force coefficient for the building,

Ae = effective frontal area considered for the structure at

height Z,

Pz = design pressure at height z due to hourly mean wind

obtained as 0.6 Vz2 (N/m2)

3. Data Collection
Evaluation of wind force
Fig.10 (IS 875-3 Pg.51) shows the different faces of angles
considered for the pressure measurement study. The
chord length for each face is given as follows: Face A: 0-
10cm, Face B: 10- 25cm, Face C: 25- 35cm, Face D: 35-
Fig 3. Schematic representation of mean and gust 50cm
pressure at any instant of time‘t’ Along wind and
across wind motions

Under the action of wind flow, structure experience

aerodynamic forces that include the drag force and lift
force. Drag (along-wind) force acting in the direction of the
mean wind and the lift (across-wind) force acting
perpendicular to that direction. The Along-wind motion
primarily results from pressure fluctuations in the
windward and the leeward faces, which generally follow
Fig 4.Forces on Tall Building
the fluctuations in the approach flow. The Across-wind
motion is introduced by pressure fluctuations due to
vortex shedding in the separated shear layers and wake
flow field.

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LEVELS Z/H HEIGHT Fx1987(00) Fy1987(900)

in cm

1.000 0.1 7 298.5 904.4

2.000 0.2 14 397.5 1224.4

3.000 0.3 21 457.4 1420.9

4.000 0.5 35 1115.5 3473.5

Fig. 5 Forces for manual solutions
5.000 0.7 49 1239.4 3874.3

6.000 0.8 56 655.7 2052.3

4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
7.000 0.9 63 708.5 2256.7
Unsteady numerical simulations have been carried out for
8.000 0.95 66.5 390.4 1196.7 a 1:1:7 square building model under uniform wind flow
condition using two types of turbulence models available
9.000 1 70 415.2 1310.2 in ABAQUS software: (i) Realizable k-ε turbulence model,
which is single scale type turbulence model and (ii) DES
Table 1 Calculation of force as per IS-875(part-3) turbulence model with Realizable k-ε option, which is
1987 Provisions multi-scale type hybrid turbulence model. For the
evaluation of pressure coefficients and drag and lift force
coefficients, the reference wind velocity is taken as 10 m/s
(same as the uniform input wind velocity) and reference
area of projected area, i.e. 0.1 m x 0.5 m. Unsteady
simulations have been carried out until stabilized mean
Level Leeward (90°) Windward(0°)
and standard deviation values of Cd and Cl are obtained
1.000 904.4 298.5 with respect to time as shown in Figs. 5.1 and 5.2 in IS: 875
(Part3) for Realizable k-ε turbulence model. A program has
2.000 1224.4 397.5 been developed for processing the numerically simulated
Cp values to obtain distributions of mean Cp and standard
3.000 1420.9 457.4 deviation Cp values at 5 selected levels. Further mean Cd
and standard deviation Cl values have been at these 5
4.000 3473.5 1115.5 levels and also for the overall building also. The following
sections discuss some these results.
5.000 3874.3 1239.4

6.000 2052.3 655.7

7.000 2256.7 708.5

8.000 1196.7 390.4

9.000 1310.2 415.2

Table 2 Calculation of force as per IS-875(part-3) 1987 Fig 6. Basic Model Information
Provisions

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Volume: 03 Issue: 05 | May-2016 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072

LEVELS Z/H HEIGH Fx19 Fy1987

T in cm 87(00 (900)
)

1.000 0.1 7 890 428

2.000 0.2 14 1100 556

3.000 0.3 21 1311 656

4.000 0.5 35 3364 1523

5.000 0.7 49 3764 1659

6.000 0.8 56 2042 984

Fig. 7 Figures containing S Mises Results step=Step-1 7.000 0.9 63 2157 863
increment=1
8.000 0.95 66.5 1297 466

Table 3 Calculation of force as per IS-875(part-3) 1987

Provisions

Level Leeward (90°) Windward(0°)

1.000 890 428

2.000 1100 556

3.000 1311 656

4.000 3364 1523

5.000 3764 1659

6.000 2042 984

Fig. 8 Figures containing S Max_principal Results
step=Step-1 increment=1 7.000 2157 863

8.000 1297 466

9.000 632.840 310.187

Table 4 Calculation of force as per IS-875(part-3) 1987

Provisions

Fig. 9 Figures containing U Magnitude Results

step=Step-1 increment=1

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5. CONCLUSIONS
Mean force value for 00 for Level 5 is always higher than all
the other levels due to greater area of projection and edge
effect at the ground level. For all other levels, values are
almost same with IS: 875 (part-3) 1987 which indicates
that these values are mostly governed by buffeting
characteristics of approaching wind flow.

Mean force value for 00 for Level 5 is always higher than all
the other levels due to greater area of projection and edge
effect at the ground level. For all other levels, values are
greater than with IS: 875 (part-3) 1987 of 0.3ratio which
Fig. 10 Forces for software solutions indicates that these values are not governed by buffeting
characteristics of approaching wind flow.
manual manual software software
Standard deviation of force coefficients shows decrease in
90° 0° 90° 0°
value with height which shows that these parameters
depend on the decrease in turbulence intensity with
1.000 904.4146 298.5422 890 428 height.

2.000 1224.411 397.4522 1100 556 Mean force value for 00level 5 is always higher than all
other levels. With software of greater than of 0.2 ratio.
3.000 1420.865 457.3571 1311 656 Which initiate that the values are governed by buffering.
4.000 3473.529 1115.506 3364 1523 The value of force obtained from IS 875 Part 3 is 904.4146
for 900 for drag coefficient and 890 for 900 with Abaqus.
5.000 3874.313 1239.415 3764 1659 This variation is due to vertex shedding and eddy
formation in an urban terrain condition.
6.000 2052.26 655.6747 2042 984

7.000 2256.651 708.4538 2157 863

6. REFERENCES
8.000 1196.696 390.4345 1297 466
1. Alexandre Luis Braun and Armando Miguel Awruch,
9.000 1310.187 415.227 632.840 310.187
2009. Aerodynamic and aeroelastic analyses on the CAARC
Table 5: Comparison of force for both manual and soft standard tall building model using numerical simulation.
ware solutions Computers and Structures, 87, 564–581

2. Huang M.F., HLau I.W., Chan C.M., Kwok K.C.S. and G.Li,
2011. A hybrid RANS and kinematic simulation of wind
load effects on full-scale tall buildings. Journal Wind Eng.
Ind. Aerodyn, 99, 1126–1138.

3. Shenghong Huanga, Lib Q.S. and Shengli Xua, 2007.

Numerical evaluation of wind effects on a tall steel
building by CFD. Journal of Constructional Steel Research,
63, 612–627.

4. Claudio Mannini, Ante Soda and Gunter Schewe, 2011.

Numerical investigation on the three-dimensional
unsteady flow past a 5:1 rectangular cylinder. Journal
Fig. 11 Comparison of Forces for both manual & Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn, 99, 469–482.
software solutions
© 2016, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 4.45 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1586
 International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395 -0056
Volume: 03 Issue: 05 | May-2016 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072

5. S. M. Fraser and C. Carey, 1990. Numerical and

experimental analysis of flow around isolated and shielded
cubes. Appl. Math. Modelling, 14, 588-597.

6. Bosch G. and Rodi W., 1998. Simulation of vortex

shedding past a square cylinder with different turbulence
models. International Journal for Numerical Methods in
Fluids. 28, 601–616.

7. Kimura I. and Hosoda T., 2003. A non-linear k-ԑ model

with realizability for prediction of flows around bluff
bodies. International Journal for Numerical methods in
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8. Shilpa G., Harikrishna p., Santhi A.S., Ramesh Babu G.,

2014. Evaluation of Aerodynamic Pressure and Force
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Uniform Flow Condition in Wind Tunnel. Proceedings of
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of Materials and Environment, Nagercoil. 10-11, 72-82.

9. IS: 875 (Part3)-1987.Code of practice for design loads

(other than earthquake) for buildings and structures.

BIOGRAPHIES

H Sarath kumar received his

M.Tech in structural Engineering
from Annamarachaya College Of
Engineering Tirupathi,. And
working as Assistant Professor
with 1-years of experience as a
Assistant Professor in AVR & SVR
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND
TECHONOLOGY, NANDYAL

N Venkata Hussain Reddy

received his B.Tech in civil
engineering from AVR & SVR
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND
TECHONOLOGY, NANDYAL.
Under JNTU ANATAPUUR and
pursuing his M.Tech in AVR &
SVR COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
AND TECHONOLOGY, NANDYAL.

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